The poor are groups that cannot be ignored in ancient Greek and Roman society，It was also an important variable that affects social stability at that time，Therefore, it attracted the eyes of people。In ancient Greek Roman literature，Leave a lot of records about the poor。Through climbing related narrative，We can outline the situation of this silent group in the history of ancient Greece and Rome，Then there is a more comprehensive understanding of ancient Greek and Roman society。

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In the ancient Greek Roman society，People recognize the objective existence of poverty on the one hand，On the other hand, it also advocates trying to change poverty。According to the "History of the Berlonnenia War" record，General Athens、Politicians Berricley made a speech at the death ceremony of the soldiers of the soldiers. "As for poverty，It is not shameful to recognize poverty，The really shameful thing is that you do n’t work hard to change the status quo。"The above concept is also reflected in the drama and legislation of ancient Greece。In the work of the famous tragedy of the famous tragic writer Eskoros "Agamennon"，Apollo priest Kassandra said: I used to be like a wanderer、Beggar、Poor people、Unfortunate hungry ghost，Mocker with humiliation。In the tragic work of Orepius "Meidia"，Io Song's words are more simple and straightforward: "The most important thing is，We have to live decently，No poverty，Because I know clearly，All people avoid poor friends，Far away from him。"Since poverty is not popular，So how to avoid poverty is naturally a problem faced by the ancient Greeks。According to the Greek writer Prutak in the Roman Empire (AD AD 46-125), in "Greek Roman Celebrity Biography"，7th century BC，Athens Legislator Dragou is in the first text of the formation，It has made harsh regulations: those who are good at traveling are to be sentenced to death。After the 6th century BC, Souren was elected as the Athens administrator，Although it is abolished due to the harshness of the above laws，But those who are good at swimming are not indifferent。Sloun's Members of the Ali Popus bet365 Play online games Conference (the earliest noble conference in ancient Athens) investigated each citizen's ability to make a living，Punishment and whipping those lazy lazy people。As the ancient Greek poet Heri Russia said，In the Terminal，People who have no job will feel humiliated。

Ancient Romans' views on poverty，Similar to the ancient Greeks。Ancient Roman writer Saluzius (about 86-35/34 BC) was proposed in "Katarin Conspiracy"，End of the Roman Republic，When wealth is worshiped、When the virtue declines，Poverty is only considered a shame。Pru Tak mentioned in the "Greek Roman Celebrity Biography" that a popular point of view at that time，That is, unless you are lazy、indulgence、Luxury and arrogant behavior，Otherwise, poverty itself is not shameless。

It can be said，In ancient Greek Roman society，The poverty in reality is actually divided into two categories。One is "acceptable" poverty，That is, poverty or poverty that cannot be got rid of its own efforts; the other is "unacceptable" poverty，Poverty that does not work hard。This classification of poverty，Not only reflects the moral values ​​of the ancient Greek Romans，It is also an important basis for determining which kind of poor people can get relief。

　　Reason for social stability and development

A main line that runs through the history of the early development of social development in ancient Greece is a conflict between civilians and nobles。The root cause of the conflict is nothing more than two points: First, the civilians are politically "no right"，Second is the economic poverty of civilians。Both comparison，concerns about poverty is the "Damocari Sword" hanging on the head of civilians，It can be said，Future uncertainty makes each civilian a potential poor。Since ancient times and today，Human disasters or natural disasters are the causes of "uncertainty tomorrow"，In ancient society,。In Greece World，During the Hippo War，Many aristocratic families in Athens and rich rich people fall into the poor situation due to the invasion of the Persian，The situation of general civilians can be imagined。According to the sixth volume of "The Ancient History of Cambridge", M. M. Osdin said，In the war at the time，The 蹂 to enemy arable land is often a conventional strategy of land war。Even the general conflict，can also cause the barren land、Farmer's bankruptcy。bet365 live casino games For example, about 360 BC，A conflict that broke out in the Abeyus in ancient Greece caused local land barren，and foreigners are unwilling to give further loans to farmers who are already liabilities。The harvest of crops caused by disasters or droughts is repeatedly threatened by the survival of ordinary civilians。M. M. Osdin also pointed out，5th century BC，The Greek world may have a proletariat for output，The establishment of some colonies is related to these people，Other people also act as a mercenary due to poverty。Ancient Roman World also faces the above natural disasters and human disasters，Another important manifestation of Roman human disasters is the brutal growth of large real estate。For example，After the 2nd century BC，With the formation of large real estate，The economy of small farmers has been devastated by the economy。Farmers who lose the land，On the one hand, it provides cheap labor for large rural real estate，On the other hand, a group of unemployed tourists for the city。

