In the early 1960s，Qiu Xigui opened a Chinese textbook in Chinese Department at Peking University，Write "Summary" based on the lectures used at the time。More than 20 years after more than 20 years，He conducted continuous and in -depth research in the field of ancient texts and unearthed literature。During 1974-1978，He participated in the Bamboo Slip of Yinquan Mountain in Linyi, Shandong and the Han Tomb Book of Hammer Tomb of Ma Wangdui, Changsha, Hunan、Hubei Yunmeng Sleeping Tiger Land Qin Jian、Hubei Province, Zeng Hou, Zenghou Yi Tomb and Jiangling Wang Jiangshan Chu Tomb unexplained and test interpretation work。Supplement of first -hand data and achievements in this area，Make the content of the "Summary" more fulfilling and accurate。For example, the formation process of discussion text，It is believed that the ancient text stages used by the ancient text and the mixing of text and pictures。This point，It can be seen from the writing of Oracle in the late Shang Dynasty，Some representatives often change the glyphs with the language environment。Writing in Oracle is like the word "ascending" with two hands holding the food utensils，Is a sacrifice method。If the food used in the offering is a fragrant wine "鬯" (chàng)，The "bean" shape held by the two hands is replaced with "鬯"。There is both the word "ascending" in the resignation，There are "two hands holding 鬯+鬯" resignation，The latter expresses a foreign body。in Oracle，There are many such examples，"Preliminary exploration of Chinese characters formed" has been made in detail for this。

The initial version of "Summary" was published by the Commercial Press 1988，Full book handwritten shadow print，Zhu Dexi inscribed the title of the book。After repeated reprinting school supplements，Revised was re -printed and published by the Commercial Press in 2013。2021，Business Press launched the "Chinese Bet365 app download Contemporary Academic Works" Series，Mainly contains since the reform and opening up，Mainland Chinese scholars and original masterpieces in Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan and overseas Chinese scholars，"Summary" is included in it。1994，The book began to publish a traditional word version in Taiwan's Wanjuan Building Book Company，Taking this as a base book，"Summary" has been translated as Korean、English、Published in Japanese and other overseas，Learn and study Chinese characters in Chinese characters and non -Chinese character cultural circles，It plays a very important promotion role。This is an important aspect of "Summary" that is obviously different from other text theory。

Another，Qiu Xigui received the support and help of Zhu Dexi, who was also a teacher and friend in the process of writing "Summary"。，He mentioned in the initial edition and revised version of the "Foreword" in the "Summary"，and attached to the revised version of "Mr. Zhu Dexi's Letter on" Summary of Text "。"Summary" was published in the 1980s，Because there are a large number of ancient characters in the book and rare characters，So take a handwriting photo method to print，Therefore, there are many problems。The author has a "error watch" and "correction" to correct it after the book，When it was redirected in 1995,，Add "Reprinting Posts"。2012，With the assistance of Guo Yongbing and others，"Summary" changed to computer typography，The previous collation opinions were all included，and added "School Press"。Computer typography "Summary"，It is much more convenient to read it than previous handwritten photocopies，Become a modern version。

"Summary" won the first National Book Award in 1994，In 2011, it was evaluated as the highest level of civil academic awards in China, the highest level of the country -the first "Si Mian Original Pioneer"。Professor Zhan Lixin of East China Normal University in "Summary and Development of Chinese Characters — Commenting Qiu Xigui (Summary of Text Science" "said" Summary "," Historical status and value in the history of Chinese characters "。Ancient literary scholars Professor Yao Xiaosui, editor -in -chief of "History of Chinese Academia", has a high evaluation of "Summary": "Any literal scholar will find that the book will be found in scientific text theory. One step。The dense and deepening of the discussion problem，Comprehensive and system in the field of exploration，The new theory and Zhuo Jian proposed by Zhuo Jian are both some previous monographs that cannot be compared with。It should be said，The advent of this book，It is a major harvest in the theoretical research of scientific text。The research on the theory of writing in the future will have a profound impact。"Fudan University Chen Sihe said:" For the study of Chinese characters，"Summary of Text" is an important book with epoch -making significance，There is still no example of a textbook that can replace Professor Qiu Xigui this book。"Mr. Michelle Pitt, Harvard University, once commented:" The authoritative book "Summary of Text" is an inspection of the value of early Chinese text history and nature.，Squity and rich，And involved a lot of materials for early text。It can be said without exaggeration，This book marks that this field has reached a new level。”

