■ The main site of Temple Culture's main site distribution map author/confession

The terrain in ancient Gansu is complex、Strange landform、Nu large ethnic group、Nu large ethnic group、Convenience in internal and external traffic、West communication is close，Created the prosperity of the ancient culture of Gansu，It also makes Gansu one of the important birthplaces of Chinese civilization。Among the many cultural types with obvious local characteristics，The Temple Culture is a cultural relic with obvious and unique characteristics in the bronze era.。

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1924，Swedish geological archaeologist Ante Sheng found a unique culture in Temuka Mountain, Shimaji Town, Daodao County, Gansu (now Lintong County, Gansu)，and put forward the Sixth Period of Gansu Ancient Culture in "Gansu Archeology"，"Siwa period" is in the column。1945，Xia Xun hosted the excavation of the site of Lintong Temple，Get major discovery，Amended and replenished the previous understanding of Anteson。Subsequent，Xia Yan officially proposed the concept of "Temple Culture" in "Lintong Temple Temple Earlier"。Xia Xun's owner of Temple Culture as the owner of Temple，Many scholars have different perceptions of the specific ethnic group of Temple culture，But in general, I still agree with Xia Xun here。So，See the Temple Culture as the "Xirong" cultural and archeological relics of the "Xirong" culture，Several academic consensus。

From the current archeological survey and excavation situation，Mizuka Culture is mainly distributed in central and eastern Gansu, east of Lanzhou City, Gansu Province，The distribution range does not exceed the front line of Lanzhou，Rendering Qingyang west of Ziwu Ling to the northeast、Pingliang area，Lintan in the middle and upper reaches of the Luohe River、Zhuoi and other counties，Arrives in the Western Han Dynasty West West from the southeast、Li County and other areas，Dangchang in the Bai Longjiang Basin to the south、Wudu、Wenxian and other places。From the perspective of the water system，Temple culture should originate in the upper reaches of bet365 live casino games the Luohe River，Then develop along the Luohe River to the east，Arrived in the upper reaches of the Lohe River in the eastern part of Gansu and western Shaanxi、Place of Wei Daohui，Developed north to the Zhuanglang Hulu River Basin，The south of the Western Han Dynasty and the Bailong River Basin。

At present, the ruins that have been determined to belong to Temple culture are basically in Gansu，Among them, about 5 kiln furnaces、20 seats、460 tombs、700 ash pit。These sites have both archeological excavations，Also found after investigation。The site of archeological excavations includes the site of Temuishan, Lintong County、Liujia site in Zhuanglang County、Xujiachong site in Zhuanglang County、Site of Laqiao, Xihe County、Da Ping Site, Zhuo Ni County、Nine Station Site of Heshui County、Liya site in Qingshui County、岷 旗、Da Shi Bai Liang Site, Dewan County、Millgou site in Lintan County、An Guo Town Site, Da District, Pingliang City。The ruins found after the investigation include the Sunping site of Wudu District, Longnan City、Renjiaping Site, Wudu District, Longnan City、Liya Tomb Group, Xihe County、Zhujia Bay, Zhujia Bay, Zhuanglang County、Zhujiazui site in Zhuanglang County、Shiqiya Tomb Group, Lintan County、Zhangxian Yangyu Site。

Judging from the current archeological excavation results of Siba culture，I don’t see a gathering site，The tomb information is rich。Among them, the representative sites of the formal archeological excavation are the site of Lintong Temple、Zhuanglang Xujialong site、Jiushui Nine Station Site、Lintan Mogou site、West Heradi Bridge Site、岷 旗。

Master Category of Temple Culture in the above sites，But there are some small differences。The shadow of Qijia Culture in Lintan Molitou Cemetery and Qixian Zhanqi Cemetery，Especially the number of Qijia cultural tombs of Qijia cultural tombs of the Lintan Mogou site is more，Among them, the mixed Temple Cultural tombs are deeply influenced by Qi family culture。The ruins of the Jiu Station of Heshui and the Xujiadong site have discovered some Zhou -style pottery，But the proportion is low，It shows that although Temple culture and Zhou culture have some contact，But the culture of the Zhou Dynasty is limited。Another，The funeral customs Bet365 app download reflected in the Jiushui Nine Station Cemetery have a certain similarities with the tombs of the Qin cultural tomb。Although Temple culture communicates and influence with foreign culture，But in terms of funeral traditions that can reflect the deep -seated spiritual and cultural identity，Siwa culture still shows a very obvious sense of identity in its own ethnic cultural identity。

