People forget the promise、Forget the birthday of marriage or relatives is often blamed，Remembering these in mind will be praised。Although people often think that it is praised，Forgotten is to be blamed，Sometimes it is just the opposite。such as，If I only remember the damage caused by others to me，But I don’t remember the damage I have caused to others，It may cause me to intensify my behavior of others。So，The memory here should be blamed to a certain extent，Because memory reflects the situation unjustly。If I forgot those crimes that had violated me，Remember that these will hurt me and others，So forgetting here seems to be worthy of recognition。Although memory and forgetting are usually the object of moral evaluation，But what's surprising is，The role of memory and forgetting in ethics has not been fully explored。

We are used to the corresponding comparison of praise and accusations and remembrance and forgetting，But it does not mean that this approach is appropriate or legitimate。Ethics about memory examines the practice of praise and accusations to remembers and forgotten。In this article，I will introduce six questions about memory and forgetful ethics，and put forward some of their own views: 1. The essence of moral responsibility; 2. Moral responsibility of memory and forgetfulness; 3. collective memory and forgotten ethics issues; 4. Memory modification ethical issues; 5. forget right and wrong and wrong The difference between between; 6. Amnesia and defense of punishment。

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The theory of moral responsibility gives a specific explanation for the condition of praise or accusation of a certain behavior。accusations consisting of a series of emotional reactions。When we feel dissatisfied with someone or feel angry because of something，I will blame him to do something wrong; when we feel guilty of our behavior，I will also feel self -blame for myself。When someone has a negative emotional response due to a certain action and the response is appropriate or reasonable，He should take responsibility for doing this。There are two interpretation theories on the blame of forgotten: tracking interpretation and attribution interpretation。

According to the theory of tracking and interpretation，As long as the wrong behavior can be traced back to the earlier selection or action of the subject, bet365 Play online games and the subject was previously controlled by those choices or action，Even if the subject was unable to control its wrong behavior at the time，It should also be responsible for morality。Follow the classic terms of Holly M. Smith，We can say that，Tracking and interpretation of unfitting behaviors of ignorance involves two behaviors involving two behaviors: an ignorant behavior and an unintentional improper behavior that occurs later。ignorant behavior refers to the "behavior that the subject cannot improve (or active damage) in it"，So I then completed the inadvertent improper behavior。Tracking and Explanation Theory Explain that when a person is in action，Even when it lacks some kind of control or knowledge that is vital to moral responsibility，How to be responsible for this behavior。In this case，The claim of responsibility can be confirmed by the decision made by the decision that the subject lacks control and the knowledge is not damaged.。According to the theory of tracking interpretation，If we respond to our ignorance or unintentional responsibility，It is also responsible for ignorance and unintentional behavior。

Tracking explanation theory is a strong explanation strategy，It can be used to explain why even the subject who does not know what to do is wrong and cannot control your behavior when acting，There are also reasons to claim that their moral responsibility should be investigated。but，Think that the theory of tracking and interpretation can explain that all the forgetful cases that should be blamed are also doubtful。Obviously，In some cases of improper behavior，Even if the improper behavior cannot be traced back to the past behavior or negligence that constitutes the current moral responsibility，Action subjects should also be responsible for intuitive。such as，Matthew Talbert believes，"At least there may be some amnesia or unconscious behavior subjects, even if they are not evil before, they should be responsible for the corresponding action"。

In view of the existence of some harmful forgotten cases，Among them, before the subject accidentally did improper behavior，No full reason to question the reliability of their memory，Therefore, we need to find different moral responsibility explanations。Under the circumstances that improper behavior cannot be traced back to ignorance，How should we explain the responsibility of harmful and forgotten? We need to abandon autonomy and control conditions，Considering the possible theory of interpretation of other alternative moral liability will。

Attributional point of view, think，The subject is appropriately accused bet365 best casino games or praised because of its behavior and does not need to meet control and consciousness conditions。According to attribution，It is advocated that a subject should be blamed due to their improper behavior. This behavior attributes this behavior to the attitude of the subject and its attitude towards others。If an act is an emotional response of the subject、The performance of the spontaneous attitude and values，Then it can be attributed to this subject。Although emotional reactions and attitudes are not voluntary，But it can also make us understand the moral personality of the subject。Sometimes，The scenes presented by these reactions and attitudes are even clearer than the scenes presented by the subject of the subject，The latter may cover the real emotion due to certain strategic reasons。