So，Poor problems are related to the stability and development of ancient Greek and Roman society。The Greek philosophers in the classical period have deeply explained this，Plato pointed out in its famous "Ideal Country"，"Any city -state，No matter how small she is，In fact, they are divided into two parts，One is the city -state of the poor，One is the city -state of the rich。State of war in war "。Aristotle also believes that Greek city -state is usually divided into two groups -rich and poor。Therefore，The reasonable allocation of property and wealth is the basis for the stability of the city -state，The strictest measures should be used to ensure that the gap between the rich and the poor is limited to a certain range，To prevent excessive unequal development。Saluus Tisus also put forward the same opinion，He pointed out that the Roman society consists of two parts: noble peace and the people，Nobles enjoy the highest authority，But the number of civilians accounts for an overwhelming advantage。The potential meaning is，The harmony between the noble and the civilians is the foundation of the country's stability。Saluus Tituster not to notice the influence of the poor in civilians on the stability of the country，In his book "Catalin Conspiracy"，He pointed out that some poor people participated bet365 best casino games in the rebellion conspiracy of Katylin，and further interpret，The poor often do not satisfy their own destiny，I hope to see a comprehensive reform，and "in a turbulent and chaotic environment，They are easy to adapt，Because poverty is easy to be satisfied and won't lose anything "。I am unique，Almost the famous ancient Roman politician, which lives almost in the same period, also put forward the political concept of "Concordia Ordinum" in his speech。

Visible，In ancient Greek Roman society，For the stability of society，The poor should get relief。

　　Public relief and private relief support each other

Public relief and private relief coexistence in ancient Greek and Roman society。In ancient Greek society，I can know from ancient Greek drama，At the beginning of the city -state, there was a regular donation for the relief of poor members，That is the public band。Pru Tak also mentioned，The Citizen Conference of Athens takes care of the people living in the city -state，and praise "the grace and kindness of this city can propose a lot of examples，It is still prevalent until today，Winning the praise and admiration of the world "。For example，The famous Athens ruling officer of Greek Classical Berteli in the Classical Greek period solves the "poor people" through the city -state government。In terms of private relief，Bourkley's opponent Simon can be described as an example，He uses his own wealth and money to take care of the poor，Citizens who have no food every day invite meals，Give the clothes to the old people，Demolition of the fence of my field village，Allow anyone to get in to take away the food that needs to be taken away。

In ancient Roman society，Public relief can be said to run through its development。According to the "Roman History" record of ancient Roman historian Titus Lee Wei (59-7 BC)，As early as Wang Zheng's era，The sixth king Servish Turius (Boopedic 578-535) is not only very good in the management country，He also takes care of the interests of the poor class。Polberkla, the Roman general and politician who overturned Wang Zheng, stipulated，To help the poor，It can be exempted from their taxes，Encourage them to engage in various tasks。In the second half of the 2nd century BC，The reform of the Gelag brothers also involved the relief of the poor。For example，Laws passed by Geyo Gragugo，One of bet365 live casino games them involves food supply，reduced the price purchased by the poor。After the crisis of food shortage in 6 and 7 years AD，The Roman Emperor Augustus set up a permanent position for the two former ruling officials，To monitor the grain distribution in the supervisor and import grain from abroad。Within a few years，These positions have been transferred to the Cavaliers official。Emperor Tura really did not ignore the concern for the people。He provides the necessary necessities to the poor，Establish a raising fund called "AlIMENTA" for homeless children，The above policy has continued for two hundred years。and，Since the 4th century，The Roman Empire Government often distributes grain and olive oil to the poor in the two major cities of Rome and Constantinople，These free foods are called "Annona" in Latin。

