China is a multi -ethnic country，In the development of history，Concentrations of exchanges between nations，jointly created Chinese civilization and splendid culture that has been stretched for thousands of years。There is a clear generation，Live for nearly 300 years，Except Manchu files and books，A Manchu monument is also formed。From the perspective of shape and function，Still in text and content，All have unique value。

　　bet365 best casino games

Stone carved literature，Also known as "Stone Book"，In Chinese historical documents，Its status is second only to the "paper book" of the engraved book。In stone carvings，The number of inscriptions most，Not only reflects the carving process、Calligraphy Art，and reflect historical figures、Event、Architecture、etiquette and other aspects。Stele carrier began in Qin，There is no specified format at first，Starting from the Han Dynasty, there are some regulations，Except for the height of the monument，The composition changes，"螭 螭 趺 趺"。to the Sui and Tang Dynasties，Small shape is more standardized，Reflecting the feudal level system。Since then,The dynasties and dynasties are under the premise of following the existing regulations，Combined with actual，There are more or less new regulations for the shape of the monument，But overall perspective, it is still inherited in order，Reflects the commonality and inheritance of traditional Chinese culture。

The stele is from the monument、Stele body and monumental composition。The head of the monument is a dragon -shaped relief person，It is called "螭";，According to its appearance, it is called "Fang Shou" or "Yuan Shou"。Bevene of the monument is the monument body，It is called "Beiyang" in front of it，"Stele Yin" on the back，Side is called "Side"。Stele seat under the monument，called "Stele"，Its rectangular person is called "Fang Ye"，Turtle -shaped person is called "Turtle"，Those who are slightly thin in the middle are called "Sumi seat"。The dynasties have attached great importance to Lingli Monument，Strict regulations on the shape and size，Digesting the figure of the character or thing，Do not violate the rules at will。

The Qing Dynasty combined with the Manchu aristocracy as the core and the Han nationality、Government established by the Mongolian ethnic groups，In terms of the rule of rule，Except for certain innovation measures，Mainly the basic system inherited from the previous dynasties。Bet365 app download In terms of ideology and culture，It is even more advocating Confucianism，Promote the Dharma，Pay attention to ethics，Promote moral，To show the inheritance and orthodox nature of the regime。

Clear before entering the level，After entering the Liaoshen area from Hitu Ala，With the expansion of the cultural exchange surface of Manhan Han，Start accepting the traditional tradition of the monument notepad in the Central Plains，and engraved inscriptions in multiple languages。Ru Tiancong's four years (1630) Liaoyang Manhan two -body combination "Big Gold Lama Master Baoji Bei"，Chongde Three Years of Shengjing Man, Mongolia, Han Tibet, Four Body Four Body Four Body Four Body "Lotus Pure Land Shishisheng Temple Stele"。But，The popularity of the monument has not prevailed，The range of the monument is also relatively narrow，No tombstone appears，There is no strict regulation in the shape。

After the customs clearance，Following the practices of the previous dynasties，Gradually improved the monument system，shape specification，shape specification。Shunzhi ten years stipulate the prince of the royal family、County King、Belle、Beizi、Format of public monument，All are dragon turtles，But the size is different，Distinguish by grade。Eighteen years of Kangxi Regulations for ordinary public、Hou、Format of the Monument of Bo and Officials，Among them, public、Hou、Bo、Yipin officials are head turtles，Second -grade officials are Kirin's first turtle，Sanpin officials are Tianlu to ward off the evil head turtle，Four to Qipin officials are round heads，The size of the size is specified by the product level。

Except for tombstones，There are other types of stone steles。Ru Ling List、Jin Shi Title、Louge Road Bridge、Temple Guantang、Louge Road Bridge、Poetry and Miscellaneous Class。The shape of these steles basically follows the traditional shape，Its specification depends on the identity of the monument or writer，The higher the identity，The larger the specifications of the stele。This type of stone monument is mostly ordered to establish or write or write in the name of the emperor，Therefore, a monument to "Jianjian" or "Royal System"，The highest level，Use "Shou Turtle"，The size is also large。

