Modernization is an inevitable trend that the history of human civilization has developed to a certain stage。A significant identification of the evolution form of human civilization，World Modernization is an important part of the world's modern history，and Chinese -style modernization is the most vivid feature of the development and progress of the Communist Party of China in contemporary China。General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: "The unique cultural tradition，Unique historical fate，Unique basic national conditions，It is destined that we must follow the development path that suits our characteristics。"China's modernization is the hardest，It is also the greatest，Deeply affects the history and future of the world's modernization process。This issue of "Revolution of Powerful Countries" invites Yu Pei, a researcher at the Institute of History of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences、Wu Xiaoming, Dean of Fudan University Fudan University，Discuss the magnificence of the Chinese -style modern practice and its historical significance of the world。 

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　　"China Social Sciences": Research on modernization，The general trend and basic characteristics of the changes in human society from a macro perspective。In Marx，How is this theoretical task that is quite distinguished by the distinguished characteristics? 

Yu Pei:Human social changes are related to the magnificent world historical development process and evolution direction height。Marx since college until before his death，Always adhere to the study of world history。His major theoretical creativity and great struggle to fight for human liberation closely linked together，Communism is the world's historic cause。Marx's "World History" theory is formed in the process of creating a historical view of materialism，Its classic expression is: "World history is not always existed，History as a world history is the result。"" result "is not spontaneous，Instead, it is due to productivity revolution、The scientific and technological revolution and the revolution of communication。It is "the original closed state of various nations due to the increasingly perfect production method、Division of division of labor between different ethnic groups formed due to communication and the more thorough，History, the more it becomes world history "。

But，"World History" concept began in Hegel，This is because "Hegel's first -this is his great achievement -the whole nature、History and spiritual world description as a process，describes it as a constant exercise、Change、Transformation and development，In an attempt to reveal the inherent connection of this movement and development "。but but，Hegel's philosophy system has not resolved this task proposed to himself。On the contrary，Marx realized the philosophical revolution that criticized idealism，Created a new way of thinking，thus gradually formed his "World History" theory，New World from criticizing the old world，Build a real connection between thought and the world，No matter at the logical starting point，Still take the value up，all surpassing Hegel's philosophy。

　"China Social Sciences": follow Marx's theoretical logic，Only the narrow regional space -time restrictions have been taken out of the narrow regional space -time，The modern world is truly displayed as a universal world history，So can "world history" be the product of the modern world? 

Yu Pei:Yes，This is in line with Marx's theoretical construction logic。Human society is in the long historical evolution，There are three profound changes in three epoch -making times。The first time was evolved from Homo sapiens to primitive people，Human beings enter the primitive society。The second is the primitive society after the third social division of labor，Entering agricultural society based on the farming economy，That is, the "traditional society" that lasted for thousands of years。The third change is modernization，That is, human beings enter the "modern society" through modernization through "traditional society"。The so -called modernization，refers to the world，Using industrialization as the start、The historic change of the entire society with the nation (state) as the carrier，Establish a industrial society based on the production of large industrial production。

In Marx's "World History" theoretical vision，Slave society who is obscure in the original society，Although it has become Bet365 app download the first class society in human history，But the level of social productivity development determines that slavery countries are always in a "closed state"。Even if you enter the feudal society，The scope and communication connection of various countries and nations has expanded significantly，Natural economy still determines that the feudal society cannot be from nationality、Local historical steering universal、World History。It was just the earliest germination of capitalist production relations in the 15th century.，Capitalism "Create World History for the first time"，"Bourgeoisie，Due to the development of the world market，Make the production and consumption of all countries a worldwide "。From this，The development of productivity and relationships has begun to break through the regional limitations of the nation，That is, the historical transformation of history initially to world history，This transformation began in the 16th century，Initially formed in the middle of the 19th century。The transformation of history to world history is compatible with merging，Two interweave，Uninterrupted。 

"World History" development promotes three modern waves 

　　"China Social Sciences": As a process from traditional agricultural society to modern industrial society's global transformation，How is modernization gradually advanced worldwide? 