In ancient Roman society，Private relief is more prevalent，Because the secular government has not set up a management agency dedicated to social relief，The aforementioned public relief for the poor often does not have persistence。In the ancient Roman king's era，Monopoly Taxwin Briscus has generously unpopulated to the poor。To the Roman Republic Times，A global asylum system has been widely implemented in the society，That is, "clients) in the weak position through convention or your own wishes，Protection of accepting the "protector" (Patrons) than yourself，That is to form a main relationship of a "Divine Father and Son"。In addition to providing political asylum to the protector，It also provides it with economic support including land and relief。Acting，The protector must provide the protector with political loyalty and service。The initial protected person is generally the poor and the disadvantaged groups in the society。The Roman Empire followed the form of social management in the Republican period，means "Patestalism" (Paternalism "with the relationship between" shelter "and" shelter "，The responsibility for the relief of the poor is naturally borne by the "protector"。

　closely related to the city -state government and the concept of city -state

In the ancient Greek Roman society，The definition of the poor is closely related to its urban -state government and the city -state concept of the city.。Early early in ancient Greek society and ancient Roman society，City State is regarded as a collection of citizens，Ruyasode pointed out in "Political Science"Bet365 app download ，"City State is a combination of citizens (many) citizens"; the reason why a person becomes a citizen of the city -state，There are many reasons and complex，But the same blood margin、Language、Belief and rituals are important factors。Obviously，In the concept of ancient Greek and Roman citizens，Non -citizens such as foreigners and slaves do not belong to the "city -state people"，The stability of the city -state lies in the harmony between citizens。Therefore，Whether in ancient Greece or ancient Roman society，The poor first refers to those who have citizenship; secondly refers to the economic poverty。It can be said，The poor in ancient Greek and Roman society only refer to economic poverty in groups with citizenship、It is difficult to maintain the survival，This will exclude the "poor people" in the non -citizen group，cause，The poor of the ancient Greek and Roman society define a great narrowness。Because in the ancient Greek society and early Roman society，The number of non -citizen groups is far greater than the number of citizens，The "poor people" in this group will naturally not be too little，But it is impossible。Even after the Roman society later surpassed the city -state system，The attention of the poor is still limited to its citizen。

other，In ancient Greek Roman society，Although the poor who owns citizenship get a certain economic relief，But its political rights are often limited。During the Reform of Soulun，His citizen under the third level is called thetes，That is "slum"，These people can attend the citizen meeting，or as a juror，but not qualified to be an official。Enter the classical period，Although the political rights of the poor get a certain relief，As a city -state official, you can get a national allowance，But whether the city -state finance can support the premise，When the economic income of the city -state decreases or the number of citizens is too large，The aforementioned relief must be difficult to maintain。Athens political leader in Athens at the end of the 5th century BC, Sirameneis believes，Excellent democracy should not include poor citizens，Because they are easy to be greedy for their small profits, they sell the city -state。Early Roman World in the 6th century BC，Poor citizens are not expected to play the same role as wealthy members in the society in the process of defending Bet365 lotto review the country。So，Its political rights are not recognized。During this period，The proletarian usually vote for the last time，If the main voting results have been released，The proletariat is often excluded。At the end of the Roman Republic，If there are poor people in the ancestors，It will even become an important "stain"。Ruwa Dawei was accused by his political enemy，In terms of maternity，There is a poor man from Africa in his ancestors，Bakery or sale perfume in Arista。In the Roman Empire era，Even the social rights of the poor will also receive some restrictions，For example，The North African City Big Ripstis, rebuilt in the Roman Emperor Sevilu，The poor in the city of the city sit in the back row，Local elite members sit in the front row。Therefore，The famous ancient Roman historian Ronald Saim pointed out in his masterpiece "Roman Revolution"，"The Romans do not believe in equality", "The spiritual essence of the Roman government is the noble dictatorship"。

　　(The author is a professor at the School of History of Taishan College)