Seal mud is a piece of clay used to seal slips and seals in ancient China，Sealing the package to contain the items、Sac、箧、Use it more often when you are in trouble，Also known as "Zhi Ni" and "Mud Seal"，Mainly used in bet365 mobile betting, Han, Wei and Jin periods。In today’s branches of archeology，The clay seal writing is classified into the category of inscriptions，is an official who studies relevant historical periods、Archaeological cultural relics of extremely important geography。

In the development of the bureaucratic political system in ancient China，The Warring States, bet365 mobile betting and Han Dynasties are important historical stages。The core of the Warring States Reform represented by Shang Yang was the bureaucracy movement；bet365 mobile betting and the Six Kingdoms，Achieve unification，A relatively systematic and complete official system has been established，Profound influence on future generations。The official system of ancient China is recorded in the central government、Between places，Xiangzhong the former。Whether it is from "Hanshu·Hundred Officials List" or "Hanshu·Hundred Officials"，Still in "Liu Dian of the Tang Dynasty" and "Tongdian Official Officials"，All can be seen。Nevertheless，Research on the early central official system，But the title has no remaining meaning。Since Wang Guowei advocated the "double evidence method"，Later, scholars developed the study of "New Evidence": "Yu Zhiwei "New Evidence"，In addition to "Explanation of Comprehensive Notes" and "Revision and Correction"，Explain，The materials are mostly drawn from various aspects of archeology。For example...bet365 mobile betting and Han Dynasties used power、Stone carving、Bamboo Slips、Bronze、Inscriptions on pottery。Make documents and archaeology into one family" (Preface to Chen Zhi's "Historical Records New Evidence"，Zhonghua Book Company，2006，Page 3)，“My method，Take this article as a guide，Proof based on unearthed antiquities materials。Making archeology serve history，Not archeology for archeology’s sake，It is not just about literature." (Preface to Chen Zhi's "New Evidence of Hanshu"，Zhonghua Book Company，2008，Page 4)。Interesting thing，Chen Zhi used this as new evidence for the "Book of Han"，The biggest gain is in the "Hundred Officials Table": "As for the "Hundred Officials Table"，Every paragraph has new evidence，So quote the full text of "Hanshu"，Slightly modified style。...This is the most detailed representation in the whole book，About one-sixth of the number” (pages 5-6)。This new use of bet365 mobile betting Fengni information，We are expected to fight against the Warring States and bet365 mobile betting Kingdom、Further discussion on the issue of central officials in the bet365 mobile betting Dynasty。In recent years，"bet365 mobile betting Fengni Collection" compiled by Liu Rui (China Social Sciences Press，2020) (hereinafter referred to as "Collection")、"Collected Interpretations of bet365 mobile betting Fengni" (Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House，2021) (hereinafter referred to as "Collected Interpretations") were published successively，Provides new conditions for related work。"Ji Cun" compiled a total of 9218 bet365 mobile betting seals published before September 2019、2350 species，With rubbings、Front and back photos and original sources。Now focusing on the "Collection" data，Re-examination when using，Reexamination of the seals used by bet365 mobile betting central officials。