In the early 1960s，Wang Li and other elderly linguists set up "Ancient Chinese" (4 volumes)，Can be described as blue wrapping，The precedent of the writing of ancient Chinese textbooks。Although there are countless ancient Bet365 app download Chinese textbooks across the country later，But there is still no right one to this day。It should be said，"Summary" from the beginning of the Chinese majors of Peking University，Lottery for more than half a century，Affected generations of generations。The status and influence of "Summary" in the literary world can be comparable to "Ancient Chinese" textbook，enduring，It can be regarded as the most worth reading contemporary text classic works after Xu Shen's "Speaking Words"。Not only is it laid the theoretical framework of literature，It is even more in its rich information and forward -looking theoretical content。Mr. Qiu's biggest theoretical contribution in text science is to put forward the "three books" of the type of text， "Three Books" throughout the book "Summary"，is the "Outline" of the whole book。From the first chapter "The formation of text" to Chapter 6 "Division of the Basic Type of Chinese Characters"，Each part is discussed around the three books。Seventh、eight、9 chapters are specifically introduced for each type of "three books" in a large amount of space.。

　The main features of the "Summary"

"Summary" is both a common work on text science，It is also a classic textbook。Different from general textbooks，This book concentrated reflects the author’s academic thought，Not only contains rich literary knowledge，It also contains scientific research methods，So it is called "Spenseful Textbook"。The text of the whole book is divided into 13 chapters，Based on the results of the research and absorption of the research of human characters before，self -made system，Fully discussed the basic theory and basic content of text science，Give these basic theories and basic content with unique、The most true truth understanding and understanding，Become an outstanding innovation work and authoritative work in the field of literary research so far。Appendix parts presented the ancient text materials involved in the text in the form of "Affiliated Directory" and "Figure"，The ancient text shape explained in the book compiles "index"，Easy to find。Specifically，"Summary" has the following characteristics。

　　First, the content is full and the information is rich.

The content is the soul of a book。"Summary" covers the basic problems of literary research，Including the formation of text、Nature of Chinese characters、Development of Chinese characters，The classification theory of the basic type of text was proposed -three books theory，The ideological essence of the whole book。Alien characters、Same characters、Synonym replacement、Division and merge of text、Discussion on the intricate relationship between glyphs and sound meaning，It is to solve specific textbooks through practical applications。

"Summary" basically follows the point of view，Then give an example of the method of proof。The examples they give only more than 200 in the meaning of the word，Explanation of each word can be used as conclusion。If the circle、Back、Explanation of 黍，Factory (àn)、Guang (yǎn)、宀 (mián) explanation，Paper、Explanation of words, etc.。Depending on，The word "only" of Oracle "only" means grasping a bird in hand，means the meaning obtained，Later, it was used to represent "Double" "only"。The glyphs of the ancient text "only" are both the original text of the meaning of "obtaining"，It is also the first text of the quantitative word "only"。He also pointed out further，This is the phenomenon of "one shape and multi -purpose" of early expressive characters，It can also be called "shape borrowing"bet365 Play online games 。Another example，"Acceptance" Fonto Bone Bone Cong Cong Congzhou，Explanation of acceptance。"Boat" in the glyphs indicates the object of the acceptance，At the same time, because "boat" and "receiving" are similar to，also play a sound effect，So "suffering" is a meaningful word。At the same time，"Acceptance" can be accepted，can be awarded，A glyphs have both positive and negative meanings，Ancient scholars call it "positive and negative words"。Visible，"Summary" not only explains the shape clearly，It also involves text theoretical problems such as "shape borrowing", "compatibility of vocal voices", "positive and negative words"，The amount of information is extremely rich。