　　The function is in the same vein

In Chinese history，The fashion of Leshi Lili is enduring，Last thousands of years，Carrying a lot of cultural information。This is closely related to measures such as advocating etiquette and Ji Gong Songde in the dynasties，Has its specific function。

Mourning commemorative is the general function of the stele。The Manchu Monument of the current relics，The largest number of those who belong to this function，This is directly related to the bet365 best casino games imitation of the Ming Dynasty's encouragement to establish a "seal and other official tombs"，Therefore, the wind of "Fengfeng" and "Fengfeng" monument is prevalent。Another，There is also a monument to "sacrifice"。After the death of the Qing Dynasty, after the death of a high -quality official，Emperor Special Officials to the Sacrifice，Reading the sacrifice written by his ordered writing，and the sacrifice wenmo stone。This type of stone monument is standing in front of the relevant person's tomb，This is also in line with the tradition that the dynasties have agreed in the past。

Ji Gongzan is a typical function of the stele。The Qing Dynasty not only followed the previous tradition，and play to the extreme，Any major event，The emperor ordered the monumental skills，Jun Gong Song De。Some of these stone monuments stand in Beijing Guozijian，Some stand in the cultural temple or location of the incident，Focus on promoting merit，Services for their rule。Another，There is another kind of outstanding monument。After the clearance，Drawing on the tradition of the previous Central Plains dynasty，Chongli thick burial，Tree Stele Biography，Merit monuments built in front of the emperors。

List shows the special function of the stele。In addition to promulgating decree and books, the dynasties persuade people to do good、Endurance、taboo outside，Also use the monument list to show persuasion。Regulations for the second year of Yongzheng，"After the New Science Jinshi List，Title Title Stele in Guoxue，Everyone with a heavy subject "，Objectation of "Avolar Watching Monument，Yiliqi to self -cultivation and the will "。In addition，There is also a monument for persuasion and advice。Ru Shi Ji During the period of the "Xiaoyu Sheng"，Xiaowan's purpose of cultivating talents，Eight requirements for the students; during the Kangxi period, the "Taiwan Provincial Monument" in the Meridist and the Duchangyuan of the Forbidden City，Advise Liuke to do things in China and the supervisors of the monitoring of the monitoring; during the Qianlong period, "Xi Mandarin Riding Stele Monument" at the Jingcheng school field，Emphasize maintaining the traditional Mandarin riding and shooting tradition，persuaded Eight Banner children to "learn riding and shoot，Skilled Mandarin "。

Notepad is the basic function of stone monuments。After the clearance，Targeting the unity as the goal，Proper protection of the monuments，Building a new building，Effective traditional practices to set up monuments。Shunzhi Specialty Department: "Previous Tombs，The gods of the gods，It should be protected strictly。"at the same time，Also engraved with Chinese text，Lito of the Ming bet365 Play online games Emperor in Changping，Permanent protection with a view to forensic。The system of sacrificing the emperor of the past starts from Tang，After the dynasty，To the Ming and Qing dynasties。During the Jiajing period，Build a temple in Beijing，Chong worship calendar emperor。Qing along the Ming Dynasty，Before the sacrifice，Repair during the Yongzheng and Qianlong years, respectively，Expansion of the scope and number of the emperor，Establishing "Emperor Temple of the Emperor", "Rebuilding the Emperor Temple of the Emperor", "The Emperor's Temple of the Emperor's Temple"。Emperor Qianlong attached great importance to the memorial service of the emperors of the past，It is clearly pointed out "China Funxu，Numerous Line "。Monules circulated by this kind of notepad，The quantity is second only to the monument of the sorrowful commemorative category，Standing in the temple、Gong View、Ancestral Hall、Pavilion、Bridge、Shidao and other places。Saber of inscriptions is similar，Reflected the ins and outs of the buildings and projects、Construction process, status and role, etc.。

