About the history of bet365 horse racing odds Kingdom in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty，The records in handed down documents are limited and often contradictory。"Xianyu bet365 horse racing odds State Affairs List" written by Wang Xianqian of the late Qing Dynasty，Collect and document the historical materials of bet365 horse racing odds Kingdom，But many mysteries remain unclarified。After the excavation of the tomb of King bet365 horse racing odds in Pingshan County, Hebei Province in the 1970s，The unearthed archaeological data reveals a new situation in the exploration of bet365 horse racing odds’s national history。The more popular conclusion is: from the Spring and Autumn Period to bet365 horse racing odds in the Warring States Period，Basically the same origin，Archaeological remains roughly reflect the historical process of Xianyu’s Sinicization。But，There are also many doubts。Since 2015，A large cemetery of the early bet365 horse racing odds Kingdom was discovered at the Gujun site in Xingtang County, Hebei Province，New archaeological data show the complexity of bet365 horse racing odds culture。The historical facts it reflects，What exactly consolidates and refines the above mainstream conclusions，These views are still partially shaken and tend to some doubts？Therefore，It is necessary to synthesize handed down documents and archaeological data，Carry out new exploration and research on the history of bet365 horse racing odds。

　　The history of bet365 horse racing odds and its doubts in handed down documents

Some clues to the history of bet365 horse racing odds，Mainly found in "Zuo Zhuan", "Warring States Policy" and "Historical Records" and other documents。Interpretation and understanding of these limited records，There have been many doubts for a long time。It focuses on content such as: Restoring the details of bet365 horse racing odds’s historical process、The relationship between the Xianyu surname and the bet365 horse racing odds surname、The truth about Wei’s occupation of bet365 horse racing odds and bet365 horse racing odds’s restoration, etc.。Among them，The most fundamental question is the understanding of the historical process of bet365 horse racing odds，Is it the same origin or a side branch？Or maybe there is a break and a new system is established？This issue is actually closely related to the solution of other related doubts。

The name of bet365 horse racing odds was first seen in the fourth year of Dinggong in Zuozhuan (506 BC)，Du Yuzhu said "bet365 horse racing odds，Xianyu”。Xianyu was first seen in the "Jin's Expedition of Xianyu" in the 12th year of Zhaogong (530 BC) in the Spring and Autumn Annals，The anthology of "Gu Liang Biography" quotes "Shiben" as saying: "Xian Yu，Ji surname，Bai Diye。"These records indicate that bet365 horse racing odds may have its origins in Xianyu，At least since the late Spring and Autumn Period，bet365 horse racing odds Kingdom already exists，But the exact relationship between Xianyu and bet365 horse racing odds in the Spring and Autumn Period is not clear。"Historical Records·Zhao Family": "(Xianhou) ten years (414 BC)，The initial establishment of Duke Wu of bet365 horse racing odds。" "Suoyin" quotes "Shiben": "bet365 horse racing odds Wu Gong lives in Gu，Huan Gong moves to Lingshou。"This is probably the beginning of the founding of bet365 horse racing odds during the Warring States Period。Also according to "Zhao Shijia": "The first year of Liehou (408 BC)，Marquis Wen of Wei attacked bet365 horse racing odds (Wei destroyed bet365 horse racing odds two years later)... (King Zhao Huiwen) three years ago (296 BC)，Destroy bet365 horse racing odds。"According to "Historical Records: Biography of Le Yi", "bet365 horse racing odds was restored" (about 378 BC)。These accounts reflect the two major stages of bet365 horse racing odds during the Warring States Period，The former bet365 horse racing odds was destroyed by Wei，After the restoration of the country, bet365 horse racing odds was destroyed by Zhao。But，For between the two bet365 horse racing odds mountains before and after、Details of the connection between former bet365 horse racing odds and Spring and Autumn bet365 horse racing odds，The literature does not provide conclusive clues。