Yu Pei:Modernization is a historical contradiction movement that has undergone profound changes in human society in modern times。No doubt，It is a specific modernization composed of "world history"，abstract modernization of abstract from the laws of social history。From the perspective of empirical research in the world，Modernization process sweeps global，There have been three major waves of promotion。

The first wave appeared in the second half of the 18th century to the middle of the 19th century，The main sign is the European Industrial Revolution that begins in the UK。In human history，The Industrial Revolution is an unprecedented productivity revolution，and cause profound political revolution，Promoting the establishment of the capitalist system。Capitalism industrial and commercial business has gradually replaced agriculture to become an important promotion force for the development of human civilization。so that Marx and Engels highly commented in the "Communist Manifesto" in 1848: "The productivity created by the bourgeoisie in less than 100 years of class rule，More productive for all generations created in the past、More big。"The impact of this wave of this wave has world significance，Modernization with industrialization as its core is expanding globally，laid the cornerstone of the modern world。

The second wave appeared in the second half of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century，The main sign is that modernization except in European countries，It also expands quickly to countries and regions outside Europe。The modernization and colonial expansion of this period are accompanied by，It must also include the modernization of Western colonies，For example, Canada, a member of the Commonwealth、Australia、The modernization process of New Zealand is initially completed。Especially in Latin America，Portugal、The colonial rule of Spain is three or four hundred years long，By 1903 when Panama was independent，Latin America has already independent 20 countries in more than 100 years，The earliest continents to end colonial rule in the world after becoming the independence of the British North American colony。but，The continuing wanton intervention of American power politics，The Latin American region has always been on the "edge of modernization"。At the same time，Iran、India、China、Japan、Türkiye、Egypt and other Asian -African countries，Most of them start the modernization process of imitating Western technology，"Westernization" or "Europeanization" has become the main trend of this period。

　"China Social Sciences": besides capitalist colonization and capital expansion effect，What are the great changes in the wave of modernization? 

Yu Pei:In the second wave，Some European countries that do not catch up with the first wave such as Germany、Russia、Sweden、Italy, etc.，I have embarked on the road of modernization。The Electrician Technology Revolution of the 1960s and 1970s，Promote the UK、France、The United States and others continue to develop on the road of modernization。For this，Engels evaluated the development of the capitalist industry from the steam era to the electrical era，"This is actually a huge revolution"，"The use of electricity will open up a road for us ... Productivity will be greatly developed with this，So that the bourgeoisie's management of productivity is becoming more and more unsatisfactory "。By the beginning of the 20th century，Not only all kinds of electrical products have sprung up like the rain，and drive from electricity、Electric、Chemistry、Petroleum、New industrial groups composed of automobile industry appear，Promoting revolutionary changes in human production and life。

The third wave appeared in the second half of the 20th century，The main logo is the collapse of the Empire colonial system after World War II，Accelerated the most revolutionary change in the comparison of international forces。Electronic computer、New Science and Technology Revolution of Information Revolution，Accelerate the reshaping the world; the new world unified market accelerates formation，The world economic map is also rewriting。On the one hand，Sustainable development of European and American countries with modernized early hair，Capitalism still shows vitality。On the other hand，The liberation campaign of Asia -Africa and Latinosi is booming，Remove more than 100 national independent countries in succession，accounting for more than 70%of the world's land area and total population。Maintenance of national sovereignty、While developing the national economy，They enter the ranks of modernization，The theory and practice of the modernization of the national modernization，Especially how to play the "post -hair advantage"、Overcoming "post -hair disadvantage"，How to understand "Demonstration Effect of the State" and other aspects，causing more and more widespread attention。

　"China Social Sciences": As the most far -reaching social change in human history，Does the extensive influence generated by modernization indicate that it has some universal significance? 

Wu Xiaoming:Modernization is a generality，A universality from "world history"。Since the power of modernity (the essence of modern world -basics), the power of world history，Original regional or ethnic history is replaced by universal world history，Since then, it has become the components of world history。"World History" not only establishes universal communication，Establish a basic dominance -belonging relationship: it enables non -capitalist nations to belong to capitalist nations，Make the civilization of agriculture belongs to the industrial civilization，Make the East belong to the West。In such a "world history" pattern，Modernization For any nation -if it does not want to die -let's talk，It becomes a common historical fate。

but，How to grasp this universality，There are two basic ways。One way is called "abstract universality"，It is an intellectual thinking method，Keep universal stay in an abstract range，and use "external reflection" to use the abstract universality to -take -in -the -alarity -any object、Above any content。Another is the way of thinking or dialectical thinking，It requires that thinking does not stay above the abstract universality，Instead, it is required to grasp the true universal nature through specificization。No abstract truth，Truth is specific; real universality is not abstract universality，Instead of being able to deepen the specific and grasp the specific universality。From abstraction to specific，"Specific analysis" is Marxism’s "living soul"。

Here，The so -called abstract universal external reflection，is the commonly referred to as a dogmatic。"External Reflection" is the activity of the reasonable reasoning ability of the sudden，Never penetrate into the physical content of things，But it abstracts the general principle to any object、Above any content。During the Chinese Revolution, there were some "dogmatic Marxists"，They have never penetrated into Chinese -specific society -historical reality，Just impose the principle of Marxism or the experience of Russia as an abstract generality to the Chinese revolution，The result is a series of catastrophic failures。This is undoubtedly harmful to the historical process of revolutionary and modernization。

　"China Social Sciences": For most countries，Modernization process cannot avoid a few technical models and institutional model outputs of a few Western countries，Especially the interference of hegemony and power politics。How do we correctly look at the historical development conditions of modernization after modernization? 

