Early 1960s，Qiu Xigui offers a Chinese language major course at the Chinese Department of Peking University，Written "Summary" based on the lecture notes used at the time。More than 20 years later，He has conducted continuous and in-depth research in the field of ancient characters and unearthed documents。1974-1978，He participated in the bamboo slips of Yinqueshan in Linyi, Shandong and the silk books of the Mawangdui Han Tomb in Changsha, Hunan、Qin Slips from Yunmengsuihudi, Hubei、Compilation and textual research of materials unearthed from the tomb of Zeng Houyi in Leigudun, Suixian County, Hubei Province and the Chu tomb in Wangjiangshan, Jiangling。Supplementary first-hand information and results in this regard，Make the content of the "Summary" more substantial and accurate。For example, "Summary" discusses the formation process of text，It is believed that ancient writing went through the primitive writing stage where words and pictures were mixed and used。This point，It can be seen from the writing style of oracle bone inscriptions in the late Shang Dynasty，Some ideograms often change their glyphs according to the locale。The oracle bone inscriptions are written like the word "Deng" with two hands holding food containers，It is a sacrificial method。If the food used for the sacrifice is fragrant wine "鬯" (chàng)，The "bean" shape held by both hands in this character is replaced with "鬯"。There is an entry for "ascend to Heaven" in the oracles，There is also an expression such as "holding the 鬯 + 鬯 in both hands"，The latter expresses a variant of the specific use of the word "deng"。In Oracle，There are many such examples，"Preliminary Exploration on the Formation Bet365 app download" provides a detailed demonstration of this。

The first edition of "Summary" was published by The Commercial Press in 1988，The entire book is handwritten and photocopied，Zhu Dexi wrote the title for it。After many reprints and corrections，The revised version was reprinted and published by The Commercial Press in 2013。2021，The Commercial Press launches the "Collection of Contemporary Bet365 app download Academic Works" series，Mainly included since the reform and opening up，Original masterpieces by scholars from mainland China, Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan and overseas Bet365 app download scholars，"Summary" is included。1994，The book began to be published in traditional Bet365 app download by Wanjuanlou Book Company in Taiwan，Use this as a basis，"Summary" has been translated into Korean、English、Japanese, etc. published overseas，Understand and study Bet365 app download characters for people in the Bet365 app download character culture circle and non-Bet365 app download character culture circles，Played an extremely important role in promoting。This is an important aspect in which "Summary" is obviously different from other philological treatises。

In addition，In the process of writing "Bet365 app download", Qiu Xigui received support and help from Zhu Dexi, who was also a teacher and friend。To this，He is mentioned many times in the "Preface" of the first edition and the revised edition of "Bet365 app download"，Attached to the revised version is "Letter from Mr. Zhu Dexi on "Outline of Philology""。"Bet365 app download" was first published in the 1980s，Because there are a large number of ancient glyphs and rare characters in the book，So we print by handwriting and photocopying，So there are many problems。The author has attached "Corrigendum" and "Correction" at the back of the book for correction，When reprinted in 1995，Added "Reprint Postscript"。2012，With the assistance of Guo Yongbing and others，"Bet365 app download" changed to computer typesetting，All previous revision comments are included，And added "Proofreading"。"Bet365 app download" of computer typesetting，It is much easier to read than the previous handwritten photocopy，Become a modern version。

"Summary" won the first National Book Award in 1994，In 2011, he was awarded the first "Si Mian Original Award", which is known as the highest level folk academic award in the field of literature, history and philosophy in China。Professor Zhan Yinxin of East China Normal University said in "Summary and Development of Chinese Character Studies - Comment on Qiu Xigui's "Outline of Philology"" that "The Summary" "has a historic status and value in the history of Chinese character studies"。The "History of Chinese Philology" edited by professor Yao Xiaosui of Jilin University, a paleontologist, spoke highly of "Summary": "Any philology scholar who reads the whole book will find that this book has made great progress in the theoretical construction of scientific philology. a step。The thoroughness and depth of the discussion，Comprehensive and systematic exploration of the field，The new theories and insights proposed are unmatched by some previous monographs。should say，The appearance of this book，It is a major gain in theoretical research on scientific philology。It will have a profound impact on future research on philology theory。"Professor Chen Sihe of Fudan University said: "For the study Bet365 app download，"Outline of Philology" is an important work of epoch-making significance，There is still no general theory of philology that can replace Professor Qiu Xigui’s work。"Mr. Michel Pitt of Harvard University once commented: "The authoritative work "Synopsis of Philology" is an unparalleled investigation of the history and nature of early Chinese writing，Exquisite and rich，And involves many different sources of early writing。It is no exaggeration to say，This work marks a new level in this field。”

