The mud is a mud block that was used in ancient China to seal the simplicity and cover the seal，橐 橐、Pack、箧、笥 笥 also use more，Also known as "Zhi Ni", "Mud Seal"，Mainly used in the Qin, Han, Wei and Jin period。In today's archeological branch，The text of the mud is attributed to the category of inscriptions，It is a study officer for studying related historical periods、Archaeological relic information with extremely important geography。

In the development of the political system of ancient China，The Warring States Period and Qin and Han are an important historical stage。The core of the Warring States Reform represented by Shang Yang is the bureaucratic movement; Qin and Six Kingdoms，Implementing unification，Create a relatively systematic and complete professional official system，The impact on future generations is far -reaching。The official record of ancient China in the central government、Local，The former former。This is from "Hanshu · Baiguan Gongshan Table" and "Continued Han Book · Bai Guanzhi"，Or "Tang Liudian" and "Tongdian · Officer"，All can be seen。Despite this，Early central official system research，But there is no leftover meaning。From the kingdom, advocate the "Dual Evidence Law"，Later scholars developed the "New Certificate" research: "Yu Zhi is the" New Certificate "，In addition to the "Note Evolution" and "Research School Supplement"，Explanation，Its materials are mostly taken in all aspects of archeology。If ... Qin Han uses power、stone carvings、Bamboo Slip、Copper、Pottery's inscriptions。Make the literature and archeology into one "(Chen Zhi" New Certificate of Historical Records "，Chinese Book Bureau，2006，Page 3)，"My method，Taking this article as Scriptures，Prove to be weft with unearthed antiques。Make archeology as a historical service，Not archeological for both archeology，It is not stagnant in literature alone "(Chen Zhi" Hanshu New Certificate "self -preface，Chinese Book Bureau，2008，page 4)。The interesting thing is，Chen Zhi used this as a new certificate for "Han Book"Bet365 app download ，The biggest harvest is in "Hundred Official Watch": "As for the" Hundred Officials Gongshan Tables "，Each paragraph has a new certificate，Therefore, the full text of "Han Book"，A Brief Characteristics。... The most detailed table in the whole book，Quantity accounts for about one -sixth "(p. 5-6)。Use the new Qin Feng Mud information today，We are expected to be the Qin Kingdom of the Warring States Period、The Qin Dynasty's central official issues do further discussions。In recent years，Liu Rui edited "Qin Feng Mud Collection" (China Social Science Press，2020) (hereinafter referred to as "Collection")、"Qin Feng Mud Collection Interpretation" (Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House，2021) (hereinafter referred to as "Ji Shi")，Provides new conditions for related work。"Collection" series of 9218 Qin Feng clay published in September 2019、2350 species，Put the book、Positive back photos and original source。Now "Collection" data is centered，Repeated test when using it，Reviewing Qin Central Occupation Officer Seal。

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Eastern Han Wei Hong said, "Qin before，People use golden jade as a print，Dragon Tiger button，Only what it is good。Since Qin，Tianzi is only called seal，alone with jade，Most Minister Mo Dare to use "(" Historical Records "Volume 6" Qin Shihuang Benji "and" Ji Jie "quotes，Chinese Book Bureau，1982 2 edition，page 227)。Most of the past, so it is considered，Qin's uniform system is incompatible before，Existence seal、Printing mixed。According to the quotation of Wei Hongyu, predecessor，Although it is a rough say，But the main reminder of the material of the seal of "Qin" seal、Undertake strictness with New New，It is really mixed with the stamp.。The Documents of the Precision of the Warring States Periods are used for the use of prints，Called "Xi" and "鉨"。Specific to Qin，Sleeping Tiger Earth Qin Jian's earlier materials such as "Legal Answers" and "Tao of the Officials" also displayed，Early Qin Gongyin、Private printing is called "Xi"。Official Seal "Seal"、Called "India"，The era of existence ("Draft of the Evolution of the Qin and Han Army" Chapter 1，China Social Science Press，2016，pp. 57-59)。Seeing Mud sees the central official seal of the Qin Central official seal such as "厩 厩", "Chinese Bet365 app download car, seal", "the seal of the customer's affairs", "the seal of the temple worker" ("Collection"，82-83、131、152、242-244 pages)，Early features of the Qin Central Officer's Printing Officer。Comparison Figure，"厩 厩" is a rectangular horizontal print，Paper slim，The boundary column is 囗，instead of Japanese characters。"Cross -Cycling Seal"，Non -external force squeeze，Words are all thin and long bodies，For a rectangular vertical print，Four characters occupy the upper and lower two characters，Paper slim，The boundary column is 囗，The upper and lower end of the vertical pen of the word "medium" each with each two horizontal，is more ancient writing。"The Seal of Palace" is Fangyin，Paper slim，The boundary bar is the field character。"Things" as "official"。According to Riye Qin, it is renamed Mu Fang "The official is the same，More things "(ⅶ) (Chen Kanli" Liye Qin Fang and "Book Same Text"，"Cultural Relics" No. 9, 2014，p. 77)，Before Qin unification，"Officials" and "Things" use words "officials"。"Seal of Passengers" and "Passenger Division" ("Collection"，page 152) "Things"，All writing "Official"，Before Qin unification。"Temple Workers' Seal"，Fang Yin，Thick strokes，The boundary column is 囗。

