Francis Fushan's "The End of History and the Last"，When the end of the Cold War，Western world feels a general victory，The book claims that "freedom democracy" has won as "the final social form"，World history has ended。Therefore, Fukuyama has become the fighter of "free democracy"，I have been working hard for 30 years，Struggle on the front line of maintaining capitalist ideology。Facing the crisis of British and American free and democratic countries in the early 21st century，Fushan found "identity politics" as a breakthrough to solve all problems，He systematically discussed his identity and political ideas and tried again to open a good recipe for problems facing "free democracy"。

Fukuyama believes that the motivation to promote the development of human society is the concept of being called passion by Plato。The latter describes the component of the human soul in "Ideal": desire、Reason and passion。Desire blindly drives people's emotional needs，People driven by only desire，General eyes are short。Successful to your own desire，Conflicts will inevitably occur in the dead hutong of interests。The second component of the soul is rationality。Due to reason，A person can control or adjust his emotions to a certain extent。Therefore，Emotional emotional needs should be supplemented by rational，Reason seems to to a large extent the basis for human progress。But，For human progress and success，It is not enough to have rationality in light，The third component of the soul also plays an important role，It is a motivation to achieve transcendence and extraordinary。But，This phenomenon not only exists in the elite of the creator of the historical event，and build the soul of all ordinary individuals，These individuals participated in the historical process of human beings at different degrees of passion，But I didn't realize it。Therefore，People are a kind of desire and thinking。Three components of the soul distinguished people from animals，Because human behavior and decision are subject to reason and passion，instead of instinct。Passion is driven by human desire，and human bet365 live casino games desire is guided by rational。For each individual，Or one of these ingredients dominant，or they are in a balanced state。For example，Desire for a expensive car，is guided by passion，Determine whether such consumption is returned or whether individuals have the ability to repay，Is a rational responsibility。Happiness is a desire to be balanced rational。The combination of these two components is further supplemented by passion。Passion is Fushan's core idea of ​​social development。

Globalization has promoted the development of world trade，But not everyone can benefit from these changes。In many countries mainly developed countries，Equivalence of economic inequality Extremely intensified，Due to the benefits of economic growth, it mainly flows to the rich and the person who has been educated。This has led to the so -called "identity" phenomenon。To some extent，Identity problem is the root cause of the problem currently facing democratic countries。Therefore，The contradiction is，The passion for power when democracy was born has now become a serious threat and obstacle to democracy。

Fushan thinks，Under the background of the French Revolution -related event，People、The demand for passion and workers on passion start to become stronger。Fukuyama will subsequent human liberation and his expansion of his rights，Especially the requirements for voting rights are closely linked with passion issues。Passion is the driving force behind the 19th and 20th centuries of democracy and prosperity。The French Revolution and its related events have increased the importance of the general public。Ordinary citizens no longer think they are passive subjects。Representatives of the working class began to think that they are part of the whole，It should be perceived and recognized by the surrounding environment。Enlightenment makes the church preach "Equality in front of God" has lost its general legitimacy。

The identity is from the same needs、experience of life and sharing、Questions formed，Usually related to race、Religion or human race。Fukuyama specifically mentioned the importance of life experience when creating identity。Different groups have adopted different historical paths，They experience and share experience at the level of "groups"bet365 Play online games 。Through this life experience，Different needs of different groups。For example，A few groups of blacks in the United States look at their rights different from most white groups。Fukuyama divides society into different groups，These groups have close contact with passion。He proposed an assumption，That is, the current political struggle is not a class struggle，It is not a struggle for re -assigning wealth resources，but the identity struggle。The dissatisfaction of different identities and its representatives has led to the problem of free democracy today。Fushan emphasized，A social class feels that it is ignored or in an unfavorable position by the elite class and other classes of society。Therefore，These people feel that they cannot be accepted by society as a whole; they feel frustrated，Think that some people have the right to belong to their "born"。A group of citizens，Although their rights are guaranteed by the Freedom Democratic Constitution，But I still think that another group (another group、Government, etc.) deprived them of their rights，Therefore, you need to restore your rights。But，In most cases，This feeling is non -rational。

From the perspective of Fushan，Identity identity is given priority to national identity，Members who identify with specific groups feel that they belong to a community that is stronger than the national community。Therefore，This is not a international dispute，but the dispute at the national level。The unity of capitalism is significantly weakened，No longer give play to the key role in regulating disputes between different citizens of the country。In many cases，identity requirements are international，Similar identities are related to each other，Ignore their own citizenship，Oppose their government and other identities。

Heterogeneity and diversity are typical features of Western society。In many cases，Not a common living national experience，but the group experience felt by different groups，projected into the construction of their identity。This has created a large number of groups with different or opposite needs within the capitalist country，They are associated with different tendencies from the mainstream。The identity is not congenital，but from experience、External factors、Feeling and lifelong bet365 live casino games learning experience formed。

In the past，The struggle between the left and right factions is based on the economy，and now，According to Fushan's point of view，This struggle manifests as a struggle for identity。The understanding of the left and right now is very different from the traditional concept。This change originated in the 1960s，At that time, identity politics began to form in Western Europe and the United States。60s and 1970s，The characteristics of western society are significant increase in social movement，Its purpose is to change the government、Government decision or system itself。The most common theme of these sports is immigration、Women's status、Environment, etc.。On this basis，The new left and right concepts formed，major events in the first two years of the 21st century make it bipolarly differentiated，Forming today's identity policy form。At the same time，Traditional left -wing voters now tend to be right -wing voters，Vice vice versa。