Wu Xiaoming:There is no modern mode set in the world，There are no modern standards that are allowed to be allowed to be allowed。Look at it historically，Most of the modernization models in the West are with expansionism、Hegeonism is associated with。For each nation，Although modernization is its general historical destiny，But the development of modern roads、Expand of modern task，Only in the quite different social conditions and historical environments of various ethnic groups。That is to say，Modernization is a generality that must be specific through specific social conditions and the historical environment，can it be a real and effective。For some Russian revolutionaries hoping to get rid of the British rental method to get rid of the dilemma of the Russian rural commune，Marx's answer is: This must be futile。Russian rural communes are unique，Russia's modernization only specifically according to the specific social conditions and historical environment of Russia，It is possible to get real development and implementation。For China，The situation is also the same，Open on the road of modernization in China，Only according to the unique social conditions and historical environment of China，Only active、Developed effectively。 

China's modernization road generates in the process of modernization of the world 

　"China Social Sciences": In the process of modernization of the world，The big transformation of promoting traditional society to modern industrial society is a central content，It is also a major issue for the development of the modern world。What kind of development has Chinese modernization gone through? 

Yu Pei:For China，Modernization is both historical proposition，It is also a proposition of the times。After the Opium War in 1840，China is involved in the world's modern trend，Western powers are by no means that China will go to prosperity、Modernization of rich and strong，Instead, it is necessary to step up slavery and divide China。Facing China has gradually become a semi -colonial semi -feudal society，National Polymembly、People's Mongolia Crisis、Civilized dust，The Chinese nation suffered unprecedented calamity，The Chinese people have set off for independence、Freedom、The great struggle of liberation，Start a long and twists and turns modernization search。Western Movement、The Reform Movement of Wuxu is the beginning of China's modernization and initial attempts。The Revolution of 1911 even overthrow the monarchy system that has ruled China for thousands of years，It has not changed the social nature of the semi -feudal social semi -colonial land，Can't change China's destiny。This description，The bureaucratic landlord and bourgeoisie of modern China cannot complete the historical task of China's modernization。

　　"China Social Sciences": In the basic situation of "world history"，Chinese -style modern historic exploration urgently requires practical consciousness and theoretical consciousness。 

Yu Pei:Not only that，The key here lies in the choice of China's modernization road and the formation of leadership forces。From the May 4th Movement to the People's Republic of China，It is an important historical stage for China's modernization。May 4th period，The spread of Marxism and socialism has become a trend of the era of Chinese ideology，More and more advanced elements are gathered under Marxist banner，The Chinese worker class as an independent political force ascended to the historical stage。1921 The Communist Party of China was born，Just seek happiness for the Chinese people、Established for the Chinese nation's rejuvenation for its own intention and mission。The heavy task of exploring China's modern road，History landed on the Communist Party of China。Under the party's leadership，New democratic revolution with socialism as the future，Turn the dark old China into a bright New China，Create fundamental social conditions for the realization of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation。The transformation from new democracy to socialism，Socialist Revolution，Promoting socialist construction，Laipan the fundamental political prerequisites and institutional foundation for the realization of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation。It is a comprehensive large -scale socialist construction，Great changes in our society，Provided valuable experience for creating socialism with Chinese characteristics in the new historical period、Theoretical preparation、Material foundation。