Ancient documents outline the general process of the history of bet365 horse racing odds: Spring and Autumn Period Xianyu—Spring and Autumn bet365 horse racing odds (Xianyu bet365 horse racing odds)—bet365 horse racing odds before the Warring States Period (Wugong bet365 horse racing odds)—Wei bet365 horse racing odds—bet365 horse racing odds after the Warring States Period (Restored bet365 horse racing odds)—Zhao Mie bet365 horse racing odds。This historical process is only a rough path，There are many disputes about its specific trajectory。Among them，There are four main opinions。

一，Spring and Autumn bet365 horse racing odds and Wugong bet365 horse racing odds belong to a continuous series，bet365 horse racing odds Wu Gong came from Xianyu。Lu Zuqian、Liang Yusheng、Gu Jiegang and others advocate this theory。

　Second，Spring and Autumn bet365 horse racing odds and Wugong bet365 horse racing odds are not the same system，bet365 horse racing odds Wu Gong came from Zhou Dynasty。This story starts from "Hanshu Ancient and Modern People"，Lei Xueqi、Cheng Enze and others agree with this view，The main point is: after the destruction of bet365 horse racing odds in Xianyu, bet365 horse racing odds was sealed by the Zhou Dynasty，Until destroyed by Wei。

　Third，After Wei destroyed Chunqiu and bet365 horse racing odds，Followed by bet365 horse racing odds, a vassal state of Wei，Should be the special seal of Wei。Those who hold this view are mainly Qing Dynasty scholars such as Shen Qinhan、Huang Shisan、Su Shixue, etc.，And modern scholars such as Qian Mu、Xu Zhongshu et al。Shen Qinhan even believed that "Historical Records of the Zhao Family" reversed the chronology of the establishment of Duke Wu of bet365 horse racing odds and the destruction of bet365 horse racing odds by Wei Wenhou，Qian Mu further verified that bet365 horse racing odds Wugong was first established in 399 BC。Xu Zhongshu thinks，bet365 horse racing odds, which belonged to Wei, later gradually separated from Wei and became independent。The core of these arguments is to question the so-called bet365 horse racing odds restoration，It is believed that after Wei occupied bet365 horse racing odds, it became one with bet365 horse racing odds，Even regarded Duke Wu as the first king of bet365 horse racing odds granted by Wei。

　Fourth，The restoration of bet365 horse racing odds after the Wei Dynasty destroyed the Spring and Autumn Period，Not from Wei bet365 horse racing odds。A scholar who holds this view is Liang Yusheng、Meng Wentong、Yang Kuan et al。This view basically adheres to the records in "Historical Records" and other documents，It is believed that bet365 horse racing odds during the Warring States Period was interrupted for a period by the Wei Dynasty，Then the country resumed and continued。

The above four opinions actually involve two major issues: one is the dispute over the identity of Lord Wu of bet365 horse racing odds，This also involves issues such as the surname and origin of the Xianyu clan；The second is the dispute over whether bet365 horse racing odds is a separate title of Wei during the Warring States Period，In fact, the relationship between Wei’s occupation of bet365 horse racing odds and the restoration of bet365 horse racing odds。Yao Zhi，Due to the limitations of handed down documents，The specific trajectory of bet365 horse racing odds’s historical process is not clear，There are many arguments and doubts。Discovery of King bet365 horse racing odds’s Tomb in Pingshan in 1974，Provides opportunities to solve these problems。

The excavation of bet365 horse racing odds royal tombs promotes related research

The excavation of the royal tombs of bet365 horse racing odds during the Warring States Period is a major discovery in bet365 horse racing odds archeology。Three of the bronze wares are known as the Three Wares of bet365 horse racing odds because they are engraved with long inscriptions，The content of the inscription, especially the recorded bet365 horse racing odds lineage，Promoted a major breakthrough in the exploration of bet365 horse racing odds’s national history。Li Xueqin、Li Ling’s research on the Three Weapons of bet365 horse racing odds is the most representative，The main theme of the conclusion is: from bet365 horse racing odds in the Spring and Autumn Period to bet365 horse racing odds in the Warring States Period，bet365 horse racing odds culture is the result of the gradual and in-depth Chineseization of Xianyu culture。As soon as this argument is published，Wide and lasting influence，It is still the mainstream view in the study of bet365 horse racing odds’s national history。