"Summary" uses ancient text glyphs to analyze the meaning of the word，Qingyuan。For example, the interpretation of the word "today"，Mr. Qiu believes that the word "Today" is the inverted writing of the ancient text "Yue"，The first text of "Yin (噤)"，The original meaning is closed without sound。"Historical Records of Huai Yin Hou Biography" "Although there is Shun、Yu Zhizhi，Yin but don't say，It is better to prove that it is worse than the deafness.。Another example is the interpretation of the word "violent" in "Specs": "晞。From the day from the day, fromCongmi "。"Duan Note": "The sunrise is raised by the rice，Four words will mean。"" Summary "uses Zeng Houyi Tomb Bamboo Jane to write from" market ",""word of sound，"Exposure of things like two plants and trees is exposed to the day"，It should be the first text of "violent"，It can be set as ""."Inject" Mi "on the post" Mi "post -word。Mr. Qiu jumps out of the explanation limitations of "Said the Word" and "Duan Note"，According to the ancient text materials，also obtained the words that the words that will be combined with four words in "The Words of Speaks" are unknown。

　Second, the discussion is profound, and the conclusions are allowed.

"Summary" more than 20 years of publishing，Mr. Qiu has published the research results of unearthed literature and ancient text，Multi -income income "Summary"，Make the "Summary" more deeper。Due to the long time of the times，The meaning of many representatives of the descriptions is unknown，Mr. Qiu explained the meaning of the words it represents with the help of ancient text glyphs。"The Book of Songs · Xiaoya": "Blossom" in "Blizzard Feng River"，"Mao Chuan" and "Eria" both interpret it as "bustle"，Fighting tiger with empty -handed，But Yu Yi'an。Mr. Qiu "Say" Xuanyi Zhu Xi"——The interpretation of Oracle" 虣 "character" 虣 "in the article" 虣 "in the Oracle text，Indicates that using Ge Tiger，And pointed out that the word is the word "Blizzard" of the Book of Songs "Blizzard"。"Said the Word" based on the explanation of the "letter" as "tongue，Pixel "。Mr. Qiu specifically interpreted the "letter" of Oracle in the article "Saying" Covering the Letter "-The word" 橹 "word" 橹 "，It means that there are "ya" boxes、Capsules，Correct the saying of "Speaking Words"，The use of the word in the bone version of the small official wall also further confirms its credibility。

"Summary" use cases appear in different places in the book，Discuss from different angles，easy to master related issues more three -dimensional。For example，The word "Ying" was raised when talking about the problem of "saving sound"。"Said the text" interpretation: "Ying，From 焱、冖。"" """word，Like a candle burning shape，is the first text of "Ying"，It can be set as ""。Xu Shen did not see the older glyph，Therefore, improper analysis。The word "Rong", "Camp", etc. from the word ""，Most bet365 live casino games of them are said to be said from "Ying" to save voices。According to the point of view of "Summary"，Xu Shen used these words as a saving voice at that time.。Next，Mr. Qiu further discussed the inappropriateness of "Speaking and Solution" for saving voice。For example，"Said the Words" describes most of the words "" as the "Ying" province，But then "禜" "禜", """ Ying "said from" Rong "to save sound, and""" Say it from "Ying" province，"茕" as "茕" from "Camp" saving sound，It belongs to the example of self -chaos。Inspired by it，We wrote a article "The Study on the word"  "，Sort out the 24 characters of "" in "Speaking Words"，Diagnosedly analyzed the situation of the pronunciation of "saving sound"，Pointing out that this kind of phonetic method objectively reflects the changes in the pronunciation of Chinese characters，The role of different words。On the other hand, according to the source function of the vocal voice,，The word "" is divided into several categories in a sense，"Little" meaning、"Bright" meaning、"Surrounding" meaning、"Big" meaning、"Dark" meaning, etc.。

　　Third, with a wide range of materials and unique views.