　　Same text

The creation of text is one of the signs of the development of human civilization，The text is the writing symbol of the language，The functions of memorizing and transmitting information，Play a vital role in human social activities。The Qing Dynasty was one of the dynasties that realized the unification in Chinese history，Diversified due to national composition、Diversity of language and words，Chinese with a wide range of use at that time、Manchu、Mongolian text、Tibetan、Togewen and Chahe Taiwen as the common text of the country，Depending on different regions、Different occasions、Different objects use，Sometimes multi -language text still uses it。

The Qing Dynasty was in Liaoshen area，After entering Guan Dingdu Beijing，Take Jingjing as a companion，Set special organizations to manage，Coupled with Yongling、Fuling and Zhaoling，Emperor East Tour ancestors from time to time。Hebei Chengde has a temple such as the summer villa and the eight temples，The emperor often goes to Chengde to avoid summer hunting，Call the leader of ethnic minorities，Activities such as feast and chanting。Hebei Zunhua City and Yixian with Qingdong Mausoleum and Xiling，The emperor also goes to sacrifice regularly。In the Qing Dynasty, three political and cultural centers with Beijing, which are mainly Beijing and deputy with Shengjing and Chengde，Coupled with Royal Mausoleums in Liaoning and Hebei，Beijing、Liaoning、Hebei became a key area for the Manchu population at that time and multi -ethnic exchanges，The Manchu monument of its relics is naturally more than other regions。

bet365 live casino games From the time of the inscription，Shunzhi in the early stage of entering the customs、Kangxi、Yongzheng、Qianlong Four Dynasties Manchu Monument the most，Jiaqing during the Emperor Taiji period and the later period of the Emperor Taiji、Daoguang、Xianfeng、Tongzhi、Guangxu、Xuantong Six Dynasties Manchu Monument "。This shows that the Manchu monument is mainly formed in the first four dynasties after entering the customs，At the same time, it also reflects the situation of the blend of cultural exchanges of Manhan。With the extensive and deepening of cultural exchanges of Manhan Han，To the extent of the Manchu reached a certain level of the Chinese culture during the Jiaqing period，Many people use Chinese directly。Expressing over time，less and less use in Chinese，The use of Chinese language is becoming increasingly common。Examine the rise and fall of Manchu inscriptions from time，Combining the process of the rise and fall of full Chinese，From nothing to，From having to Xing，From Xing to Fack，It reflects the span and depth of the cultural exchanges of Manhan Han。

There is a Manchu monument formed by the Qing Dynasty，Anyone founder，Regardless of whether it is outside the customs or inner period，Almost all of them are engraved by multi -language text。This concept of "the same text" adhering to the Governor of the Qing Dynasty，and the meaning of "the prosperity of the same text"，There are certain associations and influences。The era of Emperor Qianlong was the heyday of the Qing Dynasty，In the 24th year of Qianlong, unified Xinjiang Tianshan North and South，Realized the unprecedented unification of the University of China。Soon Emperor Qianlong ordered the Minister of Military Affairs Fu Heng and others to handle the "lower horse monument to the underworld of the horse with the bottom of the horse、Toto、Hui Zi Zi "event，Fu Heng and others on the basis of the original Manchu and Mongolian text，Three texts one by one one by one。In the forty -eight years of Qianlong, I awarded it again: "Now Yongling、Fu Ling、Zhaoling all the horse cards，Both use stone cards，Clear Clear、Han、Mongolia、Xifan、Hui Ziwu character，The prosperity of the same text in our country。"is a year -on -year again:" Shengjing Daqing Gate has a horse card on both sides of the Qing Dynasty，Stone Stone card，concurrently clear、Han、Mongolia、Xifan、Hui Ziwu character。"The Shengjing Mall Monument, which was renamed this time，different from Beijing，Less Toto。"Tang Gu" "Xifan" word，refers to Tibetan; the word "Toto"，refers to the Toto used in the Urut Mongolia of Xinjiang; the word "Huizi"，refers to Chahe Taiwen used by Uyghur people in Xinjiang。From the perspective of bet365 best casino games the stele of the Chinese past,，A certain dynasty has so many multi -language combined monuments，Extremely rare，It can be described as unique to the Qing Dynasty，Digesting the prosperity of the country and the same article。