At the same time，There are also some contrary objections，Among them, Huang Shengzhang’s rebuttal is the most typical。The core content is: There is no continuity between bet365 horse racing odds in the Spring and Autumn Period and bet365 horse racing odds in the Warring States Period，bet365 horse racing odds Wu Gong came out of the Zhou Dynasty，The bet365 horse racing odds culture of the Warring States Period originally belonged to the Central Plains system，There is no so-called Chineseization。This argument is almost diametrically opposed to the mainstream view。In addition，Sun Hua put forward a nearly compromise view: bet365 horse racing odds during the Warring States Period was not a continuation of the Spring and Autumn Period，But it still comes from another branch with the same surname as the Zhou family, Ji surnamed Bai Di。

The above dispute indicates，After the discovery of documents unearthed from the tomb of the King of bet365 horse racing odds，Although the exploration of bet365 horse racing odds’s national history has made significant progress，But the original doubts have not been completely resolved，On the contrary, new objections have been added。It’s worth noting，Li Ling proposed in his supplementary discussion on the Three Weapons of bet365 horse racing odds，After Duke Huan restored his country, he lost his country again。This shows the lineage of bet365 horse racing odds inscriptions，The details of the connection of bet365 horse racing odds’s historical process have not been completely resolved。Summary of these doubts，The content is generally similar to the doubts arising from the interpretation of handed down documents，But new issues such as the Chineseization of Xianyu culture have been added，The most fundamental doubt is still the debate about the historical trajectory of bet365 horse racing odds。

The inscriptions on the three vessels of bet365 horse racing odds are undoubtedly precious supplementary historical materials for the history of bet365 horse racing odds，The most important content is the listed bet365 horse racing odds lineage，Make up for the lack of handed down documents。However, the results of the interpretation of this lineage continue the main content of the traditional doubts。Such as: Can the lineage prove the continuity between Xianyu bet365 horse racing odds and Wugong bet365 horse racing odds？Can you explain the origin and national surname of bet365 horse racing odds during the Warring States Period？Can it reflect the truth about bet365 horse racing odds’s restoration？Also，bet365 horse racing odds Culture of the Warring States Period represented by the bet365 horse racing odds Royal Tombs，Whether it truly reflects the process and results of Xianyu’s transformation into Chinese？Many doubts are directly related to the overall exploration of bet365 horse racing odds’s history。solve these problems，Need the organic integration of handed down documents and archaeological data，In particular, it is necessary to conduct a comprehensive investigation of the archaeological culture of the Xianyu bet365 horse racing odds territory，Then explore new evidence on this basis。

　　New evidence about the historical process of bet365 horse racing odds

The restoration of bet365 horse racing odds’s historical process is the primary foundation for the exploration of bet365 horse racing odds’s national history，The most important one is the connection trajectory between bet365 horse racing odds in the Spring and Autumn Period and bet365 horse racing odds in the Warring States Period，This is also the most prominent one among many doubts。In recent years，New archaeological achievements in bet365 horse racing odds represented by the Gujun site in Xingtang County, Hebei Province，Provides new clues and basis for solving this problem，The new certificate mainly contains three contents。

一，Differences in the direction of public graves，Shows the difference in national surnames between Xianyu bet365 horse racing odds and Warring States bet365 horse racing odds。The tomb of the public discovered by archeology，Mostly large and medium-sized tombs with higher specifications，Always accompanied by royal tombs。The tomb orientation of public tombs has a relatively fixed historical heritage，Therefore, it is an important indicator reflecting the clan affiliation of the public family, that is, the national surname。Large and medium-sized tombs discovered at the ancient county site of the Xingtang Dynasty，Should belong to the tomb of an early bet365 horse racing odds Duke，The tomb faces mainly east，This is significantly different from the tombs of bet365 horse racing odds King’s Tombs facing north。The difference in the tomb orientation between the Gujun Tomb and the bet365 horse racing odds King’s Tomb，Reflects that the public offices of bet365 horse racing odds in the Spring and Autumn Period and bet365 horse racing odds in the Warring States Period are not of the same clan，Therefore, the monarchy and the country’s surname should not be the same line。This is also reflected in the overall regulation of mausoleum construction，The Royal Tomb of bet365 horse racing odds shares many elements with the Great Tomb of the State of Wei in Guwei Village, Huixian County (some speculate it is the Tomb of the King of Wei)。Accordingly，bet365 horse racing odds and Wei in the Warring States Period share the surname Ji，Should be more reliable；And Chunqiu Xianyu bet365 horse racing odds may belong to another surname，Assuming there is no big problem。

