In recent years，Many natural disasters and public health events occur at home and abroad，such as "July 20" Zhengzhou Extraordinary Rainstin、New Crown pneumonia epidemic, etc.。In these sudden disasters，Many people come out，Actively please go to the front line to fight flood relief、Anti -strike epidemic。They are called "the most beautiful retrograde"。Behind the most beautiful retrograde is the moral courage in the eyes of psychologists。

In previous studies，Scholars study moral courage from different angles，and make different definitions to it。Comprehensive perspective of many scholars，There are three characteristics of moral courage behavior: first, altruistic。Lopez and others divided the courage into three main types，is physical courage、Psychological courage and moral courage，Moral courage is to face the sincerity and uprightness when others are in danger，The courage to show when going to the front line of the anti -epidemic。Obviously，Compared with physical courage and psychological courage，Moral courage acts emphasizes morality and altruism，Is a kind of altruistic behavior。The second is high risk。Moral courage is different from sharing、Qian Rang、Give help such as helping others，Usually accompanied bet365 best casino games by higher risks，is a kind of altruistic behavior under risk decision。Sekerka and Kidder both highlight the existence of danger or risk when defining moral courage。pragmatic，Several possibilities will appear after making moral courage，If the old man may be praised or misunderstood as the perpetrator，Volunteers on the front line of resistance may be safe or infected or even lost life，Face these uncertain results，They need to take a certain risk。Compared with daily volunteer activities, such as altruistic behavior，The greatness of the "retrograde" is that it is a behavior under risk decision。Three is a high price。High risks often mean that actors need to pay a high price。In the behavior of altruism，Some behaviors need to pay less costs，But the cost of some behaviors is many or even high。If the elderly to give the elderly on the bus and to be a volunteer on the front line of resistance are all altruistic behaviors，But obviously the price of the two is different。High cost can be a large number of personal resources (time、Money、Emotional Capital, etc.) expenditure，It can also be the responsibility of more people's responsibilities。Consider from the perspective of the price，Moral courage needs to bear high cost。To sum up，Moral courage is when facing a high cost risk，The actor still decides to help others' behavior。This behavior is proficient in altruistic，Usually accompanied by high risk，You need to pay a high price，But the actor still adheres to Bet365 lotto review its own moral concept，Practice its own moral value。

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Some studies found，Moral courage behavior will receive common low risks、The influence of the same factors of the same factors。For example，Research discovery of Greitemeyer and others，Emergency consciousness、Interpersonal communication specifications and common low -risk and low costs, which are significant related to altruism and moral courage.。Discovery of Zhang Zhixue and Zhao Haijun，Enhancement of responsibility can cultivate the common altruistic behavior of individuals。Yao Jun also thinks，Responsibility and moral courage are related，Acts that spawned under moral courage，Is a responsible behavior。

There are some studies discovery，Some factors will only affect moral courage，and common low risk、Low price altruistic behavior has no effect。Kayser (Kayser) and others found moral requirements through research、Angry and Moral Courage Acts Related。Moral courage is due to its high risk、Special characteristics of high cost，It is often based on some features，For example, the actor has a firm moral requirement and the anger of the murderer or the crisis incident。and these features above are low risk、Low -cost Li's behavior is not effective。other，Fischer (Fischer) and Greetmeya and others found through research，Moral courage behavior is related to higher levels of negative social consequences。and common low risk、Low -cost Li's behavior compared bet365 Play online games to，When you need to make moral courage，People will consider the negative consequences behind behavior。

and common low risk、Low price altruistic behavior is different，Studies have proved the classic influencing factor of two commonly benefited behaviors -the existence of bystanders and the emotions of helping people do not affect moral courage。The onlooker effect is an important environmental factors affecting his behavior，Many studies in the past believe that bystanders will have a suppressing effect on assistance behaviors。Dan Fei Hill and others discovered，Low risk、Give help at low cost will be reduced due to the existence of bystanders，But moral courage is not affected。Visible，The onlooker effect will not affect moral courage behavior。At the same time，Research on Keather，Low risk、In the case of low cost，Positive and negative emotional conditions The test is more likely to provide assistance than the neutral emotional conditions; while high risk、Under a high cost，Three emotional conditions do not affect the subject of moral courage。Visible，The emotional state of the helping person does not affect its moral courage。

　　Promoting and advocating moral courage behavior

Promote and advocate moral courage，It is conducive to solidarity forces，It is conducive to maintaining social stability。Compared with the individual culture that emphasizes individual interests and the boundaries between society，A country that advocates collectivist culture is when facing bet365 best casino games difficulties，It is more likely to form a cohesion of the same way。Promotion and advocacy of moral courage，It will make people prefer to make a choice from the perspective of others and collectives when facing disasters。Research on the act of moral courage described earlier，The following three -point revelation is available for preaching and advocating moral courage。

First，Establish positive public opinion with the help of media power。Ban Dura propose social learning theory，Think that all behaviors are determined by strengthening the role，Levistic behavior is no exception。Reinforcement is divided into direct reinforcement、Replacement strengthened、Self -strengthening。For example, the media often reported to praise the retrograde hero in resistance，Let people know and learn to benefit his behavior by replacing enhancement，Learning behavior of learning example helps yourself to do similar behaviors。

2，Select effective influencing factors to carry out moral education。First，The training of responsibility can affect the behavior of moral courage，So you can improve people's sense of responsibility through school education and society、A sense of justice，Rich moral emotion，Let people want to come out when they face others in crisis，Reduce "moral indifference"。Next，Moral requirements、Angry and Moral Courage Acts Related，So schools and society should strengthen daily moral construction，Strengthen moral requirements，bet365 live casino games Changshan 瘅 Evil，Guide people to express the correct anger of social non -righteousness，Can extend a assistant hand when others need help。Last，Sometimes people are unwilling to do moral courage because they may consider their negative consequences more，So，It should also be established and improved social protection and legal relief mechanisms，For example, emergency rescue exemption clause、Special Insurance Insurance Insurance, etc.，Make moral courage to reduce "care of the care"。

third，Pay attention to its high risk when advocating moral courage、High -cost features。Promoting and advocating moral courage is to tell everyone，When others are in danger，There must be a courage to have a kind heart and the courage to know good and do good，But at the same time let everyone understand，Moral courage is not the courage to be a husband、Actions of Mang Fu，This moral practice should consider specific situations、Walking after weighing your own situation。Moral courage behavior has high risk and high cost characteristics，But moral courage behavior and considering your own safety are not absolute contradictions，Understand the high cost of behavior existence and high risk accompanying，Help people under your own strength，is the moral courage we preach and advocate。

　(This article is the special task project of the Ministry of Education's Humanities and Social Science Research (Research on University Counselor) "Education Research on Education of Economics of Economic Difficulties based on the theory of poverty" (20JDSZ3190)

(Author Unit: School of Teacher Education, Zhejiang Normal University)