Looking back at the long history of human civilization，Whether in the East or the West，"Morality" is a topic with a long history。In the Spring and Autumn Period of China about 2800 years ago，Guan Zhong, a statesman of Qi, once said, "Morality is the responsibility of oneself，Don’t be confused by things”。And in ancient Greece about 400 years later，The philosopher Aristotle once said, "Living according to mobile bet365 principles is a happy life"。Long time，Eastern and Western civilizations have always developed in their own directions，Formed a completely different cultural form。Until modern times, the West rose rapidly after the Enlightenment and Industrial Revolution，The "balance" of power between the East and the West is gradually tilting towards the West。As a descendant of marine civilization，Westerners promote colonialism around the world through war and plunder，Crazy export of Western values。Humanity has gone through hundreds of years of war and turmoil，The lifestyle of modern Westerners、Production mode、The form of education and even the academic system have penetrated into most countries and regions today, profoundly affecting human social and psychological cognition。So，Under the Western discourse system，The ancient issue of "morality" began to evolve into a research field in Western psychology。

　　mobile bet365 theory in modern Western psychology

In mainstream Western psychology，Scientific philosophy based on quantitative positivism，The level of a person’s “morality” is directly equated to the degree of maturity of his or her “mobile bet365 cognition”。The famous Swiss developmental psychologist Jean Piaget divided the cognitive development of morality into three stages: the pre-mobile bet365 stage (1.5 years old to 5 years old)、Heteronomic mobile bet365 stage (from 5 to 10 years old) and self-disciplined mobile bet365 stage (after 10 years old)。In the pre-mobile bet365 stage，Individual behavior is neither mobile bet365 nor mobile bet365，Not immoral；In the heteronomous mobile bet365 stage，An individual’s mobile bet365 standards are mainly governed by authority；Only when the individual develops to the stage of self-discipline and morality，In order to learn to doubt existing mobile bet365 standards，And be able to evaluate whether a certain behavior is mobile bet365 by comprehensively considering its consequences and motivations。The more widely circulated mobile bet365 theory in Western psychology may be the "three levels and six stages" theory proposed by Lawrence Kohlberg based on Piaget。This theory first divides an individual’s mobile bet365 development into three levels: Preconventional level (4 to 10 years old)、Conventional level (10 to 13 years old) and post-conventional level (13 years onwards)。Under these three mobile bet365 levels，The individual has successively experienced three processes: "complete reliance on external mobile bet365 standards to control behavior", "external mobile bet365 standards beginning to gradually internalize" and "complete internalization of external mobile bet365 standards"。More than that，By subdividing each level into two stages，Kohlberg divided the development of mobile bet365 cognition into six stages in more detail，In order: avoid punishment stage、relative utilitarian stage、Seeking recognition stage、Obedience to authority stage、Legal concept stage and value concept stage。He pointed out，Not everyone’s mobile bet365 development can reach the stage of legal concept and value concept。Kohlberg emphasized the role of judgment and reasoning abilities in mobile bet365 development，He even believes that the purpose of school mobile bet365 education is to promote the development of students' mobile bet365 judgment abilities。

It’s not difficult to find，As a typical representative of mobile bet365 theory in modern Western psychology，Both of the above theories regard morality as a continuum of development levels from low to high，And equate the development of morality with the development of mobile bet365 cognitive abilities。The implicit premise of this assertion is: the reason why the individual’s mobile bet365 level is low，It’s because he doesn’t know enough about morality；Vice versa，Once an individual has sufficient mobile bet365 cognitive abilities，His behavior will naturally conform to a higher mobile bet365 level。It can be seen，The modern Western psychology theory on morality actually implies the separation of "knowledge" and "action"。and，Western theorists focus on "knowing" (especially mobile bet365 reasoning and judgment) and in fact "narrow" morality into a cognitive process。