If further analysis，Qin Feng Ni also see "the seal of the things", "the seal of the things", "the incident □□" ("Collection"，Page 394-395)。13 pieces of "诏 丞 丞"，"Things" as "officials"; 5 "诏 □□"，"Things" as "official"。This shows，Two pieces of implementation of "诏 诏"，It is used by Qin unification before the seal; the other number is more "诏"，Use printing after Qin unification。We once pointed out that "the change of the Qinxi seal system is not synchronized with the official name of the official official，The former was earlier than the latter。‘since Qin’ ‘Qin’ s before ’，Strictly speaking, it is not in Qin unification、Calculating Emperor Before and after "(" Draft of the Evolution of the Qin and Han Army "Chapter 1，pp. 59-63)，The above materials confirm this point again。To say，Ancient Chinese officials and people's seals of "seal" and "seal" are replaced，Before Qin Unification，instead of the 26th year of the Emperor (221) Qin unified。This breaks for Bet365 app download discussing the era of Qin Feng mud，Most meaningful。

　　The official name and printing of the officials of the Qinzhong capital

Wei Hong also said, "Qin used to use gold in the past、Jade、Silver is Fangchi Seal "(" Hou Han Book "Volume 48" Xu Yan Biography "Li Xian's note，Chinese Book Bureau，1965，Page 1621)。"Fangchi Seal" refers to a square print with one inch length of the edge，Later generations are mostly called "Tong Guanyin"，Fang Yin, who is opposite to it, is called "Half -Pass"。It is generally considered，Emperor Western Han Wu to descend，President holding official seal，Shao officials hold semi -pass seal。As for Qin Guanyin situation，Limited in the past。We found，Qin Central Zhuqing is the official，that is, Zhongdu official，Most of the rectangular prints with half the seal，such as "Dazai", "Thai Zaizai", "Great History", "Thai History", "Great Medical" ("Collection"，23-25、25-27、28 pages)。And Zuoguan is Zhongdu official，Most of the Indian seal，Such as "Big Medicine Seal", "Thai Medicine Seal" ("Collection"，Page 28-30)。What needs to be pointed out is，The so -called "Dazai", "Thai Zaizai", "History of History", "Thai History", "Big Doctor"，It can be regarded as the title of official province。We think，Qin Dynasty officials called "Long"，This reality refers to Dazai Long、Taizai Chief、Da Shi Chief、Thai Chief、Big doctor。Different from the Han Dynasty，Qin County Ling Qianshi to 600 Stone，No long。"Two Years Laws · Law Law"、Long 600 stone as the boundary，Reflected situation in the early Western Han Dynasty。Qin Dynasty may not be like this。Sleeping Tiger Qin Jian's "Legal Answers" "‘ ‘不 不、Husband。’｜ How can it be‘ official ’? But (why) is ‘） 可’?，The county said ‘啬’ ”(95)，Yuelu Academy Tibetan Qin Jian "The law of the official said: The county has a leading official，Each except the county。It wants to eliminate its county people and some people as counties.、Du Guan、丞、Wei、There are rank officials，，Xu Zhizhi "(207/1272、208/1245），with the county magistrate (county husband)，Is the official chief。Yuelu Academy Tibetan Qin Jian "Great County will be sent to prison(冣) Jiu Jiu，Four people in the county，Small County and Du Guan Two "(282/1885)，Although the bet365 best casino games official and the county belong to the same big level，But the larger county in Lujiu is low，Same as Xiaoxian。Qin Feng Ni also see "Bus Sima", "Bus Sima Yin", "Bus Sima Ji" ("Collection"，pp. 73-78)。Three "bus Sima" as the previous "CRRC"，Words are all thin and long bodies，For a rectangular vertical print，Four characters occupy the area of ​​the upper and lower words，Paper slim，The boundary column is 囗，instead of Japanese characters，Early early。"Bus Sima Yin" and "Bus Sima Ji" are horizontal Japanese characters，Other "bus Sima" is the seal of the field character。The so -called "bus Sima" and "Bus Sima Yin"，I am afraid that in the Qin Dynasty, it also refers to the bus Sima Chang、Bus Sima Changyin。

These reflection two problems: 1. Warring States、Qin's Zhongdu official uses Fang Yin、Half of the rectangular print，and commonly marks with rectangular prints，Zuo Guan multi -use square seal，Therefore, the printing is not strictly distinguished by size。2. Qin Central Zhuqing's official (Zhongdu official) uses seal，Seeming institutional seal，But actually used the title of official province。The Chief Officer of Qin Du said "Long"，or not called order。