General Secretary Xi Jinping deeply pointed out: "Reform and opening up is an important magic weapon for the party and the people to catch up with the times，It is the only way to adhere to and develop socialism with Chinese characteristics，is a key trick to determine the fate of contemporary China，It is also decided to achieve the "two hundred years' struggle target、The key move to realize the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation。"is relying on reform and opening up，China seize historical opportunities in time，Consciously integrate into the tide of the world's modernization era，String to catch up with the times，Realizing the leapfrog development of socialist modernization。Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China，Socialism with Chinese characteristics bet365 live casino games has entered a new era，Forwarding before、Following the past。Under the party's leadership，Realizing the first century -old struggle target，Open the new journey to achieve the second century -long goal，Continue to move towards the grand goal of achieving the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation，The Chinese people successfully created a new path of modern Chinese -style modernization，Realized the great change of unprecedented changes in human history。In summary proposal and in -depth explanation of Chinese -style modernization theory，It is a major theoretical innovation of the 20th National Congress of the Party，is the latest major achievement of scientific socialism。

history and practice proof，Only socialism can save China，Only socialism can develop China。Chinese -style modernization is our party's leadership of the people of all ethnic groups across the country in long -term exploration and practice.、major results obtained by paying a huge price。Only adhere to the party's leadership，The Chinese nation can truly grasp the fate of our modernization development，Only to achieve the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation。

　　"China Social Sciences": American scholar Gilbert Rotzman wrote in the book "Modernization of China": "From the situation of the beginning of the modern era，It seems that except for European countries and its fans，If any country will move towards modernization，That is undoubtedly China。"" Based on specific national conditions，​​How should we understand that China has gone out of the Chinese -style modern road in a new way? 

Wu Xiaoming:General speaking，Modernization is a common historical task。In the 20th century，Modernization adopts two basic methods: one is the modernization of capitalism，Another is the modernization of socialism。These two different modern roads，All means that the mission of modernization must be completed。but，The modern development form of specific countries must be determined by specific social conditions and historical environments。China must take a modern road，It is determined by the objective situation of world history。The basic pattern of "World History" stipulates the historic trend of the overall nation，No ethnic group can avoid such a universal opportunity to get survival and development。But，China must take a modern road，Never mean that you must take the road of Britain、Road to Russia or roads in the United States。Just the opposite，China must take its own road，Modern roads that are directed according to their specific social conditions and the specifics of the historical environment。Imagine that China's modernization is going to have some abstract and universal road (no matter where it actually comes from)，Just like to imagine that it is going to refuse to modernize or open history,，All are impossible at all，It's just an illusion that there is no reality。

The reason why China's modernization process has obtained the orientation of socialism at a specific historical turning point，Because any large -scale modernization cause must be laying the foundation through a thorough social revolution，Make it a social foundation that is compatible with modernization。This important turning point is marked by the May 4th Movement and the establishment of the Communist Party of China。May 4th Sports means that the Chinese revolution shifted from old democracy to new democraticism，The establishment of the Communist Party of China means that China's modernization process and Marxism establish a essential connection，So that the entire modernization process of China has since obtained decisive orientation with socialism。History and practice are proof，This direction is inevitable for China's modernization.，It is not transferred by people's subjective will，can you achieve your purpose and complete it。 

Chinese -style modernization presents the development logic of the new civilization form 

　"China Social Sciences": different roads of modernization，Social change sequence and development models are also different。Different from the initial conditions and development status，What are the deeper differences? 

Wu Xiaoming:This deep difference is deeply rooted in the prescribed of civilization。From the perspective of civilized form，Capitalist civilization and socialist civilization are essentially different。Socialist civilization form is a higher civilization form that transcends and abandons the form of capitalist civilization，It is possible only under the condition of completing modern tasks。This determines that the development of modernization can be adopted in the way of socialism，At the same time, it is important to fully occupy the positive results of modern -capitalist civilization in the process of modernization.。Although modernization is inevitable for capitalism and socialism，But the development of capitalism can only be stayed under the domination and rule of modernity，The development of socialism surpasses and abandons capitalist civilization，This determines that Chinese -style modernization must have a bright future。

　"China Social Sciences": a big leap in human society brought by modern productivity，Excellently promoted the establishment of the production system of the development of nature and the establishment of the industrial social model that is compatible with it，but，The negative effects of modernization cannot be ignored。 

Wu Xiaoming:Yes。Consequences of modernization，In general, there are two aspects: one aspect is positive，Another aspect is negative。In active perspective，Modernization has greatly promoted and developed productive forces，Make the development of wealth in the widest social communication。"Communist Declaration" said，Capital comes to the world，less than 100 years of time，The productive forces it created，More than the sum of the previous generations。In terms of negative aspects，Modernization will also cause sharp and poor social rich and poor，Class contradictions and class conflicts that lead to continuous repeated and intensify。Just as Marx said，Any civilization achievement of modern capitalism，Always accompanied by its most extreme opposite side，And this situation is determined by the internal contradictions of the modern -capitalist production method。General speaking，The consequences of modernization are associated with this contradiction itself，It is a reflection or expression of this contradiction。