　　Changes in the seal names used by bet365 mobile betting central officials

Wei Hong of the Eastern Han Dynasty said "Before bet365 mobile betting，People use gold and jade as their seals，Dragon and Tiger Button，Only what he likes。Since the bet365 mobile betting Dynasty，The emperor only uses his seal to call his seal，Also unique to jade，No ministers dare to use it" (quoted in "Historical Records" Volume 6 "The Chronicles of the First Emperor of bet365 mobile betting" and "Jijie")，Zhonghua Book Company，2nd edition 1982，Page 227)。In the past, many people thought that，The system was uneven before the unification of bet365 mobile betting，Existence Seal、Mixed printing。According to previous quotations of Wei Hongyu，Although it is a rough statement，But the main hint is the material of the seal "before bet365 mobile betting Dynasty"、The use of buttons is not strict，Not mixed with printed names。The seals used by various countries in the literature of the Warring States Period handed down from ancient times，Called "Xi" and "鉨"。Specific to bet365 mobile betting，Older materials such as "Legal Questions and Answers" and "The Way of Being an Official" are also shown in the bet365 mobile betting bamboo slips in Shuihudi，Early bet365 mobile betting Gongyin、Private seals are called "Xi"。The official seal is called "Xi"、Called "Yin"，Era of existence (Chapter 1 of "History of the Evolution of the bet365 mobile betting and Han Military Systems"，China Social Sciences Press，2016，Page 57-59)。The official seals of the central government of bet365 mobile betting found in the sealing mud include "Stable Seal", "Zhongche Cheng Seal", "Guest Seal" and "Temple Gong Cheng Seal" ("Ji Cun"，No. 82-83、131、152、Page 242-244)，Reflects the early characteristics of bet365 mobile betting’s central official printing。Compare plate，"Stable Seal" is a rectangular horizontal seal，Slender strokes，The boundary column is a grid of words，Non-Japanese character pattern。"CRRC Chengxi"，Not squeezed by external force，All characters are in long and thin body，It is a rectangular vertical print，The four characters occupy the area of ​​the upper and lower characters，Slender strokes，The boundary column is a grid of words，The vertical stroke of "中" has two horizontal strokes pointing to the right at the upper and lower ends，An older writing method。"The Seal of Guest Affairs" is the square seal，Slender strokes，The boundary column is a field grid。“事” is replaced by “官”。According to the bet365 mobile betting Dynasty in Liye, the name was changed to Mufang "the officials are still the same，Modern matters" (Ⅶ) (Chen Kanli's "Liye bet365 mobile betting Fang and "Books with the Same Text"，"Cultural Relics" Issue 9, 2014，Page 77)，Before the unification of bet365 mobile betting，The word “official” and “shi” are often used as “官”。"The Seal of the Guest" and "The Guest" ("Ji Cun"，Page 152) "thing"，Both are written as "官"，The era was before the unification of bet365 mobile betting。"Temple Gongcheng Seal"，Fangyin，The strokes are thicker，The boundary column is a grid of words。

If further analysis，bet365 mobile betting Fengni also saw "Zhao Shi Seal", "Zhao Shi Cheng Seal" and "Zhao Shi □□" ("Ji Cun"，Page 394-395)。13 "Edicts and Seals"，“事” is replaced by “官”；Among 5 "Edicts"，“事” is replaced by “官”。This display，Two items that implement the "Edict"，It was the seal used before the unification of bet365 mobile betting Dynasty；Others with a greater number of "imperial edicts"，It was the seal used after the unification of bet365 mobile betting Dynasty。We once pointed out that "the changes in bet365 mobile betting's seal system and the changes in official titles are not synchronized，The former is earlier than the latter。‘Since bet365 mobile betting’ ‘Before bet365 mobile betting’，Strictly speaking, it was not unified in bet365 mobile betting、Before and after becoming emperor" (Chapter 1 of "History of the Evolution of the Military System in bet365 mobile betting and Han Dynasties"，Page 59-63)，The above materials confirm this again。Key words，Changes in the seal names of "Xi" and "Yin" for official and private seals in ancient China，Occurred before the unification of bet365 mobile betting，When the bet365 mobile betting Dynasty was unified in the twenty-sixth year of the First Emperor (221 BC)。This is a time limit for discussing bet365 mobile betting Fengni，How meaningful。

