Philosopher Ernst Cassirrer's proposal in "Human Theory"，People are symbols of animals，Culture constitutes the form of symbols。The cultural meaning of the symbol，With the help of the medium, it shows in the communication between people。People created culture，Is the main body of culture，At the same time，People are shaped by culture，Culture affects people's way of survival。The relationship between the people with the media is the same，In a certain sense，The survival of a person is also a medium symbolic survival。Media Culture Research Scholar Mark Poster Poster Based on the Structure and Method of Symbol Transformation into Meaning，The leading media form in the development of human civilization has undergone three major changes: oral media、Print Media、Electronic Media。Each media change has profoundly changed the way of human survival and communication。In the change of the media，We should pay attention to the core issue of the relationship between people and media: subjectivity。The subject generates in human communication activities and communication structures，And this communication activity is coordinated by the media。So，The changes in the communication activities and the structure of the interchange brought about by media changes are constantly reshaping the subjectivity of people，Give the main body of new connotation。

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Oral media is the earliest media form in the history of human civilization，Its formation depends on an important condition: the body is present。In the era of oral media，The communication activity between the subject is performed in a specific time and space in the Bet365 lotto review form of the body.。Communication between the current parties、Voice、Emotional、physical activity to make the subject's words、Cognition、Action is unified，Therefore, a subject with the same nature is completely constructed。and，This kind of identity is further strengthened in the symbol communication of two -way interaction between subjects，A recognition of the main body of the communication。

In mutual communication between the main body，It also generates new power hierarchical relationship，Make tradition and authority form and maintain。Because，In the two -way interactive communication of the oral media，The two parties do not always be in a completely equal position，One of them can use the knowledge structure、Life experience or debate skills gain an advantage in communication。For example，The early human philosophy often records the words and deeds of the sages in the form of dialogue，In Socrate、Plato and other sages in the conversation with others，They are actually in the center of the dialogue，The wise philosophical discourse has given them the authoritative status of thought and morality。At the same time，This authoritative status continues to form a traditional through oral media，Make the main real life of the main body receiving traditional and authoritative training。So，The subjectivity of the era of the mouth media is constructed in the two -way interactive communication，On the other hand, it is also suppressed after the formation of traditional and authoritative formation。

　　Printing Media and Reasonable subject

The emergence of printing medium relies on mechanical printing，Books and newspapers and other material writing texts are its main carrier。Printing medium can make the text of text writing and reading span the limit of time and space，The time and space of the author and readers can be completely separated，Dialogue in a way that the body is not present，bet365 Play online games The body no longer constitutes a limit on the subject。That's it，The main body in the era of printing media has the meaning behind the writing、Space of suspicion and reproduction，This gives the subject a rational reflection dimension。

The establishment of rational subjects is also a sign of modernity。Descartes uses reflection of self -consciousness as the basis of the dual theory of mind，Established a person's subjectivity。Kant's assertion through "Copernicus" and "Human Nature Legal" asserts the subjectivity of man to a new height，It is believed that the essence of the subjectivity is that the reason can be used freely。Hegel directly regards the subjectivity as the essence of modern，The principle of thinking that the modern world is the subjective freedom。In the era of printing media in Gaoyang's rational subject，Tradition and authority established in the era of port media，Just as Marx once said，In modern society, "All levels and fixed things have disappeared"。

In the era of traditional printing media，The foundation of the rational subject is not stable。First，The establishment of the rational subject depends on strict self -discipline，Self -discipline in the practical sense is the basis for the rational subject to achieve freedom，And this self -discipline is based on metaphysics such as "good will" and "absolute command"，Therefore, there is no stable foundation for the freedom of rationality。Next，The modernity and enlightenment of the same rational subject have self -inverse，The rational subject also faces the risk of alienation。Although the separation of time and space，Readers have room for reproduction of writing texts。But under the restraint of the printing media symbol structure，Readers are still in the interpretation space created by the author，Can't escape completely。Modernity, although the "death of God" with rationality，Bet365 lotto review But rationality has been re -pushed to the altar，The author in the printing medium is the rational "God" in the text。In the modern society, it is increasingly and capital、Technical conspiracy，Alienation is a technical tool rationality。The freedom of the rational subject follows the disintegration，The myth of enlightenment。