　Second，The difference in cultural connotation of tombs，Reflects that Xianyu bet365 horse racing odds and Warring States bet365 horse racing odds belong to two cultural systems。Tang He、Xianyu bet365 horse racing odds Kingdom Tombs from the Spring and Autumn Period to the Early Warring States Period in the Hutuo River Basin，Has strong Xianyu cultural characteristics，Main elements such as: tombstones、A large number of sacrifices、Animal-shaped plaques commonly found in funerary objects、Gold wire or copper wire earrings, etc.。All these characteristics，Basically disappeared in bet365 horse racing odds tomb culture during the Warring States Period，The distinction and separation between the two tomb cultures before and after is clear，Obviously two systems with different properties。

　Third，Archaeological data confirms the social form of bet365 horse racing odds in Xianyu recorded in literature，There is a significant gap between it and bet365 horse racing odds during the Warring States Period。"Lu Shi Chun Qiu Xian Shi Lan" records the social form of bet365 horse racing odds in Xianyu: "bet365 horse racing odds Customs，Take day as night，Day and night，Men and women depend on each other，No rest，Kangle，The song is so sad。The owner knows no evil，This is the trend of national subjugation。”In fact，Calling it a “wind of national subjugation” is actually a misunderstanding，This is an excellent portrayal of the social and economic situation in bet365 horse racing odds, Xianyu。A huge sacrifice pit was discovered at the ruins of the ancient county of Xingtang，For example, nearly 400 animals were sacrificed in the sacrifice pit No. 25，Sheep account for nearly 80%，Followed by cattle and horses。This is important physical evidence of the development of animal husbandry in bet365 horse racing odds, Xianyu，The so-called "night and day"、bet365 horse racing odds custom of "songs are so sad"，It is the natural and unique production and living customs of the pastoral people。In sharp contrast to this，The social and economic situation in bet365 horse racing odds during the Warring States Period was another story。Archaeological discoveries at the Lingshou City site in bet365 horse racing odds indicate，The economic type of bet365 horse racing odds during the Warring States Period was mainly agriculture，Discovered rice、Food relics such as millet and sorghum，There are also ruins of workshops specializing in the production of agricultural tools and a large number of iron farm tools。Corresponding to this，Social fashion has also undergone tremendous changes。Description of "Warring States Policy"，Before King Zhao Wuling destroyed bet365 horse racing odds，Send people to investigate bet365 horse racing odds’s national conditions，Report that bet365 horse racing odds values ​​Confucianism、Bastard Warrior。This is also recorded in unearthed documents，The inscriptions on the three bet365 horse racing odds vessels repeatedly quote the Confucian classic "The Book of Songs"，And condemned the surrender of Yan State，As if he is the defender of the orthodoxy of the Zhou system。Anyway，Archaeological data and documentary records corroborate each other，Xianyu bet365 horse racing odds and Warring States bet365 horse racing odds in terms of social form and economic type，There are clear divisions and gaps。

Want it，The cultural elements of tombs and many comprehensive archaeological evidence show that，The difference between bet365 horse racing odds in the Spring and Autumn Period and bet365 horse racing odds in the Warring States Period is primary and fundamental，The cultural differences between the two have been basically clarified，Especially since the clan names of the two families are not the same。Accordingly，The historical process between Xianyu bet365 horse racing odds and Warring States bet365 horse racing odds，When the non-continuous development of one body and one system。

　New evidence about the cultural changes of Xianyu

If there is no continuous development between Xianyu bet365 horse racing odds and Warring States bet365 horse racing odds，So how to understand the cultural changes between the two，The essence is the result of Xianyu’s transformation into Chinese，This is still the transformation of Huaxia Xianyu？Comprehensive new evidence on this controversial issue，There are two main contents。