　　The official title and printing of bet365 mobile betting Zhongduguan

Wei Hong also said, "Before bet365 mobile betting, gold was used"、Jade、Silver is a square-inch seal" ("The Book of the Later Han" Volume 48 "The Biography of Xu Qiu" quoted by Li Xian，Zhonghua Book Company，1965，Page 1621)。"Fangcun Xi" refers to a square seal with one inch on each side，Later generations often called this type of "Tongguan Seal"，The opposite square seal that is half the size is called "half-through seal"。Generally believed，Since Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty，The chief official holds the official seal，The young official holds the semi-tong seal。As for the official seal of bet365 mobile betting，Limited understanding of the past。We found out，Officials under the jurisdiction of the bet365 mobile betting central ministers，Also known as Zhongdu Official，The rectangular seal used is mostly half the square seal，Such as "Da Zai", "Tai Zai", "Da Shi", "Tai Shi" and "Great Doctor" ("Ji Cun"，No. 23-25、25—27、28 pages)。And the assistant officer is the official of Zhongdu，Most of the seals used are square seals，Such as "The Great Medical Doctor's Seal" and "Thai Medical Chief's Seal" ("Ji Cun"，Page 28-30)。It needs to be pointed out，The so-called "Great Master", "Tai Jai", "Great History", "Tai History" and "Great Doctor"，Can be regarded as the provincial title of official position。We think，The official title of the bet365 mobile betting Dynasty was "Chang"，This actually refers to the Chief Chief、Tai Zai Chang、Great Historian、Tai Shi Chang、Great Doctor。Different from Han Dynasty，bet365 mobile betting County magistrate ranks from one thousand stones to six hundred stones，No length。"The Second Year of Laws and Orders·Ji Lv" records the official orders of the capital、Length is bounded by six hundred stones，Reflecting the situation in the early Western Han Dynasty。This may not be the case in the bet365 mobile betting Dynasty。Sleeping Tiger Land bet365 mobile betting Jian "Legal Questions and Answers" "'He who resigns does not resign first、Stingy husband。’｜What can be called ‘official’？What can be called a ‘stingy man’？Ming Du Guan said ‘长’，The county calls him ‘the stingy man’” (95)，bet365 mobile betting Bamboo Slips collected by Yuelu Academy, "The Rules for Officials said: In addition to the county, there are ordered officials，Each in his own county。He wants to remove people from other counties and appoint people as county magistrates、Captain Chief、丞、伟、Organized officials，Competent person，Xu Zhi└”（207/1272、208/1245），Conversation with the county magistrate (county miser)，He is the chief of the capital。bet365 mobile betting bamboo slips collected by Yuelu Academy: "Big counties must send them to prison"(冣)久者，Four people in the county，Two each from the small county and the capital” (282/1885)，Although the governor and the county belong to the same level，But the salary rank is lower in larger counties，Same as Xiaoxian。bet365 mobile betting Fengni also saw "Official Car Sima", "Official Car Sima Yin" and "Official Car Sima Cheng" ("Ji Cun"，Page 73-78)。Three pieces of "Official Car Sima" are discussed above about "Zhongche Chengxi"，All characters are in long and thin body，It is a rectangular vertical print，The four characters occupy the area of ​​the upper and lower characters，Slender strokes，The boundary column is a grid of words，Non-Japanese character pattern，Early times。" Official Car Sima Seal" and " Official Car Sima Cheng" are horizontal Japanese grid seals，Other "official carriage Sima" are stamped with Tian characters。The so-called "official car driver" and "official driver horse seal"，In the bet365 mobile betting Dynasty, it probably also referred to the coach commander、Bus Commander Changyin。

These reflect two problems: 1.Warring States、bet365 mobile betting’s Zhongdu officials used square seals、Rectangular seal with half of square seal，And it is common to print in rectangular shapes，Assistants often use square seals，So printing is not strictly distinguished by size。2.The seal used by the subordinate officials (Zhongdu officials) under the jurisdiction of the central officials of bet365 mobile betting，Looks like institutional seal，But in practice, the official and provincial titles are mostly used。The chief officer of bet365 mobile betting Du Guan is called "Chang"，Or not called order。

　　Adjustment of the text used for the official seal of bet365 mobile betting Central Government

