Looking back at the long river of human civilization，Whether in the east or the west，"Moral" is a historic topic。China Spring and Autumn Period of 2800 years ago，Qi Guo politician Guan Zhong once said "morality，Do not confuse with things "。Ancient Greece, about 400 years later,，Philosopher Aristotle also said "Life in accordance with moral guidelines is a happy life"。Long -term，Eastern and Western civilizations have always developed along their own directions，It has formed a completely different cultural form。Until the West in modern times, the West has risen rapidly after the enlightenment and the industrial revolution，The "balance" of the East and West Power has gradually fallen to the West。As descendants of marine civilization，Westerners implement colonialism globally through war and plunder，Crazy output Western values。Human beings after hundreds of years of war and turbulence，The lifestyle of modern Westerners、Production mode、Educational forms and even academic systems strongly penetrate into most countries and regions today deeply affect human social psychological cognition。So，Under the Western discourse system，"Moral", an ancient issue, has begun to evolve into a research field of Western psychology。

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In mainstream Western Psychology，A scientific philosophy based on quantitative empiricalism，​​The level of a person's "moral" level is directly equivalent to the development maturity of its "moral cognition"。Jean Piaget, a well -known Swiss development psychologist, divided the moral cognitive development into three stages: the pre -moral stage (1.5 to 5 years)、His rhythm and moral stage (5 to 10 years old) and the self -discipline moral stage (after 10 years old)。In the pre -moral stage，The behavior of individuals is neither moral，It is not an immoral; and in his rhythm and bet365 Play online games moral stage，The moral standards of individuals are mainly dominated by authority; only when the individual develops to the self -discipline moral stage，can learn to doubt the existing moral standards，And can evaluate whether it is moral with the results and motivations of a certain behavior。More extensive moral theory circulating in Western psychology may be the "three levels and six stages" theory proposed by Lawrence Kohlberg based on Piajie。This theory first divides the moral development of individuals into three levels: the level of pre -customs (4 to 10 years old)、Customs level (10 to 13 years old) and post -custom level (after 13 years)。At these three moral levels，Individuals have gone through three processes of "completely relying on external moral standards control behavior", "external moral standards began to gradually internalize" and "external moral standards completely internalization"。More than that，​​By dividing each level into two stages，Corberg divides the development of moral cognition more detailed into six stages，Avoid punishment stage、Relatively utilitarian stage、Seeking the recognition stage、Octobe the authority stage、Phase and value stage of the legal system。He pointed out，Not everyone's moral development can achieve the stage of legal system and value concept。Corberg emphasizes the role of judgment and reasoning ability in moral development，He even believes that the purpose of school moral education is to promote the development of student moral judgment。

It is not difficult to find，As a typical representative of moral theory in modern psychology in Western modern psychology，The two theories mentioned above regard morality as a continuous spectrum from low to high (SPECTRUM)，and the development of morality is equivalent to the development of moral cognitive ability。The prerequisite hidden in this offense is: the reason why the individual's moral level is low，It is because of its insufficient moral cognition; vice versa，Once the individual has enough moral cognitive ability，The behavior can naturally meet the high bet365 live casino games moral level。You can see，Western modern psychology's theory of morality actually implies the separation of "knowledge" and "line"。and，Western theorists focusing on "knowing" (especially moral reasoning and judgment), in fact "narrowing" morality into a cognitive process。

　　Confucian moral education thoughts in traditional Chinese culture

It is undeniable，Psychology in the modern sense was born in the West instead of China。This cultural background has actually determined that the "value load" of psychological ethics theory is Western instead of traditional China。Although there have never been psychological theories about morality in traditional Chinese culture，But there is no lack of important ideological resources about moral education。Among them, it is widely passed down、Far -influence，So that the Confucian moral education thought was constantly reinterpreted and advocated in the contemporary contemporary。This ideological system is huge，It is far from the distance。In summary，It takes "benevolence" and "righteousness" as the basic value standard，"Rites" as a way for moral education，Depart from "Filial Prices"，Taking "Internal and Outside King" as the final purpose。

The early representatives of Confucianism were Confucius and Mencius，Among them, "Kong Yuecheng Ren" and "Meng Yue Righteousness"。About "Ren"，Confucius has never given exactly defining it in any recorded text。so that in the article "The Analects of Confucius · Yan Yuan"，When Confucius's disciple Yan Yuan、Zhong Gong、Sima Niu、Zi Zhang and Fan Chi asking him "What is benevolent" respectively，He gave different answers for his teaching land。But the core of "Ren" is actually the idea of ​​"love"。As summarized in "The Golden Mean": "Benevolence，People also，Kiss as a big。"As for" righteousness "，It is mainly advocated by Mencius。Mencius compared "righteousness" with "life"，He said, "Sheng，I also want，righteousness，You also want to。The two are not available，Those who are born and take righteousness also。"" ("Mencius · Tzu Shang") can be said to be Kong、Meng laid the basic value Bet365 app download orientation for Confucianism- "Ren" and "Yi"，They together constitute the basic value standard for Confucian moral education thoughts。Different moral theory in Western psychology is，Confucian moral education thought first set up an absolute value scale for morality，That is "benevolence" and "righteousness"。This makes the entire Chinese society adhere to common values ​​for a long time。People know that they should "do something，There is nothing "。On the other hand, the moral theory in Western psychology，They believe that moral cognition entering the "relativeist" stage is a more mature manifestation of its development。Of course, this value orientation also has its best features，But if you advocate it without thinking, there is a possibility that the entire society will be ultimately lost because of the thorough "moral relativism"。

