Tong History and Trigema History are two main forms written by history，Different from the understanding of the history of the general history and the history of the interrogation，For a long time。In the Han Dynasty，It aims to be "Time，Change of ancient and modern，Sima Qian，Write the first history of the history of Chinese history- "Historical Records"，Narrative Chinese history from the legendary Huangdi to Emperor Hanwu。Ban Gu does not agree with the Historical Records of the History of the Han Dynasty，In his opinion，"Han Shao Yao Yun，Emperor Jianye，As for the VI "，Sima Qian will "compile the end of the hundred kings，Toilet in Qin、List of items "，Failure to highlight the historical status of the Han Dynasty。Bang Han's "Han Book" was broken Han as a history，"Qi Yuan Gao Zu，Finally Xiaoping Wang Mangzhi "，to highlight the Han Dynasty "orthodox orthodox that day，Returning of the Return of the Crab "(" The Book of Benbiao Biography "in" The Book of Benbiao "in" The Book of the Han Dynasty "is attached to the Banggu Biography)，Become the first history of the discipline of the biography。

Since then，Scholars or the history of the history of the history of the history of the history，No sincerity is，Different litigation，Different litigation。Liu Zhiji respects the history of interruption，Opposition to the history，Accusations of "rare things，and the words of the words "，"Then the scholars would rather Xi Xi this book，and the new record "(" Shitong "Volume 1" Six Family ")。Zheng Yan advocates the history of general，Strike the history of disconnection。Its commendation Sima Qian is well versed in "the purpose of meeting"，Can "" Poetry "," Book "," Zuo Zhuan "," Mandarin "," World Ben "," Warring States Policy "," Chu Han Spring and Autumn "，Tong Huangdi、Yao、Shun，As for the Qin and Han Dynasties，Lechong a book "; accusations of Ban Gu" Broken Han as a book，Is the cause of Zhou Qin unsatisfactory，Ancient and modern interval "，Then make the "Tong Tong Way，Lost since then "。At the same time，Criticize the historian who is suppressed by Yangban。"What the history of the history is abandoned and used to use solid，Liu Zhizhi's respected class and suppress the horse! "(" Tongzhi · General Preface ") Zhang Xuecheng advocates writing the history of Tong，On the one hand, the interpretation of the "meaning of history" proposed by Zheng Yan，The concept of refining the "Historian style"。On the other hand, for Liu Zhi's so -called general history book "Rare and Different Text，The saying of Rao Rao Rao "The saying，Point out "Historic Books Following Follow，It may not be seen; specialized karma，Unique，It doesn't seem to seem "，The preciousness of the history lies in the "Outstanding Fame，See you alone "，And proposed that there are six stools and two chiefs ("Cultural History" Volume 4 "Shi Tong")。Looking at the bet365 live casino games history of scholars、Discussion of the history of the intergeneration，It is not difficult to find，This argument reflects the difference between the purpose of writing the purpose of the historian and examining the historical perspective。The historian who aims to "change ancient and modern"，Focusing on it will be Tong，Therefore, it is advocated to write a general history; it is a historian who is intended to the "package generation"，The Establishment of the whole generation of the whole generation，Therefore, it is required to be disconnected into history。

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"Change of Ancient and Modern" is one of the goals of Sima Qian's writing "Historical Records"。Method for achieving this goal，It is "the old smell of disappointment in the world，Wang Zhi Xing，Original check -in，See the prosperity and decline "，"Pickup and replenishment，The saying of a family，Six Classics of Six Classics，Neat and Hundred Family Miscellaneous Sentences "(" Historical Records "Volume 130" Taishong Gong's Self -preface ")。The so -called "Six Classics" Six Classics，Neiqi hundreds of miscellaneous words "，Is the collection and sorting of literature，Requires the "Six Classics" different pass、Baijia miscellaneous molten cast as a family words。and "Primitive Charity，See the prosperity and decline "，is the perspective of examining history，Requires historical phenomena as a process，Examine its development and changes in this process。So，History must be grasped as a process of development，Explore the principle of development and change。"On the trip of the exam，Push three generations，Record Qin Han，down to Zizi，down to Zizi。"(" Historical Records "Volume 130" Tai Shigong's Fine Preface ") As for the history of the Han Dynasty，From the perspective of Sima Qian, it is just a stage in historical development，"Victoria and I Hanji Five Emperors Flow，Take the Three Generations of the Three Generations "。