Early 1960s，Wang Li and other older generation linguists worked hard to compile "Ancient Chinese" (4 volumes)，It can be said that the road is full of obstacles，Pioneering the preparation of ancient Chinese textbooks。Although there were countless ancient Chinese textbooks throughout the country，But there is still no one who can match it。should say，"Summary" from the beginning as a lecture notes for the Chinese major of Peking University to the present，Last for more than half a century，Influenced generations of scholars。The status and influence of "Summary" in the field of philology is comparable to the "Ancient Chinese" textbook，Enduring，It can be said to be the most worth reading contemporary philology classic after Xu Shen's "Shuowen Jiezi"。Not only because it laid the theoretical framework of philology，What’s more important is its rich information and forward-looking theoretical content。Mr. Qiu’s greatest theoretical contribution to philology is the “Three Books Theory” of character types， The "Three Books" runs through the entire "Summary"，is the "outline" of the whole book。From Chapter 1 "The Formation Process of Characters" to Chapter 6 "Division of Basic Types Bet365 app download"，Each part is discussed around the Three Books。Seventh、eight、Nine chapters devoted a large amount of space to each type in the "Three Books"。

　Main features of "Bet365 app download"

"Bet365 app download" is a general work on philology，It is also a classic textbook。Different from general textbooks，This book reflects the author’s academic thoughts，Not only contains rich knowledge of philology，Also contains scientific research methods，So it is called a "monograph textbook"。The whole book is divided into 13 chapters，Based on summarizing and absorbing previous research results in humanities，Self-contained system，Comprehensive discussion of the basic theory and basic content of philology，And endow these basic theories and basic contents with unique ideas、The most understanding and understanding of the truth，Becomes an outstanding innovative and authoritative work in the field of philological research so far。The appendix presents the ancient text materials involved in the main text in the form of "catalog with pictures" and "plates"，Compiled an "index" for the ancient glyphs explained in the book，Easy to find。Specifically，"Bet365 app download" has the following characteristics。

　　Bet365 app download, the content is substantial and the information is rich.

Content is the soul of a book。"Summary" covers basic issues in philology research，Including the formation of words、The nature Bet365 app download、The development and evolution of Chinese character forms，Proposed a classification theory of basic types of characters - Three Books，Becomes the essence of the whole book。Various characters、Homomorphic characters、Synonymous reading、The differentiation and merging of words、Discussion on the intricate relationship between glyphs and pronunciation and meaning，It is to solve specific philological problems through practical application。

"The Summary" basically follows the point of view，Then give examples to prove。There are more than 200 examples in the ideographic part alone，The explanation of each word example can almost be regarded as the final conclusion。Like a pair of circles、Reply、Explanation of millet，To the factory (àn)、Guang (yǎn)、Explanation of Mián，Opposite film、Explanation of words, etc.。See details，The word "only" in oracle bone means grabbing a bird with one hand，meaning to obtain，Later, it was used to express “only” as opposed to “double”。The ancient Bet365 app download character "zhi" is the original meaning of "get"，It is also the first text of the quantifier "only"。He further pointed out，This is the phenomenon of "one form and multiple uses" of early ideograms，Can also be called "form borrowing"。Zairu，The oracle bone inscription with the word "shou" comes from the boat and from the boat，Indicates giving and receiving。The "boat" in the glyph represents the object of giving and receiving，At the same time, because the pronunciations of "zhou" and "shou" are similar，Also acts as a pronunciation，So "shou" is a knowing and phonetic character。At the same time，“Receive” can both be accepted，can also mean grant，A glyph has both positive and negative meanings，Ancient scholars called it "positive and negative words"。Visible，"Summary" not only explains the glyphs clearly，It also involves philological theoretical issues such as "form borrowing", "knowing meaning and phonetic sound", "positive and negative synonyms", etc.，It can be said that the amount of information is extremely rich。

