With the vigorous development of archaeological and historical research on the origin and formation of Chinese civilization，The exploration of the origin of the Chinese state in the pre-Qin period is also becoming increasingly popular，“bet365 promo codes”, “Bangguo” and “Kingdom” are terms related to the origin process of early Chinese states and their debates，becomes a hot word frequently discussed in academic circles。As the archaeological research on the origin and formation of early Chinese states continues to deepen，The exploration of the conceptual categories of early countries such as "ancient countries", "states" and "kingdoms" has also become more precise，Thus began to construct a discourse system on archaeological research on early Chinese states。

The early Chinese state is one of the important components of the early states of all mankind。Therefore，Discourse system of early Chinese national archaeological research，There must be theoretical contributions to the archaeological research on the origin and formation of early countries in the world。We believe，Whether it is the Old World or the New World，There once were "ancient countries", "states" and "kingdoms"。The archaeological discourse system and conceptual categories about the origin and formation of early Chinese states，It will definitely be helpful for archeology to judge the "ancient countries", "states" and "kingdoms" in these areas。From this，The accurate English translation of the concepts of "bet365 promo codes", "state" and "kingdom" becomes a problem。The author tries to reiterate the theoretical definition and categories of "bet365 promo codes", "state" and "kingdom"，Also provide English translation solutions for these concepts。

　　Definition and English translation of "bet365 promo codes"

■The Jade Dragon of Hongshan bet365 promo codes collected by the National Museum of China. Picture source: CFP

The person who first proposed the concept of "bet365 promo codes" was Mr. Su Bingqi, a leading Chinese archaeologist。He proposed，“An bet365 promo codes refers to something above the tribe、Stable、Independent political entity”，The late Hongshan Culture is a typical specimen of the "bet365 promo codes"。("Ancient Culture, Ancient Cities and Ancient Countries in Western Liaoning—A Discussion on the Key Points and Major Issues of Current Archaeological Work"，The first issue of "Liaohai Cultural Relics Journal" in 1986) Due to the lack of clear definition or limitation of the connotation and extension of "bet365 promo codes"，It is the tribal alliance、Chiefdom，Is it blood politics or geopolitics，Is it a country?？Cannot be limited，All can be put into the "basket" of "bet365 promo codes"，On the contrary, the term "bet365 promo codes" has been widely used in domestic academic circles，But it also attracted a lot of criticism。Some scholars give up using the concept of "bet365 promo codes"，Mostly replaced by the concept of "chiefdom" introduced from Western anthropology and archaeology。The author believes through analysis，The term "bet365 promo codes" has its own rationality，But its connotation and extension must be limited。

The author thinks，The bet365 promo codes is "above the tribes，Geopolitical leanings，Stable、Independent、Ranked kinship political entity"。Unlike many scholars who believe that the "bet365 promo codes" is a state or society, it is not certain whether it is a state or society，We believe that "ancient countries" are not countries，But a pre-state unequal society。("Theoretical Thoughts on the Definition of "bet365 promo codes"，"Wenwu Chunqiu" Issue 3, 2021) bet365 promo codes is a term or concept in the Chinese historical and archaeological discourse system，How to translate into English，Express China’s voice to the international academic community，In order to initiate dialogue and exchanges with the international academic community，It is an unavoidable question。

Although we admit that the social form of bet365 promo codes countries is very close to the term "chiefdom" in anthropology，But，As Wang Zhenzhong pointed out，Limitations in the theoretical concept of chiefdom，The main reason is that the concepts and definitions of "chiefdom" are extremely inconsistent；The conceptual construction is mainly based on ethnographic data in anthropology，Ingredients of the existence hypothesis；The relationship between blood status classification and economic and social stratification in the definition of chiefdom is unclear；Wait。So，He advocates replacing the concept of chiefdom with the concept of prehistoric hierarchical society。("The Origin of bet365 promo codes Chinese States and the Formation of Royal Power"，China Social Sciences Press 2013 edition) Liu Hengwu and Liu Li also analyzed the shortcomings of chiefdom theory more pertinently。("On the concept of chiefdom and its theoretical dilemma in Western neo-evolutionary theory"，"Social Science Front" Issue 7, 2010) We agree that chiefdom theory, as an important ethnographic material, has a significant inspiration and reference role in establishing China's unequal pre-state social theory，But we must start from Chinese archaeological data and practice，Extract corresponding theoretical concepts from it，Instead of simply applying the concept of chiefdom。

