History of Zhongshan State of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty，The recorded document records are limited and there are mostly arrivals。Late Qing Wang Xianqian "Xianyu Zhongshan State Fair"，Summary of Zhongshan National Historical Materials，But many mysteries have not been clarified。After the excavation of the King's Mausoleum of Zhongshan County, Pingshan County, Hebei Province in the 1970s，The archaeological materials unearthed from the new situation of the exploration of the history of Zhongshan National History。The more popular conclusion believes that: from spring and autumn, freshly Yu to the Warring States Zhongshan，Basically, the pulse is inherited，Archeological relics roughly reflect the historical process of Xianyu Huaxia。but，At the same time, there are many suspicions。Since 2015，The site of the Gan County of Tangxian County, Hebei Province found the early Zhongshan national large cemetery，New archeological data shows the complexity of Zhongshan State Culture。Historical facts reflected by it，It is consolidated and refined the above mainstream conclusions，2255_2277，It is necessary to comprehensively synthesize literature and archaeological information，New exploration and research on the history of Zhongshan State。

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Several clues of the history of Zhongshan Kingdom，It is mainly seen in documents such as "Zuo Zhuan", "Warring States Policy" and "Historical Records"。For these limited records of interpretation and understanding，There have been many suspicions for a long time。The content of its focus is: the recovery of the details of the historical process of Zhongshan、bet365 best casino games the relationship between the surname of Xianyu and the surname of the Zhongshan State、The truth of Wei Zhan and Zhongshan Fuguo is equal。where，The most fundamental doubt is the understanding of the historical process of Zhongshan，Is it a vein or a side branch? Or is there a breakdown in the meantime?。

The name of Zhongshan was first seen in "Zuo Zhuan" Dinggong for four years (before 506)，Du Yuyun "Zhongshan，Xianyu "。And Xianyu was first seen in "Spring and Autumn" Zhaogong Twelve years (530) "Jin Da Xianyu"，"Biography of Gu Liang" collection quotes "Shimoten" and said: "Fresh Yu，Ji surname，Bai Di also。"These records indicate that Zhongshan may originate from Xianyu，and at least since the late spring and autumn，Zhongshan State already exists，But the exact relationship between Xianyu and Zhongshan during the Spring and Autumn Period is not clear。"Historical Records of Zhao Shijia": "(Xian Hou) ten years (414)，Zhongshan Wugong Chuchi。"Su Yin" quotes "Shimoten": "Zhongshan Wu Gongju Gu，Gong Gong Lingshou。"This is probably the beginning of the State of the Warring States Period。According to "Zhao Shijia": "The first year bet365 best casino games of Liehou (408)，Wei Wenhou cuts Zhongshan (Wei Die Zhongshan two years later) ... (King Zhao Huiwen) Three years (before 296)，Destroy Zhongshan。"" Historical Records of Leyi Biography "" Zhongshan Fuguo "(about 378 years ago)。These descriptions reflect the Chinese Mountains in the Warring States Period, including the two stages of the front and rear，Former Zhongshan is the destruction of Wei，The Hou Zhongshan of the Reunion is Zhao Destroy again。but，For the front and rear two Zhongshan、Details between Qianzhongshan and Spring and Autumn Zhongshan，The literature does not provide conclusive clues。

Ancient literature outlines the general process of the history of Zhongshan Kingdom: Spring and Autumn, Xianyu — Spring and Autumn Zhongshan (Xianyu Zhongshan) -Wengshan (Wu Gong Zhongshan) — Wei Zhan Zhongshan -after the Warring States Period, Zhongshan (Zhongshan) — Zhao Destroy Zhongshan。This historical process is just a rough path，The understanding of its specific trajectory has many disputes。where，There are four main opinions。

One，Spring and Autumn, Zhongshan and Wu Gong Zhongshan belong to a consecutive series，Zhongshan Wugong is from Xianyu。Lu Zuqian、Liang Yu rope、Gu Jiegang and other advocates this saying。

Its two，Spring and Autumn, Zhongshan and Wu Gong Zhongshan are not a series，Zhongshan Wugong comes from Zhou room。This talks about "Hanshu Ancient and Modern Man Table"，Lei Xueqi、Cheng Enze and others agree with this view，The main point is: after the extermination of Xianyu Zhongshan, it is the Zhou Dynasty sealed Zhongshan，until it was destroyed by Wei。