Launles in the era of printing media，With the rise of photography，Printing is no longer limited to text printing，The image becomes a new communication medium。This is an important conversion of the symbolic representation method，Opening the era of mechanical replication of culture，This is also Ben Yaming、The starting point of social critical theory in the Frankfurt School。The spiritual rhyme of art is drowned by commercialized mechanical replication，The subjectivity becomes the vassal of the cultural industry。but，The rational subject in the era of printing media has not completely died，Still disabled in the text that is gradually sealed in material writing text。

　　Electronic medium and virtual subject

Electronic media is more complicated than the previous two media，It means that the structural method of symbols and meaning is constructed through electronic medium。In the era of electronic media，The characteristics of "Domain" (concept proposed by Gadenus) in time and space are more prominent than the era of printing media。"Earth Village" said by McLuhan is realized in the high -speed dissemination of information，The medium further expands human body，Become an extension of the body。People can complete the interaction between subjects in the form of the body that are not present through the information form that exceeds the body。

The interior of the electronic media is not a unified overall，Instead, there is a layered，can be divided into "first media era" and "second media era" (concept proposed by Bet365 app download Perster)。The first media is mainly TV、Movie and other popular playback mediums are represented。There is no fundamental difference between the communication form of these media and the printing media，Still centralized one -way communication，The audience is in a passive acceptance position。In the first media era，Media and Capital、Fusion of Technology，It has spawned Volkswagen Culture。Volkswagen culture is homogeneous culture，Intellectual attributes。It creates a cultural atmosphere，The ideology of consumerism is scattered in a consumer -available product，Enter the daily life of the public。With the prevalence of Volkswagen Media，The subjectivity is gradually in the state of being controlled by the media，The main body can only be presented in a pseudo -"personality" method in the possession of homogeneous product symbols。

Electronic media that affects our survival method more is the second medium，Electronic Computer、The Internet is its main representative form。In the second media era，Writing has been electronic，No matter the body no longer occurs with the body。The transmission method of the second medium completely breaks the one -way of the first media、Centralized communication mode，Instead of two -way interactive communication between subjects。From the perspective of structuralism in the future，In the second media era, as a symbol that can be finger and the association of fingers is cut off，symbols to self -finger and form a self -consistent logic system。It's like the current in digital payment，currency not only does not refer to gold，Even if there is no need to appear in the material form of banknotes，but only a string in the database that can be used as a character。Reconstruction due to the relationship between the symbol and meaning of the second media，The subject also lost the foundation of Bet365 lotto review the same sex，The capacity of the capacity of the can be wrapped in the symbol，Floating in any possible place in the Internet space。The subject transforms into a virtual imagination subject，Show diversification、Diversified、Decentralization features。So，Some scholars are even worried that the subject will be like Foucault say in "Words and Things"，Become a face that was erased on the beach。

So，Does the person as the subject really die like Foucault predicted? I don't agree with this view。In the current second media era，Human technical media survival becomes an established reality，The main body is on the edge of the elimination，floating in the virtual symbol world。But the construction of the subject is completed in the way of human communication and interaction structure，This is exactly the essence of the media。Internet space provides an unprecedented interaction for human communication，This kind of interaction accelerates the formation of "subjectivity"。So，The subject of the second media era is no longer a single subject based on the same sex，Instead, it exists in the "main nature" of the Internet as a public space。Although this "inter -subjective" has a certain virtual component，But it is also this virtuality that allows the subject to escape the rational control of modern tools，Release the true self，Therefore, the main body of the training of media technical regulations turned into a heterogeneous resistance body。From another level，Although three major media changes have appeared in human civilization，But the relationship between the three is not a successive existence of broken，but coexist in the current multi -dimensional media interface。This makes it disperse、Diverse subjects are about to be from the blockchain、Virtual reality、The third media era of artificial intelligence technology still has room Bet365 app download for survival，It also allows us to still look forward to the free survival of the subject。

　　(This article is the central university's basic scientific research business fee special fund funding project "information social ideology mechanism transformation and governance path research" (20QT004) phase sex)

(Author Unit: Philosophy of the Department of Marxism at Northeast Normal University)