The concept of bet365 promo codes，It is based on research on Chinese archaeological data，The concept of a discourse system with Chinese characteristics proposed based on the titles in ancient Chinese documents。In Chinese context，We do not intend to equate "chiefdom" with "bet365 promo codes"，Therefore, it is not appropriate to translate "bet365 promo codes" into "chiefdom" in English。

Literally translated，"古国" can be translated as "archaic state"。But the problem is，The exact Chinese meaning of "archaic" is "ancient" and "ancient"，It does not limit the "bet365 promo codes" to be an unequal society in the pre-state era，It is not clear that the "bet365 promo codes" is not a real geopolitical country，Although it is only one step away from the national society。Accordingly，“古国” cannot be literally translated as “archaic state”。

In order to solve this problem，We might as well learn from prehistory、English title schemes for primitive and historical periods。The prehistoric period is called prehistoric period in English，Historical period is called historical period。The prehistoric period basically refers to a period with no written records at all，Historical period refers bet365 promo codes historical period with relatively rich documentary records。Between prehistoric period and historical period，Another document has appeared、A very small number of transitional historical periods，Referred to as the proto-historic period，This indicates that the transitional period is not a real historical period。

Related to this is writing, also known as writing system，Only after the writing system matures，In order to form a document，Entering the historical period。There was no writing system in prehistoric times，Mainly use symbol systems symbols or graphs。The transitional link between the symbol system and the writing system，Referred to as “proto-writing system”，If you give an example，Including the symbolic symbols carved on the pottery statues of the Dawenkou Culture、Symbolic symbols carved on red pottery jars of Shijiahe Culture、Strings of "sentence-style symbols" carved on the Liangzhu Culture pottery pot，These symbols are only one step away from the written system，None of them are writing systems。Learn from this，I advocate translating "bet365 promo codes" into "proto-state"。

　　Definition and bet365 promo codes "Bangguo"

■Liangzhu bet365 promo codes Jade Cong collected by Zhejiang Provincial Museum Image source: CFP

Proposed by Wang Zhenzhong，The earliest early state in China was the "city state"，Each city combined with the surrounding settlements can form a simple bet365 promo codes or a core area of ​​a bet365 promo codes，Stronger states also surround some secondary centers and their settlement groups outside the core area。He also proposed the syllogism of "state-kingdom-empire" in China's early states。

The author basically agrees with Wang Zhenzhong’s definition of bet365 promo codes。But，Since "city bet365 promo codes" can easily be mistaken for "city bet365 promo codes"，That’s why I advocate calling it “Bangguo”，Not called "city-bet365 promo codes"，To avoid ambiguity。

From the perspective of archaeological evidence，It can also be considered that Bangguo is the earliest bet365 promo codes in Chinese prehistory，Geopolitics dominates social politics，There is class antagonism。An example of a state is Liangzhu Culture、Qujialing-Shijiahe Culture、Taosi Culture、Shimao Bangguo, etc.。The author further believes，States vary in size，But no matter how big or small，The scope of its actual political rule and administrative control is basically limited to this archaeological cultural distribution area。In other words，The actual territory is roughly the same as the archaeological cultural distribution range。bet365 promo codes no matter how big or small，Every bet365 promo codes has a capital，There is an administrative relationship between the central and local governments，There are even post settlements on the national administrative network。The era of states，About the Longshan Period in archeology，The era called "the rise of thousands of nations" in the literature，At that time, there was no unified central dynasty or kingdom center in China。

What needs to be explained is，Chinese academic circles have not yet reached a consensus on the concept of "state"。Some scholars classify our so-called “states” as “ancient states”；Some scholars refer to "states" as "kingdoms"。(Li Boqian: "Three Stages of the Process of Ancient Chinese Civilization"，"Collection of Exploring the Origin of Civilization and Archeology of Three Dynasties"，Cultural Relics Press 2011 Edition) Based on the above clear definition of "bet365 promo codes"，It is obviously inappropriate to classify “states” into “ancient states”，Because the bet365 promo codes is not a state and society，A state is a state society。And what we call "kingdom" refers to a dynasty state，Represented by the Erlitou Culture in the late Xia Dynasty，Liangzhu Culture、Qujialing-Shijiahe Culture、Taosi Culture、Shimao Kingdom and these countries，Obviously not as high as the Erlitou cultural country，Therefore it is not appropriate to include "states" into the kingdom。So，We advocate using the concept of “state”。