Its three，Wei Di Spring and Autumn Mid -Mountain，Following the belonging to Wei Zhizhong Mountain，Dang Wei Zhizhi。Mainly this point of view is the Qing Dynasty scholars such as Shen Qinhan、Yellow -style 3、Su Shixue, etc.，and modern scholars such as Qian Mu、Xu Zhongshu, etc.。Shen Qinhan also believes that "Historical Records of Zhao Shijia" will be upside down in the era of Zhongshan Wugong and Wei Wenhou's death，3208_3230。Xu Zhongshu thinks，Wei Yi Zhongshan later gradually broke away from the Wei Kingdom and moved towards independence。The core of these arguments is to question the so -called Zhongshan Fuguo，I believe that Wei Zhan and Zhongshan will be integrated with Zhongshan，I even regard Wu Gong as the beginning of Zhongshan, which is Wei Gong。

Four，Wei Dan's recovery of Zhongshan after the Spring and Autumn Mountain，Not Wei belongs to Zhongshan。Scholars holding this view have Liangyu rope、Mongolongtong、Yang Kuan et al.。This view basically adheres to the literature records such as "Historical Records"，I believe that after the Warring States Zhongshan was interrupted for a period of time，Then the country continues the country。

The above four opinions actually involve two major issues: First, the dispute between the status of Zhongshan Wugong，This also involves issues such as the surnames and origin of Xianyu nationality; the second is whether the Warring States Period is the battle between the Wei Dynasty.，In fact, bet365 best casino games the relationship between Wei Zhan Zhongshan and Fu Guo Zhongshan。I want，Due to the limitations recorded by the handed down literature，The specific trajectory of the historical process of Zhongshan is not clear，There are many arguments and doubts。Discovery of the King's Mausoleum of Zhongshan, Pingshan in 1974，It provides opportunities for solving these problems。

Zhongshan Wangling Excavation Promotion Related Research

The excavation of Wangling in the Warring States Period is a major discovery of Zhongshan archeology。Among them, the three copper wares are known as the three device of Zhongshan because they are engraved with long inscriptions，The content of the inscription, especially the recording of the Zhongshan World Department，Promoting the exploration of Zhongshan National History to achieve major breakthroughs。Li Xueqin、Li Ling's research on Zhongshan three equipment is the most representative，The conclusion is: from the spring and autumn Xianyu Zhongshan to the Warring States Zhongshan Yizimai，Zhongshan Culture is the result of the gradual deepening of Xianyu culture。This argument is released，Wide and lasting influence，It is still the mainstream viewpoint of the study of Zhongshan National History。

At the same time，There are also some opposite objections，Among them, Huang Shengzhang's refutation is the most typical。Its core content is: There is no continuity between the spring and autumn Xianyu Zhongshan and the Warring States Zhongshan，Zhongshan Wugong out of Zhou room，The Warring States Zhongshan Culture belongs to the Central Plains System，There is no so -called Huaxiaization。This argument is almost tattoo with mainstream views。other，Sun Hua put forward an approximately discount: The Warring States Zhongshan is not the continuation of spring and autumn，But still from another name of Ji Bai Di, who is still surnamed with Zhou Shi。

The above dispute indicates，Documents unearthed in Wangling of Zhongshan，The exploration of Zhongshan State History has made significant progress，But the original suspect did not completely solve it，Instead, new objection has been added。It is worth noting that，Li Ling puts forward in the supplementary exposition of Zhongshan three instruments，After returning to the country, I lost my country again。This shows the world of Zhongshan Wells，It has not completely solved the details of the connection details of the historical process of Zhongshan。Summarize these suspicions，Its content is similar to the suspicion of the interpretation of the handed down literature，But the newly added problems of Huaxia Huaxia in Xianyu Culture，The most fundamental doubt is still the debate on the historical process of Zhongshan。

The inscription of Zhongshan three instruments is undoubtedly the precious history of the history of Zhongshan Kingdom，The most important part of which is listed in the Zhongshan World，Make up the lack of the handed down literature。But the result of the interpretation of this life continues the main content of traditional suspects。For example, can the world prove the bet365 Play online games continuity between Xianyu Zhongshan and Wu Gong Zhongshan? Can it explain the source and surname of Zhongshan in the Warring States Period?，Warring States Zhongshan Culture represented by the King of Zhongshan，Does it reflect the process and results of Xianyu Huaxia? Many suspicions are directly related to the overall exploration of the history of Zhongshan Kingdom。Solve these problems，Organic integration of handed down literature and archeological materials，Especially need to conduct a comprehensive investigation of the archeological culture of Xianyu Zhongshan territory，Then explore the new certificate on this basis。

