Now，More and more manufacturers have joined the ranks of autonomous vehicles，Autonomous driving era or get closer to us。But，In the early stages of artificial intelligence design autonomous driving decision -making system，I have encountered ethical problems similar to "tram problems"，It is still an incredible obstacle。

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"Tram Termic Questions" is a dilemma of morality experiments from PHILIPPA FOOT，The specific plot is: A tram with a braking brakes is about to kill 5 people on the track ahead，To save these 5 people，You can move the road fork to make the tram a change，But this will hit one person on the fork，How should I choose at this time? If according to the maximum happiness principle of utilitarianism，Or should choose to move the road for one for one rescue five。So，The scene becomes a time when the scene becomes 5 people seeing the out of the track that is about to kill the track in front of the orbit，If you can push the fat man beside him, you can stop the tram，Also achieve one rescue five，Are you still willing to do this? Since most answers will change their mind at this time，No longer continue to adhere to the choice of utilitarianism，In addition, the discussion that lasted for more than 50 years has not given a convincing answer，Then make this question a difficult question。

People generally think，The situation of "tram Bet365 app download problem" and its deformation，It will also appear after the self -driving car on the road，"Tram Difficulty" to become autonomous driving。For this，Various possible scenarios are imagined，Eventually it can be attributed to two typical situations。1. A self -driving car is driving normally according to traffic rules，Suddenly 2 children ran to the front of the lane，At this time there are only two choices in the car，How to make decisions? The first is to continue to kill these two children，Second is to avoid children rushing towards the sidewalk，Knight 1 Walker。This situation can be described as "his difficulties"，The choice is related to the safety of different people。2. When a self -driving car is driving normally to the entrance of the tunnel，Suddenly a child ran to the front of the lane，At this time, there are only two options for autonomous vehicles，How to make decisions? The first is to continue to kill the child straight，The second is the wall to a wall on a tunnel，Caused by people on the car。This situation can be described as "he and me"，The choice is related to the safety of people and others in the car。Due to the traditional "tram problem", there is no solution to date，And the above two dilemmas are also regarded as a "tram problem" that is regarded as autonomous driving，Therefore, the designer of the autonomous vehicle will also be trapped in a trap。

　　Plan analysis

When it is difficult to provide the theoretical correct answers in the difficult problem，Maybe you can use the method of change to solve the problem at the practical level。Autonomous driving "tram problem"，Reflected Bet365 app download conflicts of different moral principles。"His Dilemma" reflects the conflict of utilitarian principles and moral principles，That is the utilitarian person who will choose to rush to the sidewalk to save one to rescue two，Morals will choose to go to 2 children who are not suddenly changing the traffic rules that do not suddenly change the road。"His Dilemma" embodies the conflict between the principle of self -interest and the principle of altruism，That is the self -istist who will choose to continue to kill the child，Lisiaists will choose to hit the wall to sacrifice themselves to protect children。

So，Some researchers have proposed，May wish to design the autonomous driving system based on different moral principles，Let the user choose independently according to their own preference，to avoid the conflict of moral principles。but，People on the car sometimes more than one car owner，If there are people who prefer different moral principles from the owner，The conflict of different moral principles still exists。other，Since a self -istist may be the utilitarian，It may also be a moralist，and a altruistist may be both utilitarian，It may also be a moralist，This also leaks this plan。So，Decision system for designing autonomous vehicles according to the user's moral tendency，Still unable to avoid moral dilemma。

Another person proposed，This problem can be given to the government authoritative government，The government decides to uniformly design the decision -making system of autonomous vehicles in accordance with what moral principles.。But，bet365 best casino games In the case of a reasonable way to deal with the dilemma of the dilemma of autonomous driving in the academic community，What can the government decide? This is just a random decision without hardship。Another disadvantage is，If the government allows the government to legalize the moral principles，What moral principles do people follow with legislative hard regulations，It is also deprived of people's basic moral freedom choice right。

　　Countermeasures

Since the method of changing and several plans is not feasible，At present, there is no new effective solution to propose，Does this mean the "tram problem" of autonomous driving is the same as the traditional "tram problem"，Is it a problem without solution? it's not true。In the traditional "tram problem", there is a setting of brake failure，There are only two choices。and the "tram problem" of autonomous driving without the setting of the brake failure，Therefore, it is not actually only two options，Instead, there is also a choice that allows the car emergency brake to reduce speed。Based on this choice, there will be three possibilities，First, the person who did not hit the car suddenly，The second is to hurt him，Three still killed him。This reduces the probability of killing this person，At the same time, you don't have to let the car rush to the sidewalk to sacrifice passersby or hit the tunnel wall to sacrifice the car on the car，It is obviously better than the above two choices in terms of effect，That is the break in、Crossing people or walls。and，The choice is still in line with the traffic rules that do not suddenly change to Bet365 app download the database，can better clarify the responsibility issues。

From theoretically,，This option is in line with the utilitarian principle that only pays the minimum price，It is in line with the moral principles that do not violate traffic rules，Do not be criticized by those who are not fond of any of the moral principles。The place that may be questioned is，Analysis of the above reasons, especially the analysis of responsibility，Based on the principle of self -interest in passengers。But，Because the nature of human nature is an objective fact, not evil，Because altruism belongs to the advocated high -line morality rather than the bottom line morality，Even if it is not respond, it is considered a legitimate，So there is nothing wrong with the principle of self -interest。and，In a real society，Who would be willing to buy autonomous cars without preferentially to ensure the safety of people on the car?

Since facing the ethical problem of autonomous driving，The option for emergency braking is so good，Then try to improve the level of autonomous driving system in time to discover the level of emergencies and the efficiency of vehicle emergency braking，It is an effective measure to prevent and avoid autonomous driving.。For this，Start from two aspects，First, avoid the emergence of "tram problems" from technically，Second, it provides a better solution for the "tram problem" that cannot be avoided from the decision -making system。

In terms of providing better solutions，In addition to the design of the above decision -making，Also supplement two basic content。First, when someone suddenly bet365 Play online games rushed to the front of the car，If you have calculated the emergency brakes, you will hit this person，So，As long as the vehicle changes at this time, it will not hurt others，I won't hurt the people on the car，You can make the autonomous driving system decide like this，Because this does not cause any damage，is the best result。Second, when there are large vehicles，Whether it is a load or a big bus，Or it will collide with the car suddenly due to a red light or suddenly appear in front of the car，This will lead to the time when the car is destroyed，The decision system of this car should be able to choose to change the line，Not emergency brakes，Turning the turn of the car will not cause or cause the minimum damage to avoid being hit。Such a decision -making system for designing autonomous vehicles，Also due to the principle of self -interest priority for this car。This decision can ensure the safety of the car，Second, you can better clarify responsibilities。

After the above discussion, we can know，Although the traditional "tram problem" has not been solved，But the "tram problem" of autonomous driving is actually different，The third choice exists，It can have a better solution。Only when the car driving cars also have a brake failure in the emergencies，Only the traditional "tram problem" is more similar。So，We should set up a more effective and stable emergency brake device to add more effective and stable vehicles in advance，and enhance other various security measures，"Treatment of Diseases" before the problem occurred。

　　(Author Unit: School of Philosophy at Huazhong University of Science and Technology)