　　Confucian mobile bet365 education in traditional Chinese culture

Undeniable，Psychology in the modern sense was born in the West, not China。This cultural background has actually determined that the "value load" of psychological mobile bet365 theory is Western rather than traditional Chinese。Although there has never been a psychological theory about morality in traditional Chinese culture，But there is no shortage of important ideological resources about mobile bet365 education。Widely circulated among them、Far-reaching influence，So much so that it is Confucian mobile bet365 education thought that has been constantly reinterpreted and advocated in contemporary times。This ideological system is huge，It has a long history。In a nutshell，It regards "benevolence" and "righteousness" as the basic values，Use "rituals" as a way of mobile bet365 education，Starting from "filial piety"，With the ultimate goal of "Inner Saint and Outer King"。

The early representatives of Confucianism are Confucius and Mencius，Among them, "Confucius said Cheng Ren" and "Mencius said Qi Yi"。About "Ren"，Confucius never gave an exact definition of it in any recorded text。So much so that in "The Analects of Confucius·Yan Yuan"，When Yan Yuan was a disciple of Confucius、Zhong Gong、Sima Niu、When Zizhang and Fan Chi asked him "What is benevolence" respectively，He gave different answers according to his aptitude。But the core of "benevolence" is actually the idea of ​​"loving others"。As summarized in "The Doctrine of the Mean": "The benevolent one"，人也，Kiss is greater。”As for “righteousness”，It is mainly advocated by Mencius。Mencius once compared "righteousness" with "life"，He said: "Sheng，What I want，righteousness，Whatever I want。You can’t have both，Those who sacrifice their lives for righteousness。"("Mencius Gaozi 1") It can be said that Confucius、Meng laid the basic value orientation for Confucianism - "benevolence" and "righteousness"，Together they constitute the basic value principles of Confucian mobile bet365 education。What is different from the mobile bet365 theory in Western psychology，Confucian mobile bet365 education first sets an absolute value scale for morality，That is, "benevolence" and "righteousness"。This has enabled the entire Chinese society to adhere to common values ​​for a long time。People clearly know that they should "do something"，Something not to be done”。Reflecting on the mobile bet365 theory in Western psychology，They believe that mobile bet365 cognition entering the "relativism" stage is a manifestation of its more mature development。This value orientation certainly has its merits，However, if it is promoted without thinking, it may cause the entire society to fall into complete "mobile bet365 relativism" and eventually become disordered。

In order to educate people to practice the value principles of "benevolence" and "righteousness"，The educational path given by Confucianism is "ritual"。In the final analysis，The "ritual" advocated by Confucianism is a code of conduct with a higher abstract level。The Spring and Autumn Period in which Confucius lived was an era in which rituals and music collapsed，National disorder，Frequent wars，Therefore，Confucius proposed that "restraining oneself and restoring propriety is benevolence。One day of self-denial and restoration of rites，The world returns to benevolence" ("The Analects of Confucius·Yan Yuan")。He hopes to make people follow etiquette，To rebuild the mobile bet365 order of Chinese society at that time。Confucius once said, "Don't learn etiquette，Nothing to establish" ("The Analects of Confucius·Ji Shi")。It can be said，Confucianism since its founding，Use "rituals" as a way of mobile bet365 education。It is necessary to point out that，Although "ritual" is a code of conduct，But it is very different from the behavioral norms that people know today。“Li” is not a rigid system or text。"Principle of Tao"，Together with punishment，People are free but shameless，Tao leads to virtue，Qi Zhi Zhi Li，There is no shame and dignity" ("The Analects·Weizheng")。This is to say，Through top-down system and punishment，Can only restrict people’s behavior，Forcing them to comply with regulations，But it cannot make them develop a sense of morality。The emergence of mobile bet365 sense depends on the long-term influence of "ritual"。“Li” is a kind of “experience”，Rather than a "constraint"。Compared to modern mobile bet365 education’s reliance on “preaching” and “external indoctrination” teaching models，Confucian mobile bet365 education thought highlights the subjectivity of the educated through "rituals"，Emphasis on the importance of "practicing one's own actions" in mobile bet365 education。Not only that，Different from Western psychology in distinguishing between “knowledge” and “action” of morality and focusing on the aspect of “knowledge”，Wang Yangming, a representative of Confucian psychology, proposed the idea of ​​"unity of knowledge and action"。He said, "The one who knows is the beginning of action，Those who practice know will succeed。Holy knowledge only takes a moment，Knowing and doing cannot be divided into two things” ("Chuan Xi Lu")。This philosophical view that eliminates the distinction between "knowledge" and "action" is in sharp contrast to the traditional Western dualist philosophical view。In fact, Wang Yangming simply pointed out a truth ignored by Western psychology: knowing the mobile bet365 principles does not mean that you can do it，Only the unity of knowledge and action is true knowledge。So he said, "Knowing good and knowing evil is conscience，Doing good and eliminating evil is to examine things” ("Chuan Xi Lu")。It is at this point，The Confucian view of mobile bet365 education fundamentally transcends Western psychology’s understanding of morality。