The common feature of these identity groups is that they feel that their rights have been deprived。They feel that they are society、Elite class or external world ignore，but I don't seem to realize my problems。These groups have any disgusting to other groups who "steal" their rights。The conflict of identity represents the conflict between opposing groups with the same goals -realizing their own passion，But this target concept is different or contradictory for each group。Therefore，A large number of groups with different requirements have appeared within the country，They seek different goals and requirements，This heterogeneity damages the stability of democracy in the country。

A common phenomenon that exists in the United States and EU countries is right -wing nationalism，Also known as "White Uprising"。This identity is mainly based on white individual representatives with lower ranking on the socio -economic ladder，Its members also belong to a long -term citizen of a certain country，They think they are the legal citizens of the country。In recent years，This group starts to believe，Elite class is increasingly advocating the rights of ethnic minorities，Forgot "White"，Their voice is no longer heard in "their own" countries。This group of people defending conservative social organizations，No more understanding "post Bet365 app download -modern world"，"Lost direction"，Therefore, supporting the leaders of right -wing nationalism speaks "their" language，and provide the representatives of these groups with understanding of the world。The requirements of this group are to further return to "Beautiful Past"，But this time it is usually uncertain，Therefore, it represents a structure of the "beautiful past" myth。The most obvious example of this phenomenon is that Donald Trump was elected as the President of the United States，The campaign slogan is "Let the United States great again"。

Other identities described in Fukuyama are on the left side of the political spectrum，Representative of groups that defend the rights of various groups and post -modern values，Including a variety of LGBTQ group rights movements、"Black Destiny" Movement、"I am too" exercise、Environmental Movement, etc.。The common characteristics of these groups are inequality compared with other groups of society，Therefore, more rights and let your voice are heard。The identity of the right and left -wing identity is naturally a conflict，Unable to reach a consensus，Because their words are very different。

The identity group discussed in Fukuyama also includes Islamic radicalism in Europe。He thinks，Islam is the same as other religions，It is not the reason why Islamic radicals commit crimes in Europe。The reason for this problem is the second、Radio evolution of the third -generation Muslim immigrants，Their parents have accepted coexistence with Western culture，Therefore, they have not hated Western culture since childhood，The root of their hatred is not looking for their position in society，How to integrate into Western society。The Muslim community in Europe does not provide their identities for these young people，Because it cannot compete with Western lifestyle，Its potential is becoming empty。Young Muslim，As a weak group member，I didn't find my own position，Growth in a society that has not achieved equality or respect，It is easy to be promoted by the radical Islamic organization。

After analyzing the cause of identity problems, Fukuyama，Putched a possible solution。He thinks，Strengthening national identity is the starting point of solving this problem，Because this is a link between the country's unity on basic bet365 best casino games issues。Fukuyama did not propose to homogeneous society，and decompose different identities，Instead of emphasizing the role of the country，It should give citizens a sense of belonging。Since the free democracy system is the basis of Western society，Therefore，To some extent，Fushan believes that Western culture is more important than other cultures，People who immigrate to Western countries must accept the dominant position of Western culture in specific regions，Respect its rules，Parallel rules that do not formulate inconsistent with freedom and democracy。The task of political leaders should be to strengthen society's confidence in the free democracy system and values，Especially the confidence in its clear definition。According to Fushan's point of view，The foundation of society should not be its own diversity，On the contrary，Different groups should find the value and principles of creating cross -identity association organizations。Fukuyama unintentionally completely eliminates conflict between identity，But emphasizing that this conflict must be suppressed by the common foundation，This will not threaten the stability of the free democratic system。National identity should become the "connective organization" of society，Become a consensus space for constructive solving conflict between different identities。The topic of immigration should not be polarized，Neither can establish a wall，Full of immigration，or opposite，Completely released immigration immigration。The method of solving immigration problems should be to make immigrants better integrate into the mainstream culture。But，This fusion cannot adopt compulsory or violent ways，Instead, encourage immigration to participate in the established national system，Make them accept the dominant culture，and provide support in the following aspects: promote employment，Provide public service positions，Make children into mainstream schools，The risk of social exclusion to the greatest extent，and create a separate closed community for minority groups that are incompatible with mainstream culture。According to this principle，The state should work hard to incorporate the representatives of a few groups into the structure of the majority of people'bet365 Play online games s society。Personal move in a society without a sense of belonging，It is easy to become aggressive，This will cause him to form a problematic cognition of his identity。In this case，The country should play a key role，Try to motivate the representatives of minority groups to integrate into the structure of the socio -economic system。

Fushan's identity and political thought can be understood as the continuation of his previous thoughts，At the same time, it can also be understood as a defense for it。Very obvious，Fushan continues the normal state of freedom and democracy，Recognize the shortcomings and risks of freedom and democracy，But I didn't try to overcome it，but trying to analyze its problems。At the same time，He strives to find solutions for free democratic problems。Fukuyama emphasizes that his identity can serve division，can also serve the concept of fusion。2022，Fushan Publishing New Book "Liberalism and Dissatisfaction"，Further emphasize the necessity of liberal thought and integration。But，As Grandi said，"This is the old one who will die，New Turning Age of New "，"History End" may come to an end under the influence of "identity politics"。

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