In order to educate people to practice the values ​​of "benevolence" and "righteousness"，Education path given by Confucianism is "Li"。Speaking of which，The "ritual" advocated by Confucianism is a more abstract level of behavioral specifications。The Spring and Autumn Period of Confucius is a era of ritual collapse，State disorder，Frequency of the war is still，So，Confucius proposed "self -denial and reunion as benevolence。One day of self -denial，The World of the World "(" The Analects of Confucius · Yan Yuan ")。He hopes to follow the ritual system，Come to rebuild the moral order of Chinese society at that time。Confucius once said, "Don't learn to be a gift，Can't stand "(" The Analects of Confucius · Ji ")。It can be said，The beginning of Confucianism，"Rites" as a way to moral education。It is necessary to point out，"Li" is a behavioral specification，But it is very different from the standards of behavior recognized today。"Li" is not a deadly system and text。"Tao Zhi Guan，Qi Zhizhi，People are free and shameless，Dao's virtue，Qi Zhi Li，Shameful and Gegame "(" The Analects of Confucius ")。This means，Through top -down system and punishment，can only restrain people’s behavior，Forced it to obey the specification，But it cannot Bet365 lotto review make it feel moral。The emergence of morality depends on the long -term influence of "Li"。"Li" is a kind of "experience"，instead of a "constraint"。Compared to the dependence of modern moral education on "preaching" and "external irrigation" teaching mode，Confucian moral education thoughts highlight the subjectivity of the educated people through "Li"，Emphasize the importance of "physical strength" in moral education。Not only that，"Knowledge" and "Xing" and focus on "knowing" with the western psychology of psychology，The representative of Confucianism Wang Yangming proposed the idea of ​​"integration of knowledge and action"。He said, "The beginning of the person who knows，The success of the walker。Only one kung fu，Knowledge and actions cannot be divided into two things "(" Chuan Xi Lu ")。This philosophical view of this kind of "knowledge" and "line" forms a sharp contrast with the traditional dual theory of the Western tradition。In fact, Wang Yangming simply pointed out a reason that ignored Western psychology: the guidelines that know morality do not mean that you can do it，Only knowing and action is the true knowledge。So he said, "Knowing good and evil is conscience，Evil is a grid for good "(" Biography ")。It is also at this point，Confucian moral education view fundamentally surpassed the understanding of morality in Western psychology。

"filial piety" is the starting point of Confucian moral education。Confucius said, "Filial piety also，It is the foundation of benevolence "(" The Analects of Confucius · Learning ")。Mr. Qian Mu explained this: Filial piety is a good parent，悌 is the brother of good deeds。In the simple understanding of Confucianism，Parents、Brother represents the family。So say，Family naturally becomes the "cutting -edge position" of Confucian moral education。This is very different from the development of modern moral education dominated by the West.。Eight "grids in the eight -purpose" grid in the Confucian tradition、Knowing、sincerity、Positive heart、Slim、Qi Jia、Governing the country、Pingtianxia "，Family is bet365 Play online games a combination of individual and society、Cultivation as the hub and bridge that is self -established。Confucian moral education attaches great importance to family，I hope to let individuals accept the influence of "ritual" in the family unit，Make it in the end to promote the virtue to the future social life。As Mr. Liang Shuming said，Western culture focuses on the relationship between "people and things"，and Chinese culture, especially Confucian culture, focuses on the relationship between "people and people"。Based on the relationship between "people and things"，Western culture attaches importance to personal achievements，Therefore, the focus of moral theory in Western psychology is always personal，It emphasizes the development of personal moral cognition; based on the relationship between "people and people"，Confucian culture attaches importance to relationships and ethics，Therefore, the idea of ​​Confucian moral education is particularly emphasized to cultivate morality in the relationship between people。Different purpose with the purpose of cultivating morality in modern western education and cultivating behaviors，Confucianism has higher pursuit of moral education's goals。In the Confucian moral education thought，Cultivation of personal ethics is not to restrain people's behavior，but to finally realize the pursuit of the "Internal and Outside King"，Push yourself and others，Ji Ji Tianxia。And we must be able to help the world，You should first have enough moral cultivation。This is exactly "self -standing and standing，The principle of the reason for being a person who wants to reach "(" The Analects of Confucius · Yong Ye ") is。

In short，Compared、The separation of "knowledge" and "line" of morality，and emphasize the characteristics of "individualism"，Traditional Confucian moral education ideas take "benevolence" and "righteousness" as the basic value standard for morality，Taking "Li" as a way to moral education，And pay attention to the integration of physical strength in the process of moral education and the integration of knowledge and action，Based on "relationalism", it has established a major ideal of helping the world for individuals。It can be said，Constantly communicating and colliding bet365 live casino games in the culture of East and West、The contemporary contemporary reconstruction of Chinese cultural self -confidence，Confucian moral education thought has the value that cannot be ignored。

　　(This article is the Ministry of Education's Humanities and Social Science Research Youth Fund Project "Research on Localization Practice of Culture in Northwest Ethnic Area" (19yjc88OO87)、Gansu Province Education Sciences "Fourteenth Five -Year Plan" key topic project "Cumulative Ecological Risk on the Ecological Risk on Campus Bullying and its intervention research" (GS [2021] GHBZ151) phased results)

(Author Unit: School of Education, Northwest Normal University; School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University)