Since the reform and opening up，Research on Political History in the Late Qing Dynasty in the late Qing Dynasty kept digging in depth，Already in political events、People and systems have achieved considerable research results，But the interaction between politics and international environment in the late Qing Dynasty still needs to be more in -depth.。After entering modern times，With Xili East Invasion，The in -depth intervention of the forces of the list is even about the Chinese political situation，The internal affairs of the late Qing Dynasty and diplomacy are closely related。So，It is necessary to further broaden the international vision of the political history of the late Qing Dynasty，Fully measures the impact of the external world on the politics of the late Qing Dynasty and the reaction force of politics in the late Qing Dynasty。This aspect can provide us with a new perspective、Supplement an important variable; on the other hand，It also helps to improve the impression of the late Qing Dynasty and the external world caused by the existing research paradigm，Incorporate the development of modern Chinese history into the overall research framework of the world，Show the historic face that was relatively ignored in the past。

For more than 70 years，The study of political history in the late Qing Dynasty has achieved a lot of achievements，Research field of vision is also continuously expanding。After the founding of the People's Republic of China，According to Marxist historians' analysis of the nature and basic contradictions of Chinese modern society，Researchers in political history in the late Qing Dynasty cut in from the perspective of the Chinese people's anti -feudal struggle，In -depth research on the "eight events" and related characters，and sorted out and published a large number of related information compilation。Since the reform and opening up，Scholars have gradually opened up a new perspective on the research on the Qing government and the Bet365 app download powers of the powers。Since the 1990s，The results of the research on the "eight events" are complete，Anthropology and sociological theories affect the research of political history in the late Qing Dynasty to a certain extent，Make it all -round、Diversified development trend。First，Relevant scholars through in -depth elaboration of old historical materials and discovering new historical materials，Relevant scholars through in -depth elaboration of old historical materials and discovering new historical materials。Next，Through expansion research objects and research perspectives，Research on political history in the late Qing Dynasty deepened the existing research on the Qing government and the powers，Pioneering new research fields。Research on the political situation of the powers and the late Qing Dynasty，Mainly targeting English、method、Mei、Russia、The specific policy of the important historical nodes in the late Qing Dynasty in the late Qing Dynasty was launched。Last，Introduction of new research methods，Extended the research period。Some scholars have learned about research methods of disciplines such as anthropology and ethnicology。For example，Cut in from the identity of the group，Examine the Manchu relationship in the late Qing Dynasty's politics，For example, Manchu officials and relatives and the flags are preparing to establish constitutional、Performance and influence in the process of Renxin Dingge。There are some scholars that extend their attention points from the current political events to "mid -term" and even "long -term" political evolution。

Since the establishment of the People's Republic of China，Research on Political History in the Late Qing Dynasty expanded the perspective of research，Pioneering the research field。This comprehensive and diversified development trend，It helps us to fully grasp and understand the changes in the political changes of the late Qing Dynasty，but，About the role and role of the powers in the political changes of the late Qing Dynasty，There is still room for further deepening expansion。Since the Opium War，Gentiles 骎骎 Donglai，A close connection and interaction with the outside world with the outside world。The late Qing Dynasty in the late bet365 live casino games Qing Dynasty，China's political change has its inherent motivation，There is also the influence of multiple international forces。So，In the field of political history research in the late Qing Dynasty，China's internal perspective and international vision cannot be discarded。

Although the existing related research has noticed that a country or an individual foreigner has a new Vita、New Deal at the end of the Qing Dynasty、Smoking Movement in the late Qing Dynasty、The observation and response of Chinese internal affairs incidents such as Zaiyu drive the Yuan incident，But most of them are still focusing on the two Opium War、Sino -French War、Sino -Japanese War、Gengzi Incident and various unequal treaty negotiations in China and foreign countries in direct negotiations in China and foreign countries，Study focus on the Sino -Japanese War。This type of study also needs to pay attention to two problems: one，Selection of the research content，Still based on typical events，Easy to make research clues break，Then research is trapped in fragmentation; the second，Only focus on the observation and response of the political observation and response of the government or individual in the late Qing Dynasty，Easy to ignore the multilateral relationship between the powers，and the influence of various nationals in related events on its government。

We should see，The response and impact of the powers in the late Qing Dynasty on Chinese political events continued and coherently existed。In other words，The reactions of the powers in the late Qing Dynasty have a strong and weak response to Chinese political events，But the weak response to a political event is not the same as the absence of the country's influence on Chinese political affairs。In addition，We should also notice，The response of the powers is also affected by multiple influences of the internal and other countries of the country。