　　Compatible with content

Comparison of Manchu Monument with other ethnic minorities，Both quantity and types are the first place，Rich in content，It has certain tolerance and diversity。Content of the Manwen Monument "，It can be roughly divided into characters、Architecture、Ji Gong and Poetry and other aspects，each characteristic。

Character aspect。The largest number of such monuments，Main Emperor、Wang Gong、Belle、Beizi、University scholars、Shangshu、Sales、General、Du Fang、Deputy Capital、Governor、Governor、Governor、The total soldier and other royal nobles and civil and military officials，There is also a western missionary Tang Ruowang、Nan Huairen and others。The inscriptions of these characters，Including Bookmark、诰 诰、敕 敕、谕、Lingbei、Tombstone、epitaph, etc.，Reflecting the name of the character、Life、Fengjue、Official positions and their performance。From the national identity of the character，Most of them are Manchu。Next，There are also some Han people。This shows that the Manchu people at that time continued to deepen with the exchanges and exchanges，Return to etiquette and cultural recognition，Tolerance of each other，Harmony with each other。

Architecture。The number of monuments in this area，Including temples、Gong View、Ancestral Hall、Church、Pagoda、Pavilion、Daoqiao and other buildings，Reflecting the geographical location of the building and engineering、History along the revolution、Repair process、layout scale and management, etc.。In all architectural monuments，The monument of the temple is the most，Followed by the ancestral hall，Once again the pagoda、Tower and Daoqiao。Another，There is also Taoist view、God Hall、Virgin Hall, etc.。Stele inscriptions in this area，Records the historical information of the building，It also reflects the characteristics of multiculturalism。

Ji Gong aspect。The inscription in this area is again，Including "Salo Mountain Wars", "Pingzhi Qinghai Capital Scholars", "Pingzhi Jinchuan Chengtai Scholars", "Pingzhi Jinchuan Le Ming Mi", "Pingzhang Two Jinchuan Chengtai Scholars", Pingzhi Junggar "Casting the Taixue Monument", "Ping Ding Shuo Mo Suo Sui Xue Stele", "Pingzhang Jiger", "Ili Monument", "Pingzhi Junggar La Ling Ili Monument", "Pingzhi Return to the Earth Scholars", "Pingzhi Return to Laoming Yixi Puker Kuror，Concentrated reflects the beginning and end of major war and Bet365 lotto review events and its significance。

Poetry aspect。The number of monuments in this area is the number of times，Mainly "Poetry of Bazi Yuci", "Poems of the Poems of the Southern Suburban of Jingxian County", "Magnolia Autumn Entering the Poetry of the Cliff", "Sacrifice North Town Medical Wuling Shan Poetry", "Zhao Temple Poetry Poems", "Anyuan Temple Poems" "Dian Shen Temple's Poem Poems", "Wanfelou's Poems", "The First Spring of Yuquan Mountain", "Magnolia", "The General Ji of Baita Mountain", "The Emperor's Capital", "Lama Word", "Three Laos and Five。Most of the inscriptions in this regard are written by Emperor Qianlong，This can both reflect the preferences of Emperor Qianlong's poetic theory，It can also reflect the protection of Emperor Qianlong's monuments、Performance of Labor Gong、Guide Education、Buddhist theory、Temple Zhan Li、Mountains and Water Scenery and other concepts。

In short，Under the perspective of the Chinese nation，Manchu monument has unique value。First，Regulations of the Era Stone Monument in the Qing Dynasty，closely related to the previous dynasties，In terms of shape and function，Can be described as orderly inheritance，One pulse is inherited，Continuing and promotion of Chinese traditional civilization。Next，The Qing Dynasty as a multi -ethnic country with unprecedented unity，Promote the use of multi -language text，Advocate the rule of the same text，Express the prosperity of the same text，It is conducive to consolidating the unity of multi -nation -state and the prosperity of the Chinese nation culture。Last，Manwen Monument is the historical product of the cultural exchanges of various nations，At the same time, it is also a historical evidence of the exchanges and blending of each nation，There is a very important voucher function，It also has very precious research value。

　(The author is the research librarian of the first historical archives in China)