The development of archeological and historical research with the origin of Chinese civilization and formed archeology and history，The exploration of the origin of the Chinese country during the pre -Qin period is becoming increasingly hot，"Ancient Kingdom", "State State", "Kingdom", and other controversy on the origin of China's early country，Hot words that become frequent discussions in the academic circles。Archaeological research with the origin and formation of China's early national origin and formation continues to be deeply pushed to deep，Exploration of the early national concept category of "ancient nation", "state" and "kingdom" is becoming more and more accurate，So as to start building a discourse system about early national archeological research in China。

China's early state was one of the important parts of the early all -human state。Therefore，China's early national archeological research discourse system，Archaeological research on the origin and formation of the early national origin and formed in the world must have theoretical contribution。We believe，Whether it is the old continent or the new continent，It used to have "ancient nations", "state" and "kingdom"。The archeological discourse system and concept category of the early national origin and formation of China，It is beneficial to the "ancient country", "state" and "kingdom" in these regions.。From this，"Ancient Kingdom", "State State" and "Kingdom of the Kingdom" have accurate translation of English.。I try to reiterate the theoretical definition and category of "ancient nations", "state" and "kingdom"，Give these English translation schemes at the same time。

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■ National Museum of China Hidden Red Mountain Cultural Yulong Picture Source: CFP

The original concept of "ancient country" was Mr. Su Bingqi, a Chinese Thai archaeologist。He proposed，"The ancient country refers to the higher than the tribe、Stable、Independent political entity "，Hongshan Culture Late is the typical specimen of "ancient country"。("The Ancient Culture and Ancient Cities of the West of Liaoning -Analysis bet365 live casino games of the current Archaeological Work and the Great Project"，"Liaosi Cultural Relics Journal" 1986 Pioneer number) Lack of clear definition or limitation due to the connotation of "ancient country" and extension，It is a tribal alliance、Emperor State，Is it bloody or geopolitics，Is it a country? Can't limit，can be installed in the "basket" of "ancient country"，Instead, the term "ancient country" is widely used in the domestic academic community，But at the same time, it has attracted many criticisms。Some scholars abandon the concept of "ancient country"，Most of the "Chiefdom" concepts introduced from Western Anthropology and Archeology,。The author believes through analysis，The term "ancient country" has its own reasonableness，But it must be limited to its connotation and extension。

I think，The ancient country was "above the tribe，There is geopolitical tendency，Stable、Independent、Ranked (RANKED) Blood Political Anthology "。Different from many scholars believe that the "ancient country" is a national society (State) or is it not affirmed for the country society，We think that "ancient country" is not a country，but the previous country inequality。，"Cultural Relics Spring and Autumn" 2021 Issue 3) Ancient country is a term or concept in Chinese historical archeological discourse system，How to translate it into English，Express Chinese voice to the international academic community，To start dialogue and communication with the international academic community，Is an unavoidable problem。

Although we acknowledge that the social form of the ancient country is very close to the word "chief" in anthropology，but，As Wang Zhenzhong pointed out，The concept of Emperor State State has limitations，It is mainly due to the concepts and definitions of the "Emperor State" of the family; its concept construction mainly based on the national mind information in anthropology，There are components of hypothesis; the relationship between blood status in the definition of the chief state is blurred by the relationship between levels and economic and social layers;。So，He advocates replacing the concept of Emperor State with prehistoric social concepts。("The Origin of Ancient Chinese Countries and the formation of kingship"bet365 Play online games ，China Social Science Press, 2013) Liu Hengwu and Liu Li also compared the defects of the theory of the Emperor State。("On the Concepts of Emperor State and its theoretical Dohaies of the New West"，"Social Science Front" 2010 7) We agree，But you must start from Chinese archeological data and practice，Refining the corresponding theoretical concept from it，instead of simply applying the concept of the Emperor State。