"Summary" uses ancient Bet365 app download characters to analyze word meanings，Chengbenqingyuan。For example, the explanation of the word "Jin"，Mr. Qiu believes that the character "Jin" in oracle bone inscriptions is the inverted form of the ancient Bet365 app download character "曰"，It is the initial text of "Yin (silence)"，The original meaning is to keep silent。"Historical Records·Biography of the Marquis of Huaiyin" "Although there was Shun、Yuzhizhi，Yan without speaking，It is not as good as a deaf finger to prove。Another example is the explanation of the word "violent" in "Shuowen Jiezi": "癞也。From the day out from outfrom meters”。"Notes to the Paragraph": "When the sun rises, I hold up rice to dry it，Four words to understand。""Bet365 app download" uses the bamboo slips in the tomb of Zeng Houyi to write from "city"""声之字，"Expose things like plants and trees in your hands to the sun"，Bet365 app download should be the first article of "violence"，can be classified as "". The "violent" mentioned in "Bet365 app download" should be in "" is added with the suffix next to "米"。Mr. Qiu breaks out of the interpretation limitations of "Shuowen Jiezi" and "Duanzhu"，According to ancient text materials，And came to the understanding that the ideographic character formed by combining four Bet365 app download in "Shuowen Jiezi" does not exist。

　Second, the discussion is profound Bet365 app download conclusion is appropriate.

In the more than 20 years since the publication of "Bet365 app download"，Mr. Qiu has successively published research results on unearthed documents and ancient characters，These results are mostly included in the "Bet365 app download"，Make the "Bet365 app download" discussion more in-depth。Due to the long history，The meanings of many ideograms are unknown to future generations，Mr. Qiu used the glyphs of ancient characters to explain exactly the meaning of the words they represent。"Book of Songs·Xiaoya": "violent" in "violent tiger Fenghe"，Both "Mao Zhuan" and "Erya" interpret it as "disciple fighting"，Fighting the tiger with bare hands，But Yu Yi is not at peace。Mr. Qiu in "Talking about "Xuan Yi Zhu Xi""”——The article also explains the word “虣” in oracle bone inscriptions” examines and explains the word “虣” in oracle bone inscriptions，Indicates using Gebahu，And pointed out that this character is the original character of "violent" in "Baohu Pinghe" in "The Book of Songs"。"Shuowen Jiezi" explains "Han" as "tongue" based on the seal shape，pictogram”。Mr. Qiu specifically examined and explained the word "Han" in Oracle bone inscriptions Bet365 app download article "Talking about "Covering Letters" - Also Interpreting the Character "Liao" in Oracle Bone Inscriptions，means like a box with a "arrow" in it、cystic artifact，Revised the statement in "Shuowen Jiezi"，The use of this word Bet365 app download inscriptions on Xiaochen’s wall bone plate further proves the credibility of his theory。

"Bet365 app download" use cases appear in different places throughout the book，They are all discussed from different angles，To facilitate a more three-dimensional understanding of related issues。For example，Used the word "ying" when talking about the issue of "sound-saving"。"Shuowen Jiezi" explains: "ying，Cong Yan、冖。"And there is " in the ancient text”word，Like a burning candle，It is the first text of "ying"，Can be designated as ""。Xu Shenyin did not see the older glyphs，Therefore improper analysis。The words "Rong", "Ying", etc. that come from the "" sound，In "Shuowen Jiezi", it is mostly said that the sound is derived from "ying"。According to the viewpoint of "Bet365 app download"，Under the circumstances, it was okay for Xu Shen to say that these words were omitted。Next，Mr. Qiu further discussed the inappropriate treatment of pronunciation in "Shuowen Jiezi"。For example，"Shuowen Jiezi" states that most characters with the "" sound are pronounced as "ying" sound，But "禜"""Ying" is pronounced Bet365 app download "Rong", so ""It is said that it is pronounced from "ying"，Use "蕕" as a pronunciation from "ying"，An example of self-disorder。Inspired by it，We wrote the article "Study on "Shuowen Jiezi" from the Character """，Combined the 24 characters starting from "" in "Shuowen Jiezi"，Dialectically analyzes the use of “sound-saving” to mark pronunciation，Point out that this phonetic notation objectively reflects the changes in pronunciation Bet365 app download，Has the function of distinguishing the pronunciation of characters。On the other hand, according to the source indicating function of the phonetic characters，Divide the words “” into several categories based on their meaning，There is a "small" meaning respectively、"Bright" meaning、"surround" meaning、"Great" meaning、"Dark" Meaning。

　　Third, the material is extensive Bet365 app download views are unique.

