Shan Shan Denovation is the basic proposition of traditional Chinese history，It is its core purpose。But，After the introduction of Western scientific history in modern times，Shan Xing and Differential Evil are disgusted by people because of their strong moral judgment，The humanistic spirit contained in the inside is no longer attracting attention。For this，Display the cultural connotation of the degradation of evil and evil，The value of the correct understanding of traditional history，Essentially important。

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People often degrade the good derogation of traditional history to the Confucius to make "Spring and Autumn"。"Zuo Zhuan" believes that "Spring and Autumn" "Micro and revealed，Zhi and Qi，Gan and become chapter，Do not dirty，Paying evil and persuading good "。Sima Qian evaluated "Spring and Autumn"，Special pointed out its "good, good, evil，Xianxian is not small ".。Liu Ye also pointed out that "Spring and Autumn" "Lost to watch，Sighing death to admonish the marker; see the word，Guirong Xuan Crown; Degraded in film words，Deep Ax 钺 "。Liu Zhiji also said: "The meaning of" Spring and Autumn "also，To punish evil and persuade good first。""，"Spring and Autumn" has a huge impact in later generations，Become a "vertical training" function in history、Representatives of historic people。

Since Confucius，Shan Shan Defense Evil becomes the method of becoming a traditional history，Related remarks are endless in the book。Yue Yue believes that the role of history is to be good and degraded，Make "good people persuade 焉，Prostitution fear "，His writing "Han Ji" is to "punish evil and persuade good"。Liu Yan believes that the important role of the establishment of a historian is "Changshan and Evil，Tree wind sound "。Liu Zhiqi said: "History is also used，Changshan 瘅 Evil，Changshan 瘅 Evil，Straight pen，thousands of years of honor and disgrace。"Li Yan believes that the most important responsibility of the historian is" persuading good to punish evil，Straight pen，Ji Sheng Chao merit，Shu Zhongchen's Sage Career，Traitor's Ugly "。Shen Jiji believes that history is "Zhengjun", "Victoria's Family", "Weilun" and "Sutra"，The so -called "good and evil ways，Care for advisory。Excuse meals，Care about praise "。Sima Guang's "Tongjian"，The purpose is "the rise and bet365 Play online games fall of the previous life，Test the gains and losses of today，Jiashan Evil，Take it yes and not "。Su Tianjue pointed out "History is a book，Good and evil。The good who is good for persuasion，Evil.。Empirical History of the Qing Dynasty developed，But the remarks of the history of the history books are still endless，Dai Mingshi said: "The person of the husband is the reason for the political chapter of the political code for the cause of the leather and loss，Losses and loss of the success of the husband，Human evil，It is used to Chang Shan 瘅 瘅，For the law to precepts in Wanshi。”

It is an important criterion for the advantages and disadvantages of the history books of the ancients to derogate evil。Anyone who plays a role in punishing evil and persuasion，Most of them get the comments。"Jin Shu · Chen Shou Chuan" commented on Chen Shou's "Three Kingdoms" and said: "，Understanding gains and losses，Benefit weather。"" Special mention of "advise", "gain and loss", "weathering"。Tang people Yin Qiao commented on "Historical Records", "Han Book", "Hou Han Book"，I believe that these three historical books "persuade good punishment for evil，Bettering in the "Six Classics" "。Qing people Zhao Yi specially respect Ouyang Xiu's "New Tang Book"，The reason is "Acts for Degrading in the Biography"。Visible，In the hearts of ancient historians，It has a very high status for 恶 恶 恶 恶。

Traditional historical science and good derogation，Not only is it below，Yang Zhongchen Yishi、Rebellion thief; and mainly above，Sheng Wang Mingjun、Punish Dianjun Dark Lord。"Shang Shu" first opened the first "precepts of history"，Since then, a lot of historical works of "Junde" have been reviewed，Such as "Emperor's Lue", "Zheng Guan Government", etc.。Ancient historians often classify the monarch，To reflect your own motion。Yue Yue divides the monarch into the lord、Govern the Lord、Starting Lord、Apocalypse、Dangerous Lord、Six Categories of Dead Lord，Sima Guang divides the monarch into entrepreneurs、Shoucheng、Lingyi、ZTE、Five categories of dying，It is intended to praise the king、Govern the Lord、Starting Lord、Entrepreneurs、Shoucheng、The Lord of ZTE，Defense Lord、Dangerous Lord、The Lord of the Disdist。Grand Mrs. of the Dynasties，It also contains the idea of ​​good derogation and evil。Autocratic society，The emperor decides the future of the dynasty，Its words and deeds are directly related to the rest of the people's rest and the rise and fall bet365 best casino games of the country。The good and evil of the monarch，Not only private morals，is even more public，It has the significance of vertical and leading。Traditional historical science points to the emperor with a spearhead of good derogation and evil，It is to let the monarchs of future generations have "alert"，Standardize your own behavior，Leading the people's virtue to good，Forms a mellow social atmosphere。

Visible，Shan Xing Ding Evil is an important concept of traditional history，The history of historians is to enhance people’s morality through the derogation and evil，Enhance people's knowledge，Realize the purpose of educating people with history，This is the general pursuit of ancient historians。