The concept of the ancient country，It is based on Chinese archeological data research，The concept of the discourse system with Chinese characteristics combined with the title of ancient Chinese literature。In the Chinese context，We have no intention of "Emperor State" and "Ancient Country"，Therefore, it is not advisable to translate the "ancient country" as "Emperor State"。

Literally translation，"Ancient Country" can be translated as "Archaic State"。But the problem lies in，The exact Chinese meaning of "Archaic" is "ancient" and "ancient"，It cannot be limited to the "ancient country" as an inequality society in the former national era，It is not clear that the "ancient country" is not a real geopolitical country，Although it is only one step away from the national society。Based on this，"Ancient Country" cannot be literally translated as "Archaic State"。

To solve this problem，We may wish to learn from prehistoric、English title scheme in the original history and historical period。Prehistoric period is called Prehistoric Period，Historic Period。Prehistoric period basically refers to a period when there is no text record，Historical period refers to a historical period with rich literature。between pre -historical and historical periods，There is also a literary first、A very small transition history period，Known as the original history, Proto-Historic Period，means that the transition period is not a real historical period。

This is related to the text, also known as writing system，Only after the writing system is mature，can form a literature，Enter the historical period。No text writing system during pre -historical period，Mainly use the symbol system Symbols or Graphs。The transition link between the symbol system and the writing system，known as the "original writing system" (Proto-Writing System)，If the example description，Including the symbols depicted from bet365 best casino games Dawenkou Culture Tao Zun、Symbols depicted on Shijiahe Cultural Red Pottery Tank、Liangzhu Cultural Classes cans portrayed "Sentence Symbol"，These symbols are only one step away from the text writing system，They are not text writing systems。Borrow from this，I advocate translating "ancient nation" to "Proto-State"。

　　"State State" definition and English translation

■ Zhejiang Museum Tibetan Culture Jade  Picture Source: CFP

Proposed Wang Zhenzhong，The earliest early country in China was "Du Yibang State"，Each Duyi combined with the surrounding settlement groups can form a simple state or state country area，The strongborn state also revolves around some secondary centers and its settlement groups outside the core area。He also proposed the three paragraphs of China's early national "State -Kingdom -Kingdom -Empire"。

The author basically recognizes Wang Zhenzhong's definition of the state。but，In view of "Du Yibang State", it is easy to make people mistakenly think that "city state"，Therefore, the author claims to be called "State State"，Not called "Du Yibang State"，To avoid ambiguity。

From the perspective of archeological empirical，It can also think that the state is the earliest country in prehistoric Chinese，The dominant position in social politics is geopolitics，There are class opposition existence。The instance of the state has Liangzhu Culture、Qujia Ling -Shijiahe Culture、Tao Temple Culture、State State of Shijiebang, etc.。The author thinks further，State State's size，But regardless of size，The scope of its actual political rule and administrative control is basically limited in the archeological culture distribution area。In other words，Its actual territory is roughly equivalent to the distribution of archaeological culture。State State regardless of size，All the capitals，There are administrative relations between the central and local and local governments，Even there are stations on the stations on the national administrative network。State Times，It is about archeological Longshan era，Document is called "Wanbanglin Li" era，At that time, there was no unified central dynasty or kingdom center in China。

What needs to be explained is，The Chinese academic community has not yet reached a consensus on bet365 best casino games the concept of the "State State"。Some scholars attribute our so -called "state" into the "ancient country"; some scholars call "Bang Kingdom" as "kingdom"。(Li Boqian: "Three Stages of the Civilization of Ancient Chinese Civilization"，"Civilization Source and Three -generation Archaeological Collection"，Cultural Relics Publishing House 2011) According to our clear definition of the "ancient country" above，Obviously it is apparent to the "state" into the "ancient country"，Because the ancient country is not a national society，State State is a national society。and our so -called "kingdom" refers to the dynasty country，Represents the late period of Erlitou Culture Xia Dynasty，Liangzhu Culture、Qujia Ling -Shijiahe Culture、Tao Temple Culture、State State State，Obviously not to reach the height of the cultural country of Erlitou，Therefore, it is not appropriate to bring the "State State" into the kingdom。So，We advocate the concept of using the "State State"。

