Scientific knowledge Sociology formed in the 1970s，Inherited the tradition of knowledge sociology，Focus on the analysis of scientific knowledge，By the beginning of the 21st century，It has become a new research hot spot，and most of them belong to the category of "postponism"。About the "internal" and "external" problems of science，In the study of scientific history research, there are two opposite views of internal history and foreign history theory。To eliminate the boundaries between the two，Scientific knowledge Sociology made some attempts from the direction of specific science。

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Internal history theory advocates that the essence of science is simple、Conceptual、Intelligence、Cognitive，It is believed that the history of science is a logical history of internal thought (no matter what the internal entry)。It seems that those in the history theory of history，Scientific external factors include politics、Economy、Society, etc.，The formation of scientific knowledge and the promotion of scientific development are small，In some cases，Bad external factors may also limit and obstruct science process。

For foreign history theories，Scientific external can directly affect the internal of science。From the perspective of those who are foreign Bet365 app download history，Although science really has internal internal content composed of content and cognition，But we cannot ignore the colorful and complex society and other external factors，Always affect or shape the nature and development direction of scientific internal knowledge。If the perspective of classic Marxist history theory，That is, the way to explain science comes from changes in economic and social structures。

The controversy between the internal history theory and the foreign history theory is still continuing to this day，The very important reason is，They have always adhered to the two basic assumptions in the history of science: First, the "internal" of science is only from the perspective、Theoretical and methods of theory and methods; the second is that there are some unique "science"。

　　The "internal" and "external" of specific science

From the perspective of scientific knowledge sociology，We cannot abstract the scientific "internal" or "external"，should be expressed as a specific scientific "internal" and "external"。as Thomas Samuel Kuhn said，Only some specific science (rather than abstract "science")，What should be studied is a variety of specific scientific history。Internal History Turists and Foreign History Turfuls are consistent with the internal assumptions of science，But this is often not the "internal" method of the scientific research of its research。our new understanding of the "internal" of science，It is not just a point of view、Theory、Method and other thoughtful things，And there is also a social system。We have to pay Bet365 app download attention to people in the history of social and social systems in the history of science，As a person of a specific scientific professional practitioner。

Understand from this perspective，We can realize that any specific scientific interior is a small sub -society or a sub -culture in a large society，and，As a sub -society or sub -culture，The specific science of this door has a specific social nature and social structure。For example，There is a certain level of power and resources in such a sub -society or sub -culture: some people control resources，Some people lack resources。In the specific social structure composed of the specific scientific composition of the door，Some people have some expertise，Other people have other expertise。For example，Galileo has almost no talent in mathematics，but Capeler is very talented on it，Dan Gali is better than Cherry in this sub -society or sub -culture，That is the ability to use telescope very well，This is very helpful for Galileo to play a certain role in astronomical social organizations。If we look at the "internal" of science from this perspective，It can eliminate the traditional controversy of internal history and foreign history theory。

If any specific scientific interior is a sub -society or a sub -culture，Is a small social system，So，What will happen to the "internal" of science? In the "Internal" of Science，Experts are trying to put forward the claims about various scientific facts and theories，Also constructed、Beautify and spread their opinions，At the same time, it is also adopted by their respective views、Refusal、bet365 Play online games The process of negotiation or improvement。This is actually a game -every expert needs to be committed to letting people at that time accept the phenomenon or the theory that they observe。

If we use these as a "discovery" problem to study，So on what is the question about the "internal" and "external" of science，Internal history theory and foreign history are not understood deep enough。If each specific science is what we call a sub -society or a sub -culture，Then you must admit that such a fact: external forces may affect the content of scientific knowledge，or the direction of the construction and negotiation process that affects the knowledge that occurs in science。So，From this perspective，Internal historical theory of internal history is not reasonable，The views of those who are foreign history are a bit reasonable。But those who have the idea of ​​"external" of science are too strong，They always think，Scientific external forces directly lead to and affect theoretical and viewpoints that affect internal science。If the facts are what foreign history theory says，So science cannot be a sub -society or a sub -culture，Instead, the product that directly acts on the content of the external force (the direct product of the casting and forging process in the mint is the same)。Foreign History Theory usually has not seriously considers two questions: 1. At a specific time point，What kind of external forces directly affect a specific science? 2. Under certain circumstances，The process of proposed or abandoned knowledge proposition among expert members of a specific scientific sub -society or sub -culture experts，How is it affected by those external drive factors Bet365 lotto review that are considered? Many experiences indicate，The scientific field has never been a product that works directly in the external social environment，Otherwise, science will not be a semi -autonomous small social system with any substantial significance，and the scientific community does not exist。

　　Social Construction of Special Asian Culture Internal Scientific Knowledge

Start from the direction of specific science，We have a new understanding of the "internal" and "external" of science: the interior of science is a micro -culture of society and politics，and the outer of science is any internal factors that affect science that can find in the social environment。Robert King Merton from scientific external research to internal research，The division of the internal and external of science proposes its own claims: internal social relationships involved in the scientific system or internal organization，The relationship between science and other social factors involved，The two are relatively independent and lack of micro research on the formation of scientific knowledge。and we think，The interior and outside of science are now penetrated with each other，No clear boundary。Through many experience research，People can clearly see，Under a certain situation，Specific science at any specific historical stage at each door，How does the interior and outside affect each other。

For the "internal" and "external" of this redefining science，People may be accustomed to the views of scientific knowledge sociology: emphasize the social construction of scientific knowledge in the internal and external bet365 live casino games scientific knowledge of specific sub -culture。First，Scientific knowledge Sociology believes that scientific objects or scientific phenomena are not pure objective reality，but social construction。As Steve Woolgar said: "The production of phenomenon not only depends on the device，They are all made by everything used by the laboratory。With the help of the recorder，People can create human reality，The manufacturer describes the artificial reality as an objective entity。""，Scientific knowledge Sociology believes that various social factors, especially social interests, determine the construction process of scientific knowledge，Especially politics、Economy、The role of social factors of power。

Visible，Scientific knowledge Sociology Focus on Specific Science Asian Culture，A new perspective with a social construction view of scientific knowledge。This is conducive to transcending the traditional dual division，Can better connect the scientific "internal" and "external"。

　　(This article is the central university's basic scientific research business fee project · Huaqiao University University of Philosophy and Social Sciences Young Scholars Growth Engineering Project "Social Construction Research on Social Construction of Modern Scientific and Technological Innovation" (20skgc-QT03) phase results)

(Author Unit: School of Philosophy and Social Development of Overseas Chinese University)