Qiu Xigui's academic research has always been rigorous and realistic、Deep and innovative insight，Promote by the academic community。"Summary" The nature of text、Evolution of Chinese characters、The structure type of Chinese characters is refreshing，Quote Oracle、Jinwen、Warring States Word，Especially Sleeping Tiger Qin Jian、Wangshan Chujian、Guo store Chu Jian、Gintari Mountain Han Jian、Phoenix Mountain Han Jian、Yin Wan Hanjian and other Warring States Qin and Han Jian's sorting and research results，Leisure and free and appropriate points，Side Bo Yin and Analysis of the Micro，The conclusion of the income is mostly credible。

New theory。The nature of Chinese characters in "Summary"、History、Font evolution and Chinese character structure types have made profound expositions。such as，Discussion on the nature of Chinese characters，There are many opinions in the past，Is it right and wrong，Not easy to judge。For the first time, he proposed the symbol proposition of "symbols of text recordings" and "symbols used by text itself"，The nature of the text should be used by the text itself，That is "character" to determine。Professor Liu Zhao of Fudan University believes，"These achievements can be described as the creation of Hongmeng in the study of Chinese characters"。Another example，Discussion on the basic types of Chinese characters，From the beginning of the "Six Books" of scholars in the Han Dynasty，In nearly 2,000 years，Discussion on this issue has not stopped。Mr. Qiu based on the actual situation of Chinese characters，Put forward a meaning word、Sound voice、Three books of fake borrowing words，The theoretical understanding of the basic type of Chinese characters can be explained so far。Later scholars successively had "Four Books", "New Six Books", "Two Books", etc.，None of the "Three Books"。

Concept new。"Summary" not only propose new theories，Also re -defined and naming some phenomena in text science research。For example。In the "Same Character" part，The author combed the history of the same character research，and list a large number of examples，Clarified the concept of homogeneous characters;，List the statement of scholars in the same period about this phenomenon，Comprehensive opinion，Finally give a more reasonable definition，and combined with the examples to explain further。Subsequent research，All based on this，Discussion。

Example explanation new。bet365 best casino games Mr. Qiu showed long in the interpretation of ancient text，Especially for the test interpretation of difficult words，In addition, there is a new understanding of the interpretation of everyone's accustomed to。Ancient text test and interpretation work is difficult，Those who need interpretations have deep research on ancient characters and ancient documents，Non -ordinary people can be。The example of "Summary" is mostly original。"Said the Word": "Xiang，Northern 牖。From 宀。Poetry said: Said to the household。"Past writer，As Duan Yubai、Zhu Junsheng and others all believe that the direction of the word "direction" is the extension of the original meaning of "north out"。Editor -in -chief of Wang Li's "Ancient Chinese" is the example of the meaning and extension of the righteousness。Mr. Qiu thinks，Use the word "Xiang" to represent the meaning of the direction，It is quite late。Oracle and Jinwen both use the first text "Qing" "Qing" for "飨 (飨)"，"Qing" was eaten like two people，But the "direction" meaning is not very smooth。It is pointed out that the word "Speaking of the Words" is the word "things of things"，or the word "direction" in the direction。But the word is not used later，Borrow the word "Xiang" to represent the direction meaning，People do n’t know why，Mistakes that the meaning of the direction is the extension of the meaning of "north out of the pupa"。On this basis，"Summary" propose another possibility，According to the "Scriptures of the Fame" in the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, "The Sound of the Fame"，Read as "Ruke of the Rings"，The "direction" here is likely to be the first text of "ringing"，The glyphs indicate the sound in the house with an mouth to generate an echo。"Said the Words" interpreted as the original meaning of the word "Xiang" of "North Out" is also a problem.。

　　Fourth, the evidence is conclusive, the method is scientific.