　　New certificate on the historical process of Zhongshan

The recovery of the historical process of Zhongshan is the first foundation of the exploration of the history of Zhongshan.，Among them, the most important thing is the connection trajectory between the spring and autumn Xianyu Zhongshan and the Warring States Zhongshan，This is also the most prominent content of many suspicions。In recent years，New Achievement of Zhongshan Archeology, represented by the ruins of Tangxian County, Xingxian County, Hebei Province，It provides new clues and basis for solving this problem，The content of its new certificate is mainly three。

One，Differences of the Tomb of the Gong clan，Show the difference between Xianyu Zhongshan and the national surname of Zhongshan in the Warring States Period。Tomb of the Gong family found in archeological discovery，Most of them are large and medium -sized tombs with higher specifications，Always accompany Wang Ling。The tomb of the tomb of the clan towards a fixed historical heritage，Therefore, it is an important indicator reflecting the family's genus, that is, the surname of the national surname。Large and medium -sized tombs found in the ruins of the Tang Dynasty，It should belong to the tomb of the early Zhongshan Guogong family，The tomb towards the main east，This is a significant difference between the tombs of Zhongshan Wangling to the north。Different Tomb of the Great Tomb of the County and the King of Zhongshan，Reflected that the room in the spring and autumn Zhongshan and the Warring States Zhongshan is not the same ethnic group，Therefore, the monarch and the surname of the country are not one series。This is also reflected in the overall regulation of the construction of the mausoleum，The tomb of Wei Guoda, Wangling and Huiwei Village of Zhongshan (some people speculate that it is Wei Wang Mausoleum) has many same elements。Based on this，The Warring States Period Zhongshan and Wei Guo belong to Ji surname，It should be more reliable; and the spring and autumn Xianyu Zhongshan may belong to another surname，When there are no big problems。

Its two，The difference between the cultural connotation of the tomb，Reflect that Xianyu Zhongshan and the Warring States Zhongshan belong to two cultural systems。Tanghe、Spring and Autumn Periods from the Luanhe River Basin to the early Warring States Period, Xianyu Zhongshan State Tomb，Have a strong cultural characteristics of Xianyu，Main elements such as: tomb stones、A large number of animals、Frequent animal -shaped Bet365 lotto review cards of funerals、Golden silk or copper earrings, etc.。All these features，Basically disappeared in the tomb culture of the Warring States Period，The separation of the two types of tomb culture is clear，Obviously two systems with different natures。

Its three，Archaeological data confirms the social form of Xianyu Zhongshan recorded in the literature，There is a significant gap between its and the Warring States Period。"Lu's Spring and Autumn · First Award" records the social form of Xianyu Zhongshan: "Zhongshan Vulgar，Time to night，Night Night，Men and women cut off，Waves，Kangle，Ballads are so sad。Its Lord Effective，The wind of this dead country also。"In fact，It is a misunderstanding to call it "the wind of the country"，This is an excellent portrayal of the social and economic form of Xianyu Zhongshan。The site of the Tang Dynasty County found a huge large -scale animal pit，For example, nearly 400 lives on the 25th and livestock，Among them, sheep account for nearly 80 %，Followed by cattle and horses。This is an important physical evidence of the developed animal husbandry industry in Xianyu Zhongshan，and the so -called "Night Night Night、Ballads are so sad "Zhongshan Vulgar，It is the natural and living customs unique to the livestock people。A clear comparison with this，The social and economic form of Zhongshan in the Warring States Period is another scenario。Archaeological Discovery of the Lingshoucheng Site of Zhongshan，The economic type of Zhongshan in the Warring States Period is mainly agriculture，I found that there is rice、Grain relics such as millet and sorghum，There are also workshops specializing in agricultural tools and a large number of iron agricultural tools。Correspondingly，Social style also changes with this。"Warring States Policy" description，Zhao Wuling King Before the extermination of Zhongshan，Send someone to explore the national conditions of Zhongshan，Return to say that Zhongshan Gui Confucianism、Baldward man。The unearthed literature also records it for this，The inscriptions of Zhongshan three instruments repeatedly quoted the Confucian classic "Book of Songs"，and condemned the Zen Jean of Yan State，It seems to be the main maintenanceer of the weekly system。In short，Archaeological data and literature records mutual evidence，Xianyu Zhongshan and the Warring States Zhongshan in terms of social forms and economic types，There are distinctive fields and gaps。