According to attribution，If the memory disappears, the attitude of the action subject to others，Then you should be blamed。such as，If the subject of the action does not recognize your fault，And after learning that my memory has passed away, I still did not show apologies，Then the behavior can reflect the attitude of the subject to others。Since the subject does not feel the necessity of apology，They will ignore their behavior to affect others。

No doubt，In the above case，The explanation strategy of attributionism is reasonable。but，In some cases，Harmful forgetting will also make the subject's attitude towards others meaningless。Why do we have to assume that improper behavior always reflects the moral character of the subject? What is worrying is，Attribution of attributionism for forgetfulness，It may make us misunderstand their moral character in order to blame the inappropriate behavior of the subject。For this，I proposed a comprehensive position，That is, some harmful forgotten and applicable tracking theory to explain，and other harmful forgottenness applications for explanation。

　　Moral responsibility for memory and forgetfulness

Although many philosophers have stated their responsibilities and obligations of memory and forgetfulness，But no one tries to express a universal rule。This universal rule needs to be clear，What should we do and avoid moral -related memory behaviors，How to make people responsible for such memory behaviors。

On the surface,，Remember or forget，Whether it is directly caused by damage or adverse moral decisions, it indirectly causes damage，All should be accused。Generally speaking，(Whether there is the assistance of external tools) We should remember those events and moments that may be hurt by our forgotten; Heart。The exception of the above rules is，We Bet365 app download deliberately constructed or store certain fictional memories in order to hurt others。Obviously, we should remember accurate memory rather than errors。Needless doubt，How to properly determine which factors are important to those who may be hurt，and what should be seriously treated may cause controversy。

Sometimes，The question is forgotten what is not remembering what you remember。Evidence that intentionally re -repeat the pain and suppression of the past may lead to empathy，I will distort the past，This may lead to harmful decisions。So，We should not repeat the pain of the past in the way of being worried，should be constructed more peacefully、Memory with lighter damage。The difficulty of this rule is，In some cases，People should not always hate，At the same time, you should not "forgive and forget"。Painful memories may also help us learn a lot。

People can learn from the improper behavior of the past，The important thing is，Remember this。Forgotten that your fault will lead to moral arrogance (wrong representation of moral value)，and cannot reduce the consequences of the improper behavior of the past。So，The important thing is，People must remember their past wrong behaviors，to avoid further damage。and，If a person knows that his memory recession will cause serious difficulties when you have a satisfactory memory behavior in morally，So you should avoid putting yourself in a situation where it may cause harm，or take external measures to make up for your memory recession。

　　Ethics of collective memory and collective forgotten

The concept of collective memory is proposed by sociologist Maurice Halbwachs in the early 20th century。Habwah claim，The existence of individual memory depends on social groups，Even when recalling alone，People also think from the perspective of society or from the purpose of social purposes。There are multiple phenomena aggregates in collective memory，The characteristics of these phenomena cover the continuous process from collective memory to collective memory。Collective memory is the aggregation or sharing of individual memory of group members。Comparison of comparison，Collective memory has group、Cultural or Social attributes，Unable to restore individual memory of group members。Even if no members have corresponding individual memories，You can also remember some content collectively。

Despite the increasing number of literature on collective memory ethics，But people still know nothing about the generalization of moral characters in the formation of individual actors in collective memory。Bet365 app download What is this rule? Collective memory indicates important concern of a society，So，Regarding what to remember and how to remember，It is clear that you must pay attention to the premise of reducing the old harm and avoiding new hazards。When constructing collective memory，We should work hard to include those who may suffer from harm due to incomplete memory，They should be regarded as legal members of the collective，should pay attention，Our construction will not cause selective public amnesia。Last，It is two important restrictions: we should not participate in the collective memory mechanism that forms or maintains collective resentment;，When others in the collective try to use a collective memory mechanism to make damage，Should try their best to stop them。