bet365 mobile betting Fengni saw that the seals used by central officials still have text changes，It is also important to date the sealing mud。This involves both "orthography"，Also involves "positive words"。Dashik also pointed out，The writing method of "太史" and "太史" is based on the unification of bet365 mobile betting Dynasty，Existence order，It is speculated that the word "Tai" was created during the unification of bet365 mobile betting Dynasty。Research and list many examples of "Danei" and "Tainei" seen by bet365 mobile betting Fengni，Tips: Archaeological stratigraphy shows that the sealing mud with the word "大" is earlier than the sealing mud with the character "Tai"。In addition，The author also specifically cites the writing method of "craftsman" in "Da Jiang Cheng Seal" and "Tai Jiang Cheng Seal"，The former is also earlier than the latter ("Discussing the meaning of the word "Tai" from Liye bet365 mobile betting bamboo slips and bet365 mobile betting Fengni"，"Eighth Collection of Bamboo Slips and Silks"，Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House，2013，Page 139-148)。Liye bet365 mobile betting changed its name to Mu Fang and said, "It's as big as before，Gengtai Shou" ("Liye bet365 mobile betting Fang and "The Book with the Same Character""，Page 77)，Referring to "big" is still the same in general use，"大" indicating "太" of the prefect，Use the word "Tai" instead。This further proves that after the unification of bet365 mobile betting, there was an adjustment in the "zhengyongzi" from "Dashou" to "Taishou"。Of course，From what we can see from the renaming of Mu Fang, "Don't dare to call the king father, Taifu" and "King Zhuang is the emperor of Tai"，The word "Tai" has wider practical applications。According to the "Dajiang Cheng Seal" and "Taijian Cheng Seal" cited by the Onishi clan，Involving both "positive words"，Also involves "orthographic form"，What is discussed and can be supplemented。Check carefully，The boundary columns of the two types of seals are different: "Dajiangcheng Seal" is a block seal with the word "囗"，"Taijian Chengyin" is Tianzige。At the same time，There are also differences in the word "丞": "丞" in "Dajiang Chengyin"，The horizontal stroke of the component "LE" is shorter，Most folding pens are rotated close to the left end of the horizontal pen or only in the middle position to turn the pen and pull down，Sparse and casual configuration；"丞" in "Tai Jiang Cheng Seal"，The horizontal stroke of the component "LE" is longer，Turn the folded pen to align with the left end of the horizontal pen and then turn the pen to pull down，Flat and neat shape。Seen so far，"Da Zai", "Da Shi", "Da Xing", "Da Cang", "Da Guan" and "Da Craftsman" ("Ji Cun"，No. 23-24、25—26、148—150、179、195—196、428—429），All are printed with the character "囗"；"Tai Zai", "Tai Shi", "Tai Xing", "Taicang", "Tai Guan", "Tai Jiang" ("Ji Cun"，No. 24-25、27、151、182、206、431 pages)，All are printed with Japanese characters。The strokes of "行" in "大行" are straight，The upper stroke of "行" in "太行" is curved。again，"Datian" ("Collection"，Page 185) is an unbounded column or block print，"大内" (pages 312-313 of "Ji Cun") is an unbounded column seal，"Tai Nei" ("Collection"，Page 314-315) is printed with Japanese characters。It can be seen from this，Changes in the boundary between the two-character bet365 mobile betting seal before and after unification，More prominent: before the unification of bet365 mobile betting，Most of them are printed in a pattern (a few are unbounded columns)；After unification，All are printed with Japanese characters。

As for the seal used by the prefect，bet365 mobile betting Fengni saw "Shangjun Chief", "Qinghe Chief", "Hejian Chief", "Yingchuan Chief", "Dongjun Chief", "Sichuan Chief", "Jibei Chief" and "Jimo Chief" ""Hewai Chief" "Nanjun Chief" ("Ji Cun"，No. 714、812—813、814、846、863、894、911、922、943、945 pages)，And "Ohara Shouyin" and "Ohara Dafu" ("Ji Cun"，Page 798)，It is known that they were all used before the unification of bet365 mobile betting Dynasty，It is also the bet365 mobile betting County that was placed before "the world was initially divided into thirty-six counties" in "Historical Records: The Chronicles of bet365 mobile betting Shihuang"。This is helpful for studying the implementation of bet365 mobile betting County during the Warring States Period and the early days of bet365 mobile betting's unification。At the same time，Qinghe County seen by bet365 mobile betting Fengni、Hejian County、Jibei County、Jimo County、Hewai County，I didn’t know it clearly before，The existence of the relevant bet365 mobile betting County is thus confirmed。As for the county name, use the words "Yingchuan" instead of "Yingchuan"、“Sishui” is replaced by “Sichuan”，Now we know that it was not adjusted when bet365 mobile betting established thirty-six counties，This has been the case before。Last，"Shu Dafu Cheng", "Hanoi Di Cheng", "Nanyang Di Cheng", "Hewai Fu Cheng" ("Ji Cun"，No. 726-727、779、867—868、Page 943-944) the word "丞"，Compare plate，All are early writing methods，It is also early to use seal，The era was before the unification of bet365 mobile betting。

Mud sealing as a historical relic，Difficult to retain，For those who are lucky enough to see it, it may be from the incineration of discarded archives at that time。However，The "useless" of the past，It has become a "big use" today。It will help us trace the history of "bet365 mobile betting officials" in "Hanshu·Hundred Officials and Officials List"，Keep going，Create a new realm。

(Author’s unit: Chinese Academy of Renmin University of China、"Ancient bet365 mobile betting and Chinese Civilization Inheritance and Development Project" collaborative research and innovation platform)