Due to the consequences of modernization, it has this contradiction characteristics，All reflections on modernity will inevitably appear。This reflection can be traced back to a long time。Review "Socialist 500 Years"，The reflection of modernity on modernity is almost from the moment of modernity.。But reflect on modernity，There are two quite different ways。One way is romanticism，I believe that modernity has a negative side，Therefore, we must avoid modernity，The way is to return to the original or natural state，Simply put, it is a historical reverse。The Socialist Socialism mentioned in the "Declaration of the Communist Party"、Socialism of the petty bourgeoisie、Germany "real socialism" and so on，It has this nature。

Another way to reflect on modernity，The premise is based on the active affirmation of the results of modern civilization，So as to surpass modernity itself on the basis of this result。Marx's modernity criticism is adopted: it will never try to drive a history of history，Never hope that it is pure or moral imagination，Instead, the new civilization form is based on the historical achievements of the development of modern capitalism and the basis of its internal contradictions。So，The historical premise of transcending and discarding modernity，It is just to complete the modern task，It is to fully occupy the positive results of modern civilization。 

Chinese -style modernization has the historical significance of the world 

　"China Social Sciences": In the process of world history，The "Unique Historical Regulations" and "Unique Modern necessary Conditions" of the Chinese -style modern road，What is the important impact of? 

Wu Xiaoming:Chinese -style modernization has been developed extremely rapidly under the guidance of socialism with Chinese characteristics，Great achievements have attracted worldwide attention。Not only that，When the socialism of Chinese characteristics develops to a new "historical position"，has begun to show unparalleled historical significance。In the new era，The development of modern Chinese -style modernization is not only significant for the Chinese nation，And the overall development of world socialism and human beings also has a major world historical significance。If the goal of Chinese -style modernization is only a like English、Mei、De、Modern power like law，So this road is just a characteristic that belongs to modern -capitalist civilization。Chinese -style modernization shows the distinctive world historical significance，It is in China's historic practice process to complete the modernization task、At the same time of possessing the positive results of modern civilization，being created a new form of human civilization。

In simple terms，The new form of human civilization has two most basic regulations: first，Fully occupy the positive results of modern civilization; second，Beyond and discard the modernity itself。After building a well -off society in an all -round way，Our development goal is to comprehensively build a socialist modern country。This goal not only requires sufficient modernization practice，And requires socialism to target，Actively bet365 best casino games abandoning modernity itself。So，This goal will inevitably mean the possibility of the new form of human civilization，and our historic practice is to continuously transform this possibility into reality。

Chinese -style modernization is a huge modernization of population，It is the modernization of the common prosperity of all people，It is a modernization coordinated by material civilization and spiritual civilization，It is the modernization of harmonious coexistence of man and nature，It is the modernization of the road to peaceful development，Obviously，These major characteristics all require and resort to the modernization process，and they cannot be fully understood and fully realized in the range of modernity，Only in the new form of human civilization has a long -lasting experience foundation and a broad practical space。It is this sense，The modernization process of China must be carried out in the overall pattern of "world history"，"Chinese -style modernization" must be a modern new road opened in a specific social conditions and historical environment，completely breaking the myth of "modernization = Westernization"，presents a new picture。

Yu Pei: Modernization is an important stage in the process of world history，Is a general social movement，It reflects the start of human beings from the industrial revolution，From agricultural society to industrial society、The historical changes in the information society。As an irresistible world historical trend，Modernization, although it appeared in a few countries and regions in Western Europe，But from the time it was generated, it was a world -world concept，instead of national or national concepts。Today，Modern chemical industry has become a variety of channels and multiple modes，The historical movement of the development of modern society。As a world historic continuous change process，Modernization must be the common cause of all mankind，It is by no means the dominant process of the so -called "Europeanization" or "Westernization"。

General Secretary Xi Jinping clearly pointed out: "my country must unswervingly promote Chinese -style modernization，Promoting the great revival of the Chinese nation with Chinese -style modernization，Continue to make new and greater contributions to humans。"The development of Chinese history has never been separated from the avenue of the development of human civilization。Top decades of China today，Walking through the road that Western countries have traveled for hundreds of years or even hundreds of years，With the in -depth advancement of Chinese -style modernization，New forms of human civilization will be more vivid，A wide and profound impact on the historical process of world modernization。Chinese -style modernization of grand successful practice，Not only promotes the rapid development of China's economy and society，And the stability of the world、Development、Prosperity has established an excellent model。The brilliant achievements of Chinese -style modern roads，It will definitely make the great historical contribution of the Chinese nation for the development of the world，The historic progress of more human civilization provides effective ideas and wisdom enlightenment。