　　Type and installment

According to the situation of the existing Temple cultural site，The academic circles have previously divided the culture of Siwa into two major types: Temple Type and Anguo Type。Zhao Huacheng divided the temple culture into three major types: Temple of Mishan、Bridge -Xujia Pulfin Type and Nine Stand Types。This understanding has been widely recognized by the academic community。

The duration of the monastery of Siwa culture is roughly between 1400 BC and 700 BC，Abstract is equivalent to the middle period of the Shang Dynasty to the early spring and autumn。At present, the academic circles are roughly divided into three phases，Generally corresponding to the middle and late stages of Yin Shang、Early and middle and two weeks of the Western Zhou Dynasty。The above three types of Temple Culture are found in the first phase，The earliest type of Temple Wushan，Subsequent column bridge -Xujia crushing type，Nine -stop type The latest appears。Bridge -Xujia Pulfin Type and Nine Station Types continued to develop in the second phase，The Temple of Temple Basis basically disappears。To the third issue，The nine -stop type is maintained mainly，Bridge -Xujia Pulfin Type gradually disappeared。

In a period of about 700 years，Siwa Culture used to be with Yin Shang culture、Liu family culture、First Zhou Culture、Caro Culture、Caro Culture、Zhou Culture、Qin Culture and other long -term coexistence，There are both confrontation conflicts between each other，Interactive blending，jointly promoted the construction process of "Huaxiahua" and the early Chinese community of the Guanlong area during the pre -Qin period.。

　　Features and regions

Siwa Culture in Luohe、Luohe、Weihe、The Western Han Dynasty Water and Bai Longjiang Basin survived for more than 700 years，Although it also has certain communication and mutual bet365 best casino games learning with other cultures in Guanlong and the surrounding areas，But still formed and maintained some cultural development characteristics for a long time。According to the overall cultural style displayed according to the sites of Temple culture，Combining existing research results in the academic community，We can summarize the main characteristics of the temple culture into the following aspects。

First，The morphology of Temple Cultural pottery，Represented by a saddle -shaped mouth double ear can，and a flat mouth tank with the abdomen、bag foot 鬲、Single ear cup、Ding -shaped three -footer、Long -necked round abdomen bis ear pots, etc.。Temple Cultural Pottery is mostly sandwiches，The number of mud pottery is small。The pottery is mainly orange and reddish brown，A few are gray black。Different surface of the device，Some pottery surfaces are painted、Additional pile lines、Pattern and perforation，Symbolic symbols appear on some pottery。Typical pottery generally presents the evolutionary law that is developed from short fat to thin development，We can use this to preliminate the evolution order of the same type of pottery。Most of the Cultural Pottery of Siwa Cultural Pottery is made by hand -made method of mud.，The type of utensils is relatively simple，The furnace temperature is not high，It is easier to break。

Second，Temple Cultural Production Tools have pottery、Boneware、Copper and Stone，Including ax、shovel、Knife、cone、needle、spinning wheel、Lishi、Net pendant、Bar balls, etc.。Although from the perspective of Central Plains culture，The era of Siwa Culture has clearly belonged to the Bronze Age，But the production tools led by the Temple ethnic group are still pottery、Boneware、Stone artifact，The types and quantities of bronze tools are relatively scarce。So，The cultural ethnic group of the temple is still in the copper stone to a certain extent and in the period of use and the corresponding production and living conditions。

third，The Cultural Bronze Ware of the Temple is mainly weapons and decorations，Multi -type weapons，More than the number of decorations。Weapons have 戣、Knife、Ge、镞、spear、sword, etc.，The decoration has bubbles、Ling、钏、ring、Tube, etc.bet365 Play online games 。The number of copper wares unearthed from Siwa Culture is more，But mostly small utensils，and the production process is rough，Most no decorations，Few parts with simple printing pattern、milk nail pattern、geometric patterns, etc.，The overall structure layout is simple，The technical content is relatively low。