　　Text adjustment of the official seal of the Qin central official

The central officials seeing the central officials in Qin Feng also have a text change with prints，The same important thing for sealing mud is the same。This involves "positive glyph"，It also involves "positive words"。Da Xik also pointed out，"Taishou" and "Tai Shou" writing is based on Qin unification，Existing existence，It is speculated that the word "Tai" is created by Qin unification。Research and listed multiple cases such as "Big Ni" and "Thai" seen in Qin Feng Mud，Reminder that the era of archaeological stratigraphy shows that the "big" sealing mud is more early than the word "Tai" seal the mud。other，The author also specifically gives the word "craftsman" of the "master of craftsmen" and "Thai Craftsman Seal"，The former is also earlier than the latter ("The meaning of the word creation of the word" Thai "in" Conglie Qin Jian and Qin Feng Ni "，"Jane" Eighth Series，Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House，2013，Page 139-148)。Royal Qin is renamed Mu Fangyun.，Geng Tai Shou "(" Liye Qin Fang as "Book Same Text"，p. 77)，Refers to "big" is still as old bet365 best casino games in general use，means the "big" of the eunuch's "Tai"，Use the word "Tai"。This further proves that after the unity of Qin, there is a "positive word" adjustment of "Tai Shou" after the unity of Qin.。Of course，From the renamed Mu Fang, "Do not dare to say the father of the prince said that the Father of the Thai", "the king of Zhuang is the emperor of Thai"，The actual application of the word "Tai" is more widely。According to the "Big Craftsman's Seal", "The Seal of Thai Craftsman"，Both involve "positive characters"，It also involves "positive glyph"，It can be added。Careful comparison，The boundary column of two types of prints is different: "Big Military Print"，"Thai Craftsman's Seal" is a field character。At the same time，The word "丞" is also different: the "丞" of "Big Craftsman's Seal"，The horizontal stroke of the part of the part is short，Folding pen is mostly transferred to the left end of the horizontal pen or only in the middle position.，The structure of the structure is sparse;，The horizontal stroke of the part of the part is longer，Fold the pen to turn it to the left end of the horizontal pen and turn to pull the pen，Constitution is flat and neat。What I see currently，"Dagai", "History", "Big Travel", "Big Cang", "Big Officials", "Big Messenger" ("Collection"，23-24、25-26、148-150、179、195-196、428-429)，All are printed with words;，24-25、27、151、182、206、431 pages)，All are printed with Japanese characters。The "Dating" strokes of "Da Da" are straight，"Taihang" "line" upper strokes bending。，"Datian" ("Collection"，Page 185) is an unbounded column or a rigid character print，"Big Inner" ("Collection" pp.，"Thai" ("Collection"，Page 314-315) is a Japanese character print。From this we know，Two characters Qin Yin's boundary column change around and after unity，More prominent: Before Qin unification，Most of them are marks (a small number of unbounded column); after unity，All are printed with Japanese characters。

As for the printed by the eunuch，Qin Fengni saw "Shangjun Great", "Qinghe Shou", "Hejian Shou", "Yingchuan Da", "East County Great", "Sichuan Da Shou", "Jibei Shou", "Jimo Da Shou" "" Outside the river "and" Southern County Shou "(" Collection "，714、812-813、814、846、863、894、911、922、943、945 pages)，and "Dawhara Bet365 app download Shouyin" and "Oshihara" ("Collection"，page 798)，It is known that they are used to use printing before Qin unification，That is, "Historical Records · Qin Shihuang's Book of Book" "The first divided into the world thinks 36 counties" before Qin County。This helps to study the implementation of the Warring States Period and Qin County in the early days of Qin County。At the same time，Qin Feng Mud saw Qinghe County、Hejian County、Jibei County、Jimo County、Waiwai County，I did n’t know it before，Related Qinjun existence is confirmed。As for the county name "Xichuan" as "Yingchuan"、"Surabaya" as "Sichuan"，I know that it is not adjusted in the 36th county of the Qin Dynasty，This is the case in previous words。Last，"Shu Da Mansion", "Hanoi Mansion", "Nanyang Di", "Waiwai Mansion" ("Collection"，726-727、779、867-868、943-944) The word "丞"，Comparison Figure，All are early writing，It is equally early with printing，Before Qin unification。

Sealing mud as a historical cultural relic，Not easy to retain，Fortunately, the incineration disposal of the abandoned archives at that time。But，"useless" in the past，It has become a "use" today。It will help us follow the traceability of the "Qin Guan" of "Hanshu · Baiguan Gongqing Table"，Continue to move forward，Again innovation。

(Author unit: Renmin University of China National College、"Ancient Chinese Characters and Chinese Civilization Inheritance Development Project" collaborative and innovative platform)