　　Ethics of memory modification

Many people want to have better memories。Some people want to stop or reduce memory loss，Some people want them to eliminate some painful memories。In addition to "low technology" means (sleep、Sports、Psychotherapy, etc.) can improve memory or reduce pain memory，More and more "high -tech" means promise to control memory in a more accurate way。For example，Stimulants such as Linlin and Modotici can strengthen the consolidation of memory，Deep brain irritation can also achieve memory enhancement。At the same time，East 莨、Pharmaceuticals such as benzodiazine and kinase inhibitors have been found to hinder memory consolidation。Last，There is sufficient evidence to indicate，New memories and error memories can be induced。

Memory modification technology has caused many ethical problems。Memory modification technology may cause damage to itself by rejecting to some important truths，Make us lose our real self，Affecting our moral response，Reduce our self -knowledge，Prevent us from fulfilling the obligation to ourselves and others，Increase the moral responsibility that does not exist。other，Common problems in some scientific and technological ethics，The same exists in memory modification technology。

　　Forget the difference between right and wrong

According to Gilbert Ryle's point of view，Although non -moral knowledge is at least in principle, it will be lost due to forgotten，But some people admit that this is ridiculous: "I used to know the difference between the two and the wrong，But I have forgotten。"，Why is such words and behaviors ridiculous? Lyr's confusion caused a common problem，Is the ignorance of the exemption and morality be justified? Ignorance of non -moral facts (de facto ignorance)，Obviously it can be exempted。But will the moral ignorance be the same?

About this question，The bet365 live casino games general view is，The ignorance of the exemption and the wrong or wrong can be justified。Critics think，Moral ignorance cannot be a sufficient reason for a sufficient justification，Because it is to be blamed。I think，Disputes of the current and ignorant of moral ignorance often lack a proper understanding of the process of forgetting people for forgetting to be different from wrong。When carefully considering the process of forgetting the correct moral theory or obtaining distorted moral theory，Very obvious，The current prerequisite for the mistakes of moral ignorance，That is to justify the reasons to exempt the role of a hammer。Finding the reason for justification means exemption。But，The reason for the justification is not in essence，Instead of points: weaker or stronger，can reduce the responsibility more or less。I will discuss the strength of the reason for the reason for the reason，Reduce responsibility and reasons for justification、Basic concepts such as forgetting and moral responsibility。My basic ideas have opened up in principle for two different positions in the current literature。Moral ignorance may become a reason for the exemption，But it can not be the reason for the crime of breaking the evacuation。

　　Amnesia and defending punishment

　　Some criminal criminals claim to be amnesia for their criminal acts。This raises a surprising but not fully researching question，If the criminal really has no memory of criminal acts，So is there any problem with criminal punishment。According to the perspective of utilitarianism，The effectiveness of the consequences provides a reason for the legitimacy of the defense。In the context of utilitarianism，Standard's effectiveness is the deterrent force of criminals，Compensation of the victim，The behavioral ability of deprivation of criminals，Transformation and rescue of criminals。So，From the perspective of utilitarianism，Regardless of whether the offender remembers his own crime，The policy of punishing their punishment is that they can be reasonably defended。

If we want to clarify the above intuition，That is to punish those who do not remember their crimes are problems，So compared with utilitarian，Punishmentism is a better way to enter。According to punishmentism，The goal of punishment is to make criminals feel guilty or blame and regret it.。If before and after the criminal act,，The criminal has no memory of the behavior itself and its own psychological activity，So they have no possibility of repentance。If there is no possibility bet365 live casino games of repentance，Then there is no reason for punishment。A problem existing in this type of argument，It is also suitable for mental patients who never feel guilty and self -blame。but，The intuition of our opposition to punishing patients with amnesia will not be transferred to a case of punishing mental patients。

In my opinion，The idea of ​​punitiveism is correct，But I did not find the real cause of no repentance in patients with amnesia。The reason why patients with amnesia have problems，Not because patients with amnesia cannot feel guilty and self -blame，but because they cannot fully understand the cause behind this pain。I don't understand the cause of my pain，is a greater damage beyond the original pain。Promoting people think that punishment for amnesia patients is a problem with problems.，That is, the legislature should not impose the pain that does not understand to the criminals。So far，End my discussion on the six issues of memory and forgetful ethics。

　　(Author Unit: Cologne University, Germany、University of California; Translator Unit: Department of Philosophy of East China Normal University)