Fourth，Temple Culture Tomb Form President Founded Poor Pot Tukeng Tomb，There are also a small number of cave tombs。The burial type is mainly straight limb burial，Beef limb burial second，The phenomenon of secondary disturbance is more common，Phenomenon of burial and cremation in individual tombs。The tomb is northwest as the community，A small amount is north -south、north or east direction。Some areas are popular in some regions to cut the head of the deceased、palm、Finger、Toe、Foot、The cutting customs of the limb of the upper and lower limbs。Many Temple Cultural tombs exist in two stories and niche facilities，Their functions are mainly funerals and martyrs，The second floor should also have the function of strengthening the tomb。

Fifth，Buried copper wares in the tomb、Boneware、Jade and other decorations are more common，and rich types、Diverse shapes，Reflects the high aesthetic taste and a certain burial concept of the high cultural ethnic group。Boom -funeral sheep in Temple Tomb、Cow、Pig、The customs of animal bones such as horses，Pork bones in the early tombs accounted for a certain percentage，In the later period, more burial sheep bones and beef bones，Some tombs are also buried in some tombs。This reflects the production and lifestyle of the farm and animal husbandry of the temples of the temple，and the early days of agriculture and animal husbandry，In the later stages, it is more focused on the way of animal husbandry.。

Sixth，Siwa Culture and Carter Culture、Xindian culture was coexisting coexistence，The duration time is generally consistent，Even in the space distribution, there are occasional weights，They are likely to have extremely close relationships with Qijia culture。At the same time，Siwa Culture and Liu Family Culture、First Zhou Culture、Zhou Culture、Qin culture also has a certain degree of interactive blending relationship。Cultural exchange information reflected in the tomb site seems Bet365 app download to seem，Siwa Culture and other cultures, although there is a phenomenon of communication and mutual learning，But the Temple ethnic group has a strong self -cultural identity，The Temple ethnic group is located with other ethnic groups，They will also show their own very obvious funeral customs in the tomb。This aspect has contributed to the long -lasting uniqueness of Temple culture，On the other hand, it also hinders it has a deeper impact on other cultures。

Seventh，There are many types and quantities found in the cultural sites of Siwa cultural sites，This reflects that the ethnic group where the temple culture is located has a relatively obvious Shangwu style。From funeral、Residence、Sacrifice and other situations seems，The different levels of class and the rich and the poor have appeared within the internal community of the Siwa community，But the overall is still in the stable transition stage，The situation where the social turbulence has not yet occurred。

Eighth，The Temple Cultural Ethnic group has worked hard to expand the sphere of influence to the Guanzhong and the Long southeast of Longlong，Also with Longdong Xianzhou Culture、In the early Qin culture of Long southeast, Qin culture had a certain degree of interactive blending。but，accompanied by week、The strong rise of Qin forces and its culture，The main body of Temple Culture finally stopped in Luohe、The upper reaches of the Weihe River。As an independent culture，Siwa culture gradually disappears from the beginning of the spring and autumn，The main body of the Temple ethnic group is integrated into the Chinese community，Siwa Culture has gradually blended into an element of the Huaxia cultural system。

From the perspective of current archeological excavation and research results，The 汧 汧 汧 eastward to the border of Shaanxi -Gansu、Weijiao Meeting Area，East of Qinghai -Tibet Plateau extending to the southwest of the Sichuan Basin，Even in the area of ​​Daxing Town, Ningzheng County, Yunnan Province, the possibility of Temple culture was found。but，Temple cultural relics in the above areas are sporadic individuals，It is difficult to constitute an independent development system，Some can only speculate that the indirect correlation with Temple culture。

Overall perspective，The main body of Temple Culture is distributed in Luohe, bet365 best casino games Gansu today、Luohe、Weihe、Western Han Dynasty Water and Bai Longjiang Basin。The ethnic group where Siwa Culture is located in the process of long -term production, life and development and changes，Generally formed the following distribution pattern: Taking the Longzhong area as the central core area，Longdong、The two major areas of Long southeast as the transition peripheral area，To the western part of Guanzhong、Northwest Sichuan region as the two major marginal expansion areas。That's why，We can basically identify the temple culture as a unique local culture in the bronze era today，It can even be called "Gansu Temple Culture"。

　(This article is a graduate training and curriculum reform project of Northwestern Normal University (2021kglx01010)、Northwest Normal University "Curriculum Thoughts" Demonstration Course Construction Project (West Division Fa (No. 2021 urn ﹞ ﹝ ﹝ ﹝ No. 135))

(Author Unit: Northwest Normal University Hexi Corridor Research Institute、The Tianda Studio of the Chinese History Research Academy)