Zhang Xuecheng once praised the "Historical Records" "Agent、Cage Baijia "(" Literature History "Volume 5" Shen Zheng ")，Both aspects of the scope of historical writing and literature，It is affirmed that Sima Qian laid the scale of history。Since then，Scholars who are determined to "change ancient and modern" are mostly committed to writing in history，formed a "Tong History Style"。Du You aims to "discrete the ancients，It is suitable for today，Both disadvantages and change "，Write the history of the code system "Tong Dian"。Ma Duanlin believes that the "Code Scriptures，Those who are the reality also "，It should be "fused and intricate、Primitive Ending "method，Push out "The reason for its change of relaxation"，I wrote "Literature Test" on the basis of Du You。Zheng Yan emphasizes "the meaning of meeting"，Determination of the book of the world as a book，Write the general history of ancient and modern "Tongzhi"。Contemporary scholars inspect the ancient Chinese history tradition，once pointed out: "Not through the change of ancient and modern，There Bet365 lotto review is no history of words "(Shi Ding:" Say "Tong" "，"Research on History History" 1989, No. 2)，and regard "the change of ancient and modern" as the spirit of the history of the general history (Liu Jiahe: "On the History of the Tong"，"Research on History History" 2002, No. 4)。It can be said in turn，Only historians with "changes in ancient and modern"，will it be committed to writing in history。

20th Century，The historian has developed the purpose of the writing of "the change of ancient and modern" into the law of historical development in the revolutionary change，Therefore, it is also advocated to write a general history。In their opinion，Tongshi can show the principle of social evolution and development，Inspiration of national patriotism，It is difficult to achieve this goal。Zhang Taiyan pointed out: "Steal with the history of today，If it is specially a generation，Non -independent difficulty to send new theory，but the facts have no detailed survey。"" Those who are expensive，Inherent two aspects: one party is mainly based on the principle of inventing social and political evolution and decline，Seeing it in the Dian; one party is to encourage the people，Perspective Fang came to the main，It must also be in Ji Zhuan Zhi。"(Zhang Taiyan:" To the Book of Liang Qichao "，Edited by Tang Zhijun: "Selection of Zhang Taiyan Political Theory"，Zhonghua Book Company 1997 Edition) Xu Zhiheng will even be equivalent to the emperor's family genealogy with the dynasty as the break.，"Trigger，Symbols of the monarchy，It is the history of the DPRK instead of the history of the country。It is the family of the Twenty -Four Dynasties，How can I pass? "，"Journal of National Cermia" 1905, No. 6)。Liang Qichao wanted to grass in the early 20th century.，To help the development of patriotism。He believes that one dynasty is one history as the emperor's family tree，History of Non -National Movement，"The Historical Records" is the center of society as the history of society，Therefore, it is the history of the people; "Hanshu" below，The center with the history of the imperial room，From Shi Nai to the Emperor's Family "(Liang Qichao:" Chinese History Research Law · In the past of the Chinese history "，Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 2006)。20th Century，Many historians will write an ideal Chinese general history as their own pursuit。From the early 20th century, Liang Qichao advocated writing the history of China，Published to Bai Shouyi Volume "History of China"，The historian wrote more than a hundred Chinese -general history works。

　　The beginning and end of the first generation and the intergeneration of generations

Ban Gu pointed out in "Han Shu · Syrian": "I think it is the third generation of Tang Yu，Poetry Book and，Private work，Therefore, although Yao Shun's prosperity，There must be a desert，Then name it in future generations，Guande in Baiwang，Therefore, ‘Towery is successful，Huanwu has an article '! Han Shao Yaoyun，Emperor Jianye，As for the sixth generation，bet365 live casino games Shi Chen is pursuing merit，Private work，Edited at the end of the King，Toilet in Qin、List of items。After the beginning of the Taichu，阙 录 录，Therefore, explore the compilation before，I heard from the hearing，Using "Han Book"，Qiyuan Gaozu，Finally Xiaoping Wang Mangzhi。"(" Han Shu "Volume 100" Syrian ") This means，The three generations of Tang Yu can be famous for future generations，It is because there are classics that record their achievements。For "Han Shao Yao Yun，With the great achievements of the Emperor's Industry "，It should be described as a big pen.，The big man who makes "towering" is successful "，You can also "renew your articles"。So，He takes "Xuanhan" and uses the legitimacy of the Eastern Han Dynasty as the purpose of writing。To highlight the achievements of the Great Han，He breaks Han as a book，Change the history of Ji Chuan Tong to the history of Ji Chuan Breaking for Breaking the History。