I want，The cultural elements of the tomb and the comprehensive evidence of many archeological sciences，The differences between the spring and autumn Xianyu Zhongshan and the Warring States Zhongshan are the first and fundamental，The division of the two between the two has basically been clarified，Especially the family surnames of the two rooms are not the same species。Based on this，The historical process between Xianyu Zhongshan and the Warring States Zhongshan，When a series of non -continuous development。

　New Certificate of Xianyu Cultural Reform

bet365 live casino games If there is no continuous development between Xianyu Zhongshan and the Warring States Zhongshan，So how to know the cultural changes between the two，The essence of its essence is the result of Xianyu Huaxia，Or the change of Huaxia Huaxiayu? Comprehensive new certificate on this question，Main content is two。

First，Many years of accumulation of archeological data of Zhongshan，The cultural gap between Xianyu Zhongshan and the Warring States Zhongshan，belonging to a change of cultural sudden change，does not have the basic condition that Huaxia has evolved，Therefore, it is not the result of the depth of Xianyu Huaxia。

The connotation composition of Zhongshan culture in the Warring States Period，Basically no inheritance elements of Xianyu culture，There is no trajectory between transformation and evolution between the two cultures before and after，but a leap -up mutation update，Similar to a cultural break and division。Especially worth noting is，Warring States Zhongshan Culture and Wei、Zhao's culture is more similar，Even the tomb with the most surnamed surnames，Also converted to consistent with Wei Guo。This description is after the recovery of Zhongshan in the middle of the Warring States Period，Xianyu Culture has not recovered with it，How close to your own cultural traditions disappear，Culture that is completely transformed into Huaxia。In other words，Between Xianyu Zhongshan and the Warring States Zhongshan，There is no process of the so -called gradually Huaxia。historical background of cultural mutations，It is undoubtedly the change of the room regime，The division time of the two cultures before and after the end of the Warring States Period is at the end of the Warring States Period，That is, after Wei extinguished Zhongshan。This period，Spring and Autumn Fresh Yu Culture has declined rapidly and almost disappeared，and the Warring States Zhongshan Culture suddenly formed，The opportunity seems to originate from the occupation of the Wei State。

Second，Huaxia Nature of Zhongshan Culture of the Warring States Period，Not Huaxia of Huaxia Culture，It should be the integration of Huaxia culture to transform Xianyu Culture，The change of the family surname is the fundamental foundation of this cultural mutation。

How to interpret the Chinese characteristics of the Chinese Zhongshan culture，It will be directly related to the suspicion of Xianyu Huaxia。The argument that advocates Xianyu Huaxia，Emphasizing its opportunity to influence from Huaxia culture during Wei Zhan，But I am afraid it is difficult to explain the reason why Xianyu culture has not been revived after Zhongshan's resumed country.。The essence of this argument is: Wei Zhan Zhongshan leads to Xianyu Huaxia Hua，Reuntelle Zhongshan just restored the freshman regime，Culture aspect continues to maintain comprehensive Huaxia。This view lacks sufficient archaeological evidence support，Because not only did not find the cultural trajectory of the so -called Huaxia process，More importantly, the reunion of Zhongshan and Xianyu Zhongshan are not the same surname。So，The recovered Zhongshan culture is by no means the results of the depth bet365 Play online games of Huaxia culture，and more like a cultural change from Xianyu to Huaxia。But if it is a cultural mutation that even the tomb of the male tombs has changed，Then the historical truth of Xianyu Zhongshan will be questioned，Zhongshan's views of Zhou room or Wei Zhizhi even need to re -examine。About this，Chen Xun's argument may be relatively willing: Whether the Warring States Zhongshan Shijun and Wei Di resumed the country，Nothing is not available。

To sum up，The exploration of Zhongshan State History, although it has made great progress，But the suspicion of the continuous development of the Spring and Autumn Zhongshan and the Warring States Period still exists。Some new evidence indicates that there may be breaks and division between the two，Zhongshan culture of the Warring States Period is not from Xianyu Huaxia, but Huaxiahua Xianyu。All these suspected questions，All need to be further explored and replenished。

　　(The author is a professor at the School of History and Culture, Hebei Normal University、Deputy Director of the Xia Shang Professional Committee of the China Archeology Association、Director of the Chinese Society of Chinese Pioneers)