First，Confirmed by years of accumulation of archaeological data in bet365 horse racing odds，The cultural gap between Xianyu bet365 horse racing odds and Warring States bet365 horse racing odds，A sudden change in culture，Does not have the basic conditions for the gradual evolution of Chineseization，So it is not the result of the deep Chineseization of Xianyu。

The connotation of bet365 horse racing odds culture during the Warring States Period，There are basically no inherited elements of Xianyu culture，There is no transformation and evolution trajectory between the two cultures before and after，But a leap-forward mutation update，Similar to a cultural rupture and division。Particularly noteworthy is，Warring States bet365 horse racing odds Culture and Wei、The cultures of Zhao and Zhao are relatively similar，Even the grave direction with the most ethnic significance，Also became consistent with Wei State。This explanation is after the restoration of bet365 horse racing odds in the middle of the Warring States Period，Xianyu culture was not revived，Our own cultural traditions are almost disappearing，And completely transformed into a Chinese culture。In other words，Between Xianyu bet365 horse racing odds and Warring States bet365 horse racing odds，There is no so-called process of gradual Chineseization。Historical background of cultural mutation，Undoubtedly a change of government in the government，The time of separation between the two cultures was at the end of the early Warring States Period，That is, after Wei destroyed bet365 horse racing odds。This period，The Spring and Autumn Period Xianyu culture declined rapidly and even almost disappeared，The bet365 horse racing odds culture suddenly formed during the Warring States Period，The opportunity seems to stem from Wei’s occupation。

Second，The Chinese nature of bet365 horse racing odds culture during the Warring States Period，Not from the Chinese culture of Xianyu culture，It should be the fusion of Chinese culture and the transformation of Xianyu culture，The change of the Gongshi family name must be the fundamental basis of this cultural mutation。

How to interpret the Chinese characteristics of bet365 horse racing odds culture during the Warring States Period，Doubts directly related to the transformation of Xianyu into Chinese。Arguments advocating for the Huaxia transformation of Xianyu，Emphasize that the opportunity came from the influence of Chinese culture during the Wei occupation，However, this view may not be able to explain the reason why Xianyu culture did not revive after the restoration of bet365 horse racing odds。The essence of this argument is: Wei’s occupation of bet365 horse racing odds led to the transformation of Xianyu into China，bet365 horse racing odds only restored the Xianyu regime，Cultural aspects continue to maintain comprehensive Chineseization。This view lacks sufficient archaeological evidence to support，Because not only has the cultural trajectory of the so-called Chineseization process not been discovered，What’s more important is that Fuguo bet365 horse racing odds and Xianyu bet365 horse racing odds are not of the same national surname。Therefore，The restored bet365 horse racing odds culture is by no means the result of the profound Chineseization of Xianyu culture，It is more like a leap-forward cultural change from Xianyu to Huaxia。But if it is a cultural mutation that even changes the direction of the clan，The historical truth of the restoration of Xianyu and bet365 horse racing odds will definitely be questioned，It is even necessary to re-examine the view that bet365 horse racing odds was enfeoffed by the Zhou Dynasty or by the Wei Dynasty。About this，Chen Pan’s argument may be more pertinent: the first king of bet365 horse racing odds in the Warring States Period and whether the country was restored after the destruction of Wei，Unspecified。

In summary，Although the exploration of bet365 horse racing odds’s national history has made great progress，But doubts about the continuous development of bet365 horse racing odds in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period still exist。Some new evidence suggests that there may be a rupture and separation between the two，The bet365 horse racing odds culture of the Warring States Period did not come from the Huaxia transformation of Xianyu, but the Huaxia transformation of Xianyu。All these doubtful questions，Both require further exploration and supplementary evidence。

　　(The author is a professor at the School of History and Culture, Hebei Normal University、Deputy Director of the Xia and Shang Archaeological Professional Committee of the Chinese Archaeological Society、Director of China Pre-Qin History Society)