The term "State State" also originates from traditional Chinese literature，No ready -made English vocabulary corresponds to。State State undoubtedly belongs to the earliest early state，The difference between it and the kingdom，So the literal translation as kingdom is inappropriate。Starting from the earliest national nature of the state country，The author advocates translating the State State to Initial State。

　　"Kingdom" definition and English translation

■ Henan Museum Tibetan Timi  Picture Source: CFP

Last，The kingdom is relatively easy to define。The kingdom is the abbreviation of the dynasty country，Some scholars call it a "fair country"。(Bruce G. Cui Gegel: "Understanding Early Civilization: Comparison Research"，Xu Jian translated，Peking University Press 2014 edition)

The earliest dynasty country in China is Erlitou Culture，It not only has the capital，and the most important feature is "Wide Field"，That is political rule、Political Turkey、​​Administrative Control actually surpasses the distribution range of this archeological culture，Deep into the archaeological cultural distribution area of ​​other "non -my ethnic groups"。For example，Erlitou Culture to the South Control Area actually reached Jingzhou Jingnan Temple in the middle of the Yangtze River、Huangpi Panlong City front line; Bet365 lotto review northwest can reach Di Village and Dongtaobao Village, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province。At that time, Jianghan Plain, south of Wanggang type in Erlitou, Nanyang area、With the jujube corridor，All belong to the cultural area of ​​the indigenous "Jing Man"，Taiyuan belongs to the Rongdi cultural distribution area，But all were included in the actual political rule of Erlitou culture。So，Erlitou culture is indeed a "wide -area kingdom country"，Is the real dynasty country，Tong Liangzhu、Shijiahe、Tao Temple、Shi Ji Comparison，With essential progress。And the kingdom has the corresponding term kingdom。

To sum up，We think the origin of China's early state、Formation and Development，After four complete stages: the ancient country -State Kingdom -Kingdom -Empire。The ancient country is an unequal society at the previous country，The beginning of social complexity、National Origin Pier，It can be metaphorized as the "fetus" stage of national society。State State is the earliest country，It is a real early country，can be metaphorized as the "child" stage of national society。The Kingdom of the Kingdom is the country，Can be met as the "juvenile" stage of national society。The Empire refers to the Qin and Han Empire to fall to the Qing Dynasty，Can be met as the "young adult" stage of national society。

Origin of the early state of China、Fourth phase of formation and development，Should represent the origin of the society of all human countries、The complete stage of formation and development，It marks the origin of the country worldwide、General laws in the form of formation and development。In other words，"Ancient Kingdom -State -Kingdom -Kingdom -Empire" Early State Origin、Chinese archeological discourse system that forms and develops and develops，It is also the origin of the world's early national、Archaeological discourse system that forms and develops。Early origin of the other parts of the world、Formation and Development，Fully experienced or partially experienced the four stages of "Ancient Kingdom -State -Kingdom -Empire"。"Emperor State" society studied by Western scholars，Many are likely to be the "ancient country" in archeology; many of the city -state are actually "state" in archeology。These society and regions，All need archeological excavations and research bet365 best casino games to perform solid screening and fixed nature。

The definition of the kingdom and the empire in Chinese and the West is basically the same。The dynasty country as defined above，No need to repeat it。The Empire is mainly a "county -county system" or "provincial system" national administrative management system。Western academic circles in some context，For the title of the kingdom and empire of an ancient civilization，Some chaos or even casual，In fact, it is not very strict with the difference between the kingdom and the empire，Therefore, the more powerful kingdom crown as the "empire"。

　(The author is a researcher at the Institute of Archeology of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)