First，"Summary" both pays attention to theoretical explanation，At the same time, pay attention to instance analysis，Organic combination of the two，With rich example support theory。Looking at the whole book，All the theoretical problems involved，There must be related instance support。For example，When it comes to the meaning of "the meaning of the glyphs and the original meaning of the word"，Examples are big、phase、Due to、Stink、Fighting，This is an example of the meaning of the word; there are groups、瑱，This is an example of phonetic characters。Add meaning of meaning to clear the original meaning，is one of the ways generated by phonetic characters，For example, there are snakes、Bed、Toed、Zhou、Xu、Habb、Back、Picking、Capture、蓺、Hanging、Jian、Zheng、Violation、Twilight、Source、Snocking, etc.。

Second，"Summary" in specific case analysis，Taking a lot，Excellence of the side，Really faithful and significant。such as，One of the ways to "decentralized duties" is to achieve through the concentration of text positions，Example is "Also -You"。About before the Western Han Dynasty，11140_11160。"Summary" first lists examples in the handed down literature，As "Book of Songs · Zhou Song" "What to ask for"、"Xunzi · Proponent" "Love，Although 桀、，Is it willing to be evil again，Thief's good person "。At the same time, there are also such examples in the unearthed literature，Ma Wangdui can also see the example of "yes" and "again" in the same sentence，As "Lao Tzu" B "another car, there is nothing to do，There is no one of the soldiers "，"Weekly Cars" means "There is a weekly car"。"Scriptures · Six points" "The Word of the King of the Heaven bet365 live casino games has a heavenly，Someone 焉，again "，"Earth" is "Land"。Another，These two words can also be used to represent the adverb "again"。Qin Jian and Ma Wangdui Books often use "there" tables "again"。You can still see some such examples in the ancient books of the handed down，Such as "Book of Songs · Wind" "Final Wind and 曀，There are 曀 曀 日 曀 "，"Book of Rites · Yuzao" "Both 搢 盥，Although there is obsessed with the DPRK，Ephesians "。"Yuzao" this sentence，The previous "Yes" is "there is"，The latter "You" read "again"。Later，In addition to "again" between integer and zero numbers，You can write "and"，You can also write "Yes" (read yòu)，"Also" and "You" has a clear division of labor。"And" is no longer used to indicate whether there is any "there is"，"Yes" is no longer used to represent the adverb "again"。

Last，Discuss some important issues，Often enumerates different opinions，and comment，to prove your opinion。For example，About the origin of Chinese characters，Xu Shen talked about legends about the origin of Chinese characters in "Specs and Syrerities"，Ru gossip said、knot rope said、Cangjie Word Creation Theory, etc.。There are also textbooks listed a large number of archeological discoveries，Link the origin of Chinese characters with the picture with the drawing and the painting of the primitive society，It can be said that this problem is continuously pushing forward。"Summary" believes that the formation of Chinese characters is a long historical process，When will it appear，It is difficult to conclude。By listing important archeological discoveries，Put forward the formation of the Chinese character system when the summer business is formed。Some scholars have pointed out recently，Erligang culture in the middle of the Shang Dynasty began to create text，It is manifested as a pictograph on the pottery unearthed from the Western Terrace of Hebei, which is in the latest stage of the Erligang culture, and other pictographs such as "eyes", "sky", "stop"，Symbols such as "Yin", "Berry" and "Sky" unearthed from the small Shuangqiao site of Zhengzhou, Henan Province，Its body characteristics are the same text system as the text of the Yin Shang period。This latest study can confirm the judgment of Mr. Qiu Xigui on the "formation of a complete text system on the occasion of the summer business"。

In short，"Summary" is a hundred reading、Frequently read the new good book，is a modern classic of literature。

　　(This article is the State Social Science Fund's unprecedented study "Research on the Practice of Oracle Bone Test Examinations for A century" (19vjx 1112)