Liu Zhi's "Hanshu" is very highly admired，Point out: "Since ancient times，History contains，"Shang Shu" records weekly，Final Qin Mu，"Spring and Autumn" Shuwen，Stop Ai Gong，"Chronicles" will not catch Wei Death，"Historical Records" is discussed at the beginning of the Han Dynasty。As "Han Book"，The first end of the west capital，The abolition of the poor Liu family，Package of the first generation，Written into a book。Words are refined，Things are very dense，So scholars look for，Easy to work。From the so far，Non -Miscons。"(" Shitong "Volume 1" Six Family ") He affirmed the achievement of" Hanshu "from two aspects: first，completely described the history of a dynasty。The previous historical book，Whether it is "Shang Shu" and "Spring and Autumn"，Or "Bamboo Book" "Historical Records"，Nothing can do this，This is Ban Gu's initiative。2，Rigid narrative，Rich in content，Easy to discuss scholars。This is the relatively general history。"Historical Records" "Multi -Gathering Old Notes"，"Miscellaneous Words"，"Therefore, the people who are viewed are rare，and the words of the words "。Since Emperor Liang Wu wrote "History"，This type of history book "Wanda is especially deep，Then the scholars would rather live this book，and the new record "。("Shitong" Volume 1 "Six") "Hanshu" narrative rigorous，Detailed text，Therefore, scholars are favorable for their merits。"Han Shu" became a model of later historians because of such advantages。Eastern Han Dynasty，Jue Yue changed the history of the Ji Chuan's "Han Book" to the chronicles of "Han Ji"。"Han Ji" "Syrian Zhi Ming，Discussion of Deep Bo，Extremely cure，The Righteousness of the Monarch and Minister "(" The Book of the Old Tang "Volume 62" Li Daliang Biography ")，Popularity。

Wei, Jin, Northern and Southern Dynasties and Sui and Tang Dynasties，Dragon history becomes the main manifestation of historical compilation。Liu Zhiji summarized this phenomenon as "class、荀 体，Strive first，I want to abolish it with one，solid is hard to sting bet365 best casino games "，And believes that "later author，No two ways "(" Shitong "Volume 2" Two Body ")。Liu Zhiji prefers the history of interrogation，Break vision in class、荀 体，Can't foresee the development of historical expression，Therefore, I thought "later author，No two ways "。But what he said "class、荀 体，Strive first，I want to abolish it with one，solid is hard to sting "，It is a summary of the development of historical development before the beginning of the Tang Dynasty。Yang Yizheng pointed out，Troubled History is suitable for the characteristics of the rise and fall of the Chinese historical dynasty，It is more convenient for collecting materials for the history of disconnection，Therefore, after "Han Book"，Disciplinary history continues to appear ("Yang Yizhen Chinese History History Lecture"，Tianjin Ancient Books Publishing House 2006 edition，p. 46)。

Director of Time and Talent

Tang Dynasty scholar Huang Fu 湜 In the article "The Division of Books"，For the relevant chronology、Consecration of the advantages and disadvantages of the second body，Point out: "The body of the good history，In the same。Editor -year、Ji Chuan，It is suitable for time，Talent's Ear，Why is it? "This means，Using chronicles or chronological history，It should be based on actual needs and the characteristics of the historian itself，No need to be stubborn。Although this is the discipline、Chronicles，You can also use the history of the general review and the history of the intergeneration。The historian writes the history of the general or the history of the interrogation，It is also "suitable for the time，Director of Talent "。

Generally speaking，The compilation of Tongshi often occurs after a significant change in society，huge social changes requires thinkers、Historians explain。Sima Qian "Historical Records"、Du You "Tong Dian"、Sima Guang "Zi Zhi Tong Jian"，Try to answer questions raised by the times。From the perspective of historical development，To a certain stage，There will also be requirements for writing history。Sima Guang pointed out，From Sima Qian、History books since Ban Gu，"There are many texts，I read it from the people of the cloth，As the master，There are 10,000 machines on the day，How to see it! "(Sima Guang's" Enter the Book ") The compilation of" Zi Zhi Tong Jian "is to solve the problem of reading history and difficulties。2040s，Wang Caochong pointed out: "Now is the famine era of Chinese general history，On the one hand, because of this hundred years，Internal and external problems，continued one after another，The country is in the stormy waves every day，Sometimes painful thoughts，I want to turn over the previous history，I thought the current borrowing mirror。On the one hand, because of the new history of Western in the Western，has been instilled in，All old history，It is not enough for the needs of the times，The desire of a scholar hate。"" (Wang Caochong: "Ideal History of China"，"University", 1942, Volume 1, No. 9) This is the development of social needs and historius，Explain the urgency of bet365 live casino games the historians of the early 20th century。Tong History "Its example comprehensively includes eternal，Better to a family，Non -learning is enough to pass，Article is enough to melt，It is difficult to become a book "(" Summary of Siku Quanshu · Tongzhi ")，To the historian is in talent、Learning、Knowledge has high requirements。Only a historian with general general，Only the history of the change of ancient and modern changes。The writing of Tong History is not only tied to "Shi Shi"，and tied to "Talent Director"。