A series of response to the Gengzi Incident in the early 20th century in the early 20th century as an example，We can see，These corresponding measures depend on the judgment made by governments based on various intricate factors。These factors have both for a long time、Historical，There is also a short bet365 live casino games period of time、Instant; both include the consideration of the strategic planning and expansion of the powers in the Far East，It also includes the influence of the opinions of the people of all countries。where，The fierce reaction of foreign overseas Chinese during this period，Its origin can be traced back to the panic of foreigners in the mid -19th century foreigner against Chinese anti -foreign religion，During the 1891 Yangtze River Teaching Plan、Multiple nodes such as the 1898 Movement Counseling and other nodes，and eventually reached the pinnacle of panic before the Beijing Embassy lost contact in 1900。As if the negotiations of many unequal treaties in the late Qing Dynasty，It is not simply regarded as an independent event。Taking the negotiation process of foreign investors in the 20th century as an example of the negotiation process of foreign investors and taxes plus taxes in the 20th century as an example，If you just notice that the Gengzi Incident, China and Britain、Mei、Japan and other countries negotiating the process of trade and shipwreck treaties，Simplified and one -sided。To fully interpret this incident，The research perspective must be traced back to the middle of the 19th century，and comprehensively consider 1868-1869 The British official and business community in the process of negotiations between the Chinese and British revision、In 1896, the drafting process of the revised plan of the Shanghai World Chamber of Commerce tax、Different from the issues of compensation between the powers of the Gengxin period and the internal compensation payment of the country、1902 British and American businessmen's dissatisfaction with the "Ma Kai Treaty" and their influence on subsequent Chinese and American business treaties。Based on this，Researchers can jump out of the text of the negotiating record，Understand the origin and real purpose of the requirements of the powers in the vertical direction; analyze the strategy of its negotiations in horizontally，and fully understand the governments between Britain and the United States、Between business circles、The contradiction between the official and the business world、Collaborative and Game。

bet365 best casino games Overall，In the study of political history in the late Qing Dynasty，It is necessary to use international relations as a continuous and complex variable，Integrated the overall consideration of political changes in the late Qing Dynasty。To solve the defects of existing research，The international background clues that follow through the entire late Qing Dynasty political history，You can start from two aspects。

On the one hand，Researchers can put China in the late Qing Dynasty、Major events between the main powers and their domestic events are arranged by time，Putting the political changes in the late Qing Dynasty in the history of the world，Observation and comparison of long -term and multi -position。Based on this，Researchers can fully examine the connection and interaction between China and foreign countries，Not only pay attention to reveal the impact and influence of the international situation on the politics of the late Qing Dynasty，Also attaches importance to the reaction force caused by politics caused by politics and international relations in the late Qing Dynasty。In the actual research process，Except the complex and complicated historical facts brought by the long time span need to overcome the long -time span，Researchers also need、Ying、Mei、method、Day、The multilateral relationship between countries such as Russia and other countries is closely combined。When there is a study when discussing the international background of a political incident of a certain night，Often take the country as the boundary，Discuss the powers of the powers separately。We can on this basis，Combined with the reaction of the powers to the activity of other countries in China、Considering the international situation of the Far East and even the world，Come to tap the connection and interaction between the multilateral relations between the powers and the powers of the powers。The focus of this research orientation is different from the history of Chinese and foreign relations，Its discussion of international relations ultimately serves the complex look of the political changes in the late Qing Dynasty。

On the other hand，Researchers pay attention to the influence of the game at the government Bet365 app download level of Chinese and foreign governments on the politics of the late Qing Dynasty，It also needs to take into account the activities of non -governmental groups in various countries。At present, most of the research on the history of political history in combination with international relations is still limited to official exchanges。We should pay attention，A specific time point，Attitude and performance at the government level，Temporary results for the mutual game of domestic differences，It is not equal to internal opinions that have been fully unified。Actually，The game of all parties inside all countries continues，Government decision -making will continue to change。So，Study the attitude and response of the non -governmental group on the political situation in the late Qing Dynasty，helps more comprehensively explain the source of the decision -making of the powers and its potential development trend。In addition，Although Chinese and foreign exchanges are abstract concepts，But the carrier of the implementation of the relationship is specific people。Limited by communication technology in the late Qing Dynasty，Chinese and foreign cognition of each other，A large extent affected by foreign overseas Chinese living in China。So，This group is based on the national interests、Commercial interests、Missionary interests、The considerations of personal and property safety are "distorted" for facts，It should be included in the research background of the international relations of the late Qing Dynasty，Give full estimation。

Political history in the late Qing Dynasty is necessary to build a long time、Comprehensive framework，Make a connected and comprehensive explanation of the political changes in the late Qing Dynasty。where，Under the premise of avoiding exaggeration and fictional international background and politics in the late Qing Dynasty，It is necessary to broaden the international vision of the late Qing history research，The main line and international affairs of the political changes in the late Qing Dynasty、International forces This voltage is coherently synchronized and widely respond to。This is not only conducive to digging the role played by China in the late Qing Dynasty in the broader world，It bet365 best casino games can also enhance the vitality of political history research in the late Qing Dynasty，and present the richness and complexity of the historical process。

(Author Unit: Institute of History Theoretical Institute of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)