Qiu Xigui’s academic research has always been rigorous and realistic、Insightful and innovative，Respected by academic circles。"Summary" discusses the nature of words、The evolution of Chinese character forms、The structure type Bet365 app download is refreshing，Quoting Oracle、Golden Inscriptions、Warring States text，Especially Shuihudi Qin Slips、Wangshan Chu Slips、Guodian Chu Slips、Yinqueshan Han Slips、Phoenix Mountain Han Slips、Compilation and research results of Yinwan Han bamboo slips and other Warring States, Qin and Han bamboo slips，Carefree and appropriate，Extensive references and detailed analysis，Most of the conclusions obtained are solid and credible。

New theory。The nature Bet365 app download in "Summary"、History、In-depth discussions on issues such as font evolution and Chinese character structure types。such as，Discussion on the nature Bet365 app download，There have been different opinions in the past，Which is right and which is wrong，Difficult to judge。For the first time, he proposed a symbolic proposition that distinguishes two levels: "symbols used to record language" and "symbols used in written language"，Believe that the nature of words should be determined by the symbols used in the words themselves，That is, determined by "characters"。Professor Liu Zhao of Fudan University thinks，“These achievements can be described as breakthroughs in the study of Chinese character types”。Zairu，Discussion on the classification of basic types Bet365 app download，Since Han Dynasty scholars proposed the "Six Books"，Nearly two thousand years，The academic discussion around this issue has never stopped。Mr. Qiu’s actual situation based on Chinese characters，Propose ideogram、Phonetic and phonetic characters、Three Books on Pretending to Borrow Words，This is the theoretical understanding that best explains the basic types Bet365 app download so far。Later, scholars successively published "Four Books", "New Six Books", "Two Books", etc.，None of them can replace the "Three Books"。

New concept。"Bet365 app download" not only proposes new theories，Also accurately redefined and named some phenomena in philology research。Such as "double-tone characters", "homophones", "synonymous substitutions", "universal characters", "variant words", etc.。In the "Homographs" section，The author sorted out the history of homograph research，And by citing numerous examples，Clear the concept of homoglyphs；In the "Synonymous Readings" section，List what scholars at the same time said about this phenomenon，Comprehensive opinions from all parties，Finally give a more reasonable definition，And further elaborate with examples。Follow-up related research，Everything is based on this，Start a discussion。

New word example explanation。Mr. Qiu is good at textual research and interpretation of ancient texts，Especially the examination and interpretation of difficult words，In addition, it also provides new insights into the interpretations that everyone is accustomed to。The research and interpretation of ancient texts is difficult，Expositors are required who have in-depth research on ancient characters and ancient documents，It’s beyond what ordinary people can do。Most of the examples cited in the "Summary" are original。"Shuowen Jiezi": "xiang，The North Gate。Congbu Congkou。"Poetry" says: Towards Yihu。”Letter Scholar of the Past，Ru Duan Yucai、Zhu Junsheng and others believe that the direction of the word "xiang" is an extension of the original meaning of "going out from the north"。Wang Li, editor-in-chief of "Ancient Bet365 app download", also gave this example when talking about the original meaning and extended meaning。Mr. Qiu thinks，Use the word "xiang" to express the meaning of direction，It’s quite late。Both oracle bone inscriptions and bronze inscriptions use the initial character "qing" of "飨(飨)" to express it，"Qing" looks like two people eating each other，But it is not very smooth to derive the meaning of "direction" from this。Point out that the "Shuowen Jiezi" precept is "the system of things"，Maybe it’s the original character for “direction”。But the word was no longer used，Borrowing the word "xiang" to express the meaning of direction，People don’t know why，Mistakenly believe that the meaning of direction is an extension of the meaning of "going out from the north"。On this basis，"Summary" proposes another possibility，According to "Ruxiang's Sui Sheng" in the Mawangdui silk book "Jingfa·Mingli" written in the early Western Han Dynasty，When read as "like the sound of the sound"，The word "xiang" here is probably the original text of "xiang"，The glyph represents the reverberation caused by making sounds with the mouth。The original meaning of the word "xiang" explained in "Shuowen Jiezi" as "going out from the north" is also problematic。

　　Fourth, the evidence is conclusive Bet365 app download method is scientific.