　Diverse way of presentation

There are many ways to present in traditional Chinese history in Chinese traditional history。One，"Spring and Autumn Pen"。"Spring and Autumn Pen" is regarded as an important way of writing good derogation，This method is through "belonging to the incident"，The form of a derogatory in the word，Expressing the historian's comment on good and evil，The first creator is Confucius。Confucius "Spring and Autumn"，Write the same kill，Killing、诛、Different differences，Kill the innocent person said kill，Killing the sinner said，Killing down the next says;，Youjie、Invasion、War、Wide、Enter、Extinction、Rescue、Take、Lositors and other words，Versead with word and writing method，formed a set of "calligraphy examples"，Percery "History" through it，Used to mowing historical events。Later generations use this method to be a history of those who use this method。Ouyang compiled "New Tang Book" and "New Five Generation History"，Pay attention to the application of the brushwork of "one word"; Yuan Shu works "Tongjian Chronicle"，Use "flat", "cutting", "discussion", "according to", "destroying", "chaos", "rebellion", "scourge", "struggle", "change"，Express my praise or derogation of historical events。"Ping", "Follow", "Discussion" is a symbol，"Chaos", "Reverse", "Rebellion", "Disaster" is a degradation。Of course，Because of the complexity of historical events，Calligraphy of "Symptoms" often appears for arbitrary phenomena，Therefore, it is often criticized by people。

Its two，The argument is broken in preface。As early as the pre -Qin period，"Zuo Zhuan" has the historical method of "the theory of theory is broken in the preface"，But what is really familiar with this method is Sima Qian。Sima Qian's "Historical Records" in the process of narrating historical bet365 Play online games events，or the hidden song in the mind of the historical materials，Or in the Cultural Copycare of Culture、Beauty and evil must have a uniqueness in it，or entrust others' mouths to speak for yourself，To achieve the purpose of good derogation and derogation。If Sima Qian records Liu Bang's escape，Push the children under the car，"If the Three"，Record Liu Bang、Xiang Yu opposite，Liu Bang wants to "divide me a cup"，Seemingly not setting a word，In fact, Sima Qian is selfish to Liu Bang、Vicious、Scorn and Defense of Rogue Products，Deep meaning。Later history books，Imitationrs。

Three，Establishment of Passing Watch。Ji Chuan Sports History Book passes the "class biography" method，Merge historical figures with the same or similar characteristics of life into narratives，Phase "things gather in class，The good and evil judgment of people with group points "。For example, "The Legend of the Officials", "The Legend of the Lord", "The Biography of the Loyalty", "The Biography of the Loyalty", "The Biography of the Dead", "The Biography of the Escier", "The Biography of Xiaoyi", "The Filial Filial Filial Biography", "Lie Girl Biography" "Legend of the Lonely", "Zhuo Xing Biography", "The Biography of Yimin", "Hidden Biography", etc.，Records are all worthy characters，It embodies "good"; while "Cool Officials", "Biography of Xing Xing", "Biography of Encourage", "Biography of the Surgery", "Biography of the Counselor", "The Biography of the Counselor", "The Biography of the Counsel", "The Biography of the Thief"，The records are recorded by the characters to be degraded，represents "evil"。Set up this way of passing，One good and one evil，One derogation，The attitude of the historian shows it。

Four，Loch praise、History Review and History Theory。Lochan is an important part of ancient historical books，The source can be traced back to the "gentleman said" in "Zuo Zhuan"，It is intended to comment on historical matters。"Tai Shi Gong Yue" in "Historical Records"，"Praise" of "Han Book"，"Review of the Three Kingdoms"，"Preface", "On", "Related", "Like"，"Yuan Hong said" in "Hou Han Ji"，"Chen Guang Yue" in "Zi Zhi Tong Jian"，etc.。"Its name Wanshu，Its righteousness one "，The historian is degraded by the argument of praise，The most common way to become traditional history。other，History Comment、The writing of historical theory also reflects the value orientation of "good derogation and evil"。Ru Yi's "Crossing the Qin"、Lu Ji's "Dislatable Theory"、Liu Zongyuan's "The Theory of Feudal"、Fan Zuyu's "Tang Jian"Bet365 app download 、Wang Fu's "Reading the Tong Jian", "Song Lun", etc.，There are content that commended good and evil。

　Leading society to good

Human survival and development，Large part of relying on moral maintenance，People’s good and evil will affect the good and bad of social atmosphere and even political order，History to derogate evil，"Shen Yiju，The sound of the trees "，Its value orientation is to lead the society to good。but，Such historical standards have been questioned by the trend of scientific history in modern times，Its value and significance have always been covered，No theoretical clarification。

One，The relationship between seeking truth and goodness。Scientific history of scientificist history with the primary goal，It must be mixed with personal good and evil，It must be mixed with personal good and evil，Tampered with history for some purpose，True of history。Actually，Traditional history does not have the conflict between "seeking truth" and "seeking good"。On the contrary，The two are unified together，Ancient historians often discuss "direct books" and "punish evil and persuade good" together。