Ban Shi History is also the product of the times，As Chen Qitai said，It is a reflection of historiography in the era of "Xuanhan"，As Chen Qitai said，"Summoning 'Hanshu' was born in the times" (Chen Qitai: "Building a Furto Monument — Bandu and" Han Shu "，Sanlian Bookstore 1994 edition)。Classes and Disciplinary History Time，It once pointed out "Only can we balance the generation，regarding a generation of political and economic culture as a unified whole，From its interconnection、Reconciliation of each other、Discussing its development in interaction，It is possible to write a more deeper history of disconnection "(lacquered man、Diao Peijun: "The Record of Professor Lishi"，"History Teaching Issues" 2000, No. 1)。This indicates that the historian must have the ability to "pack the generation"，Only to write the ideal of the ideal intergeneration。"It is suitable for the time，5622_5631，Tong History、The writing of the history of Dragical has shown different development trends in the history of history。

Historical researchers need "change of ancient and modern"，"The trip of the test，The principle of the success or failure of the success or failure "，"Kung Fu on the word" Pass "，Internal connection of various social phenomena，Pay attention to the development law that penetrates ancient and modern "(editor of Bai Shouyi:" History of China "，Shanghai People's Publishing House 2015 edition，Introduction Volume "Title")，It also needs to be the beginning and end of the generation，Detailed generation of prosperity。As Du Weiyun pointed out，General History can see the great history，Ban Shi History is the details of history。Historical torrent，Come from Guo Hao from the distance，Only history can show this torrent，But its detailed flow，is flooded。Ban Shi History is short in time，Historical Fine Stream，Rely on gathering。So，A large number of historical facts abandoned by the History，It is possible to keep it in the history of the interrogation。History is enriched，is the great achievement of the history of the interrogation。(Du Weiyun: "The History of Chinese History" first volume，Chapter 6 "The Development of History under the Prosperity of Meridity"，Business Press 2010 version)

Tong History、Bringing history is the appropriate form of history，The two complement each other，Not Liu Zhiji、Zheng Yong thinks that is the same as that is。If there is no basis for the history of the interrogation，It is difficult to generate high levels of general bet365 Play online games history;，Research on the history of Drague is also difficult to deepen。Fan Wenlan pointed out，Tong History should be directly connected、Based on Hengtong, I can do it，Requires the division of labor cooperation of historians nationwide，or research on the history of disconnection or special history，Promote mutual local research and comprehensive research，can I write the ideal Chinese general history。Qi Xia pointed out: "I think，The lack of a decent history of Chinese academic circles，An important reason is that there is insufficient research on the history of disconnect。"(Lache Man、Diao Peijun: "The Record of Professor Lishi"，"History Teaching Issues", No. 1, 2000) "There is no good history in China at present，Lack of decent Chinese history works，An important reason，It is because there is no good history of disconnection。"(Lishi:" Historical Research Law "，Hebei University Press, 2003 edition) At the same time，He also emphasizes the importance of the history of the history of the history of the history of the history，"Breaking the history of generations should be based on general history，History 'flow' cannot be broken，Otherwise, it will lose the meaning of the cause of the relationship "(Lache Man:" Historical Research Law ")。Bai Shouyi pointed out，Tong History and Term history are dialectical relationships，The foundation of no history of disconnection，Can't write general history; the basis of no history，Troubled history is not well written;，In turn, it also improves the level of history (Bai Shouyi: "Several Issues About History Work"，"Bai Shou Yi History Collection"，Beijing Normal University Press 1994 edition)。

(This article is a major research on the major research of the National Social Science Foundation "Basic theoretical Problems with Chinese Characteristics in the New Era" (18vxk006) phase results)

(The author is a professor at the School of History and Culture of Lanzhou University、Director of the Institute of History Theory and History)