Since the 20th century，About various doctrines controlled by people are endless。but but，Even the technical decisionist，It will also think that humans always save themselves。

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Lewis Mumford emphasizes，The decisive role of the technology is only superficial phenomenon，It is the evil fruit caused by human negligence。The negligence of a person，In terms of Mangford's terms，Machine Ideology replaced the organic ideology (Organic Ideology)。Since the Middle Ages' monks have moved with clock standards，The concept of the machine spreads out，People start to believe in quantification、The mechanical world independent of people。Machinery World Standardization Control，Eventually leading to surrender in front of the machine，It has become a machine extension。but but，Mangford refuses to be determined by the machine，He believes that it may return to organic concept，is restored to the original balance stage -the technical generally focuses on daily life，Not the Phantom of Life。

Here，Mangford encountered a difficulty: since human action and thinking have been left and right，So how do people get rid of the concept of machine and regain organic concepts? Later media environmental scholars are like Mangford，I encountered the paradox of "Salvation": Since the new technology has destroyed the tradition of thinking and rationality established by printing，Bet365 lotto review How can we "save" ourselves with the "poisonous" brain? If you can "save"，Does it deny the actual damage caused by new technologies?

This question makes Mangford ask for help。He thinks，Although the concept of machine has spread all over the world，But no matter what the technology develops to，People always have the free will to choose the way to survive; no matter how historical development，It depends on to what extent the potential of human beings。"Once the world map of organic theory is called，The work goal of a complete economy will not be the wheel of humans into machines，And it will fully develop everyone's unlimited potential，Everyone can realize themselves、Self -transcendence，Solidated from being liberated from the state of the mechanical system too much。""，Mangford not only sets up a super -historical concept of human nature，And assume that humans have healthy values，Whenever humans encounter crises，It is necessary to return to the health values ​​of healthy to "save" the pathological civilization。

　　Humanist rescue scheme

Neil Postman's idea of ​​responding to the paradox of "Salvation" is basically the same as Mangford。First，History of human development is the history of technology gradually occupying the dominant position。Humans have experienced the era of tool use、The era of technical experts (Technocracy) and technical monopoly era。Times of Tools，People dominate technology，Artisans have high autonomy;，is the age of people and technology competing for dominance; the era of technical monopoly，Technology will get the final victory。Bet365 lotto review Next，We must "save" humans from technical monopolies，It must be restored to the state controlled by people，It must be assumed that people have the innate ability to return to traditional values。Traditional values，You can be traced back to the Neolithic era with Mangford，Pozman dates back to the 18th century。Last，The suggestion given by Polzman is，The heritage of the 18th century should be re -discovered and reclaimed、Literature and thought，Use rationally defeating superstitions。

Different from Mangford and Polizman，Paul Levinson thinks，People can actively control technology，It is not from the talent of human transcendence，It is a historical facts reflected in the history of media evolution: "People are the owner who actively controls the media。Not being sent out in the media，Instead of issuing a order，Create the content of the media。content that has created by others，People have unprecedented self -selection capabilities。My media evolution theory can be called a theory of ‘anthropotropic)。”

Lvinson outlines a picture of the new thousand years of information (Information Millennium) in the early 21st century，Guide people how to better make the media consistent with humanity。But not everyone agrees with this picture。Just ten years later，Nicholas Carr published "Shallow -How to poison the Internet"，It is pointed out that the Internet has changed our thinking habits when we conform to our wishes。On the surface，It is a person that makes the Internet more and more meets user needs，But in fact this "humanization trend" brings disaster to the brain。This is exactly the state of unknowing bet365 Play online games people described by Mangford under the shroud of machine concepts。but but，Carl's solution has not surpassed Mangford Humanism.，Finally, the part of the most impossible for people to be replaced by the computer -reasoning、understand、Memory and Emotional Ability。

In short，Mangford and other scholars have established the ability of human self -salvation as a prerequisite for humans that will never be controlled by technology。The meaning of promising self -saving ability，It is not to increase the theory or knowledge of related technology，And in practice to overcome the paradox of "rescue"，Let people see hope under the crushing of technology。

　　Rescue scheme of non -human center

For a long time，When people are thinking about technology，Often thinking about the meaning of technology to people。Why do humans need technology? It is because human physical potential is extremely limited，Can't cope with nature with its own strength。From the perspective of this human center theory，Technology is essentially a human extension that follows the laws of saving power: technology passes through tools (TOOL)、Machine (Machine) and Automata (AUTOMATA)，Not only liberated human hands and feet，and liberated the brain。

At the automatic machine stage，Many scholars recognize，Human -centered perspective is hard to see the nature of technology。Jacques Ellul believes，Technology is independent of man (Independent of Man HimSelf) -s is not to say that technology will replace humans，Instead, human beings can no longer restrict or tame technology。Humans under technical control have the inevitability Bet365 app download of corruption (Necessity)，If you want to get freedom from the technical devil's hands，The purpose of the transcendence set by God must believe in God。Compared to human self -rescue solutions，Eruel's theology "His Rescue Plan" seems to echo fewer people，It can be said that it has been put on the edge of academic。but but，Maybe we should see the thinking dimension that Eruel opened outside the human center theory。

Technology is essentially independent of people，Not just guess，but the actual social phenomenon。Norbert Wiener (Norbert Wiener) pointed out in the "Control theory" published in 1948，Have memory、The automatic machine of learning ability is not scientific fantasy，Thermostat、Automatic compass driving ship system、Automatically advance missile、Air defense fire control system、Automatic control of automatic control of petroleum cracking distillers and ultra -high -speed computers already exist。Of course，Independence mentioned in Venna、Automatic technology，Mainly refers to technology with self -regulation、The ability of self -proliferation，There is still a lot of distance from human autonomy。The people we say everyday make a decision，Refers to the willingness of people to achieve some purpose，Reflected human free will。The automatic machine described by Wiener does not have a purpose that belongs to it，Its autonomy is only reflected in the ability of self -feedback，Therefore。

substantial autonomy，You should understand the purpose and meaning of your own existence。How can technology understand itself? perhaps，Many people today have the belief that "people are the purpose"bet365 Play online games .。But，With the continuous development of science and technology，Humanisticism may be more and more trapped in the situation of "crisis"。complex science founder Brian Arthur pointed out: "The current mainstream technology is a system or a functional network，A kind of "object -execution -object" metabolism，It can perceive the environment and make appropriate reactions by adjusting itself ... In fact，In the future, such a system will not only compose itself、Self -optimized、Have cognitive ability，Can also be integrated、Self -repair and self -protection。”

We measure people with Arthur's technical system scale，I will find that people can not only become the controller of the technical system，Instead, it is just an organic version of this system: the human body corresponds to the "object"，Human neural activity is "execution"。This，Human wisdom is redefined as an algorithm，The entire human body can be defined as an organic technology system or an information processor。Information processor needs to be continuously replaced with upgrade，Given that the computing power of the inorganic body is much higher than the organic body，There seems to be only one upgrade path left to people: from organic to inorganic or higher forms，Otherwise, it will be reduced to the processed information。Perhaps，We will have to admit that Eruel has a foresight: if people just trust their own talents，Self -growth of onlookers，Let the technology move along its own route，instead of seeking its own upgrade，It will "reduce the level of catalyst"。

　　(This article is the National Social Science Fund Youth Project "Research on German Media Philosophy since the 1980s" (19CXW014) phased achievement)

(Author Unit: School of Journalism and Communication of Qingdao University)