"Filial piety" is the starting point of Confucian mobile bet365 education。Confucius said, "Filial piety is also a matter of brotherhood，It is the foundation of benevolence" ("The Analects·Xueer")。Mr. Qian Mu explained: Filial piety means doing good to parents，Friendship is a good brother。In the simple understanding of Confucianism，Parents、The elder brother represents the family。So，The family has naturally become the “frontier” of Confucian mobile bet365 education。This is completely different from the Western-led modern mobile bet365 education that mainly relies on schools。In the eight items of Confucian tradition "Gewu"、Zhizhi、Sincerity、Zhengxin、Slimming、Qijia、Governing the country、Pingtianxia"中，Family is the connection between individuals and society、The hub and bridge between self-cultivation and achievement。The reason why Confucian mobile bet365 education attaches great importance to family，It is hoped that individuals can receive the influence of "rituals" in the family unit，So that it can ultimately promote the cultivation of virtue to future social life。As Mr. Liang Shuming said，Western culture focuses on the relationship between "people and things"，Chinese culture, especially Confucian culture, focuses on the relationship between "people"。Based on the relationship between "people and things"，Western culture values ​​personal achievement，Therefore, the focus of mobile bet365 theory in Western psychology is always the individual，It emphasizes the development of personal mobile bet365 cognition；Based on the relationship between people，Confucian culture values ​​relationships and ethics，Therefore, Confucian mobile bet365 education attaches great importance to cultivating morality in the relationship between people。Different from the purpose of modern Western education to cultivate morality to regulate and constrain behavior，Confucianism has a higher pursuit of mobile bet365 education。In Confucian mobile bet365 education，Cultivating personal morality is not to restrict people’s behavior，But in order to finally realize the lofty pursuit of "inner saint and outer king"，Referring to oneself and others，Contribute to the world。But to be able to benefit the world，You should first have sufficient mobile bet365 cultivation。This is also the saying "if you want to establish yourself, you must establish others"，The truth of "If you want to achieve something yourself, you can achieve others" ("The Analects of Confucius·Yong Ye")。

In short，Compared to the admiration of “mobile bet365 relativism” in the development of mobile bet365 cognition in Western psychology、The separation of mobile bet365 “knowledge” and “action”，And emphasize "individualism" and other characteristics，Traditional Confucian mobile bet365 education regards "benevolence" and "righteousness" as the basic values ​​of morality，Using “rituals” as the approach to mobile bet365 education，And attach importance to the integration of personal practice and knowledge and action in the process of mobile bet365 education，Based on "relationship doctrine", we have established a lofty ideal for individuals to benefit the world。It can be said，Continuous exchanges and collisions between Eastern and Western cultures、Contemporary times when Chinese people’s cultural confidence begins to be gradually rebuilt，Confucian mobile bet365 education has a value that cannot be ignored。

　　(This article is part of the Humanities and Social Sciences Research Youth Fund Project of the Ministry of mobile bet365 "Research on the Localization Practice of Culturally Responsive Teaching in Northwest Ethnic Regions" (19YJC88OO87)、Gansu Provincial mobile bet365 Science "14th Five-Year Plan" key project "Research on the Impact of Accumulated Ecological Risks on School Bullying and its Intervention" (GS[2021]GHBZ151) Phased Results)

(Author’s unit: School of mobile bet365, Northwest Normal University；School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University)