The word "Bangguo" also comes from traditional Chinese literature，There is no existing English vocabulary corresponding to it。Bangguo undoubtedly belongs to the earliest early bet365 promo codes，There is a qualitative difference between it and the kingdom，So the literal translation of kingdom is inappropriate。Starting from the earliest national nature of the bet365 promo codes，The author advocates free translation of Bangguo as initial bet365 promo codes。

　　Definition and English translation of "bet365 promo codes"

■bet365 promo codes pottery tablets collected by Henan Museum Image source: CFP

Finally，The kingdom will be easier to define。Kingdom is the abbreviation of dynasty state，Some scholars also call it a "broad bet365 promo codes"。(Bruce·G. Treiger: "Understanding Early Civilizations: A Comparative Study"，Translated by Xu Jian，Peking University Press 2014 edition)

The earliest dynasty in China is the Erlitou Culture，It not only has a capital，And the most important feature is "wide area"，That is, political rule、Political territory、Administrative control actually extends beyond the distribution range of this archaeological culture，Deep into the archaeological and cultural distribution areas of other "non-my races"。For example，The southern control area of ​​​​Erlitou Culture actually reaches Jingnan Temple in Jingzhou in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River、Huangpi Panlongcheng First Line；The northwest can reach today’s Di Village and Dongtaibao Village in Taiyuan, Shanxi。The Jianghan Plain south of the Wanggang type of Erlitou Culture in Nanyang area at that time、Suizao Corridor，All belong to the cultural area of ​​the indigenous "Jingman"，Taiyuan belongs to the Rongdi cultural distribution area，But they were all included in the actual political rule territory by Erlitou Culture。So，Erlitou culture is indeed a "wide-area royal state"，It is a true dynasty bet365 promo codes，Tong Liangzhu、Shijiahe、Taosi、Shimao comparison，Making substantial progress。The kingdom has a corresponding noun kingdom in English。

In summary，What we think is the origin of China’s early state、Formation and development，Experienced four complete stages: bet365 promo codes-state-kingdom-empire。The bet365 promo codes was an unequal society in the pre-national stage，This is the beginning of social complexity、National origin stage，Can be compared to the "fetal" stage of the country and society。Bangguo is the earliest country，Is the real early state，Can be compared to the "infancy" stage of national society。A kingdom is a dynasty state，Can be compared to the "teenage" stage of the country and society。Empire refers to the Qin and Han empires down to the Qing Dynasty，Can be compared to the "young adults" stage of the country and society。

The origin of China’s early state、Four stages of formation and development，Should represent the origin of all human countries and societies、Complete stage of formation and development，Marks the origin of countries around the world、General rules of formation and development stages。In other words，The origin of the early state of "bet365 promo codes-state-kingdom-empire"、The formation and development of Chinese archaeological discourse system，It should also be the origin of the world’s early countries、The formation and development of the archaeological discourse system。Origins of early states in other parts of the world、Formation and development，Have fully or partially experienced the four stages of "bet365 promo codes-state-kingdom-empire"。The “chiefdom” society studied by Western scholars，Many are probably “ancient countries” in archeology；Many of the city-states are actually “states” in archeology。These social and political systems，All require archaeological excavation and research for solid identification and characterization。

The Chinese and Western definitions of kingdoms and empires are basically the same。Dynastic countries as defined above，No need to elaborate。The empire is mainly a national administrative management system similar to the "prefecture and county system" or the "provincial system"。Western academia in certain contexts，The titles of kingdoms and empires of an bet365 promo codes civilization，Somewhat chaotic and even random，Actually, the difference between kingdom and empire is not strictly grasped，Thus, the more powerful kingdom is called an "empire"。

　(The author is a researcher at the Institute of Archeology, bet365 promo codes Academy of Social Sciences)