First，"Bet365 app download" pays attention to theoretical explanation，Also focus on case analysis，organically combine the two，Support the theory with rich examples。Overview of the book，Any theoretical issues involved，There must be relevant examples to support。For example，When talking about "You cannot draw an equal sign casually between the meaning expressed by the glyph and the original meaning of the word"，There are many examples、Phase、Receive、stinky、by，This is an example of an ideogram；There is another group、籱，This is an example of pictophonetic characters。Adding symbols to clarify the original meaning，is one of the ways in which pictophonetic characters are produced，Snake is an example、Bed、Toe、zhou、Required、humerus、Back、Pick、Captive、蓺、hanging、overflow、Zheng、Violation、Twilight、Source、Xiu et al。

Secondly，Analysis of specific word examples in "Bet365 app download"，Take a large number of handed down documents and unearthed documents as examples，Extensive quotations，Realize your faith and have your battles。such as，One of the ways to "disperse the positions of polysemous words" is to achieve it by concentrating the positions of characters，An example is "you-you"。About before the Western Han Dynasty，Both "you" and "you" can be used to express "you" whether there is something or not。"Bet365 app download" first lists examples from handed down documents，Like "The Book of Songs: Song of Zhou" "What else can you ask for"、"Xunzi·Yi Bing" "Human Feelings"，Although Jie、plantar，How can you be willing to do this，Those who do what they like are just the ones doing what they like”。Also explain that there are such examples in unearthed documents，You can also see examples in Mawangdui silk books where "you" and "you" both mean "you" in the same sentence，For example, in the second version of "Laozi", "There is no one to take the carriage"，There are soldiers with nothing to show”，“You Zhou Che” means “You Zhou Che”。"Six Points of Classics and Laws" "The way to rule the world is determined by heaven，Is there anyone，Youdiyan”，"Youdi" means "有地"。Also，Both of these two words can also be used to express the adverb "and"。Qin Jian and Mawangdui silk books often use "you" to express "you"。Some such examples can still be seen in ancient books，For example, in "The Book of Songs·Bei Feng", "The wind will eventually fade away"，There will be trouble soon”，"Book of Rites·Tamazao" "Have it removed and must be washed，Although obsessed with the government，There is nothing to wash away”。The sentence "Tamazao"，The previous "you" is the "you" of existence and non-existence，The last "you" is pronounced as "you"。Later，Except for "and" between integers and zeros，Can be written as "and"，Can also be written as "you" (pronounced "yòu")，The words "you" and "you" have a clear division of labor。"You" is no longer used to express the "have" of presence or absence，“You” is no longer used to express the adverb “and”。

Finally，Discuss some important issues，Often enumerate representative different opinions，And comment，To prove your opinion。For example，About the origin Bet365 app download，Xu Shen talked about the legend about the origin Bet365 app download in "Shuowen Jiezi·Xu"，Ru Guagua、Knotting Theory、Cangjie’s creation of characters, etc.。There are also textbooks listing a large number of archaeological discoveries，Relate the origin Bet365 app download to pictures and the depictions of primitive society，It can be said that this issue is continuously pushed forward。"Summary" believes that the formation Bet365 app download is a long historical process，When will it appear，It’s hard to tell。By listing important archaeological finds，Proposed that the Chinese character system was formed during the Xia and Shang Dynasties。Recently some scholars pointed out，The Erligang culture in the mid-Shang Dynasty began to create writing，The pottery shards unearthed from the Taixi site in Gaocheng, Hebei Province, which is in the latest stage of the Erligang culture, have pictographic symbols such as "eyes", "heaven" and "zhi"，The pottery jar unearthed from the Xiaoshuangqiao site in Zhengzhou, Henan has symbols such as "Yin", "Broom" and "Heaven"，Its physical characteristics belong to the same writing system as the characters of the Yin and Shang Dynasties。This latest research can confirm Mr. Qiu Xigui’s judgment that Chinese characters “formed a complete writing system during the Xia and Shang Dynasties”。

In short，"Bet365 app download" is a book that you will never tire of reading、Read good books that are always new，It is a modern classic of philology。

　　(This article is a phased result Bet365 app download National Social Science Fund’s “Practical Research on the Textual Research and Interpretation of Oracle Bone Inscriptions over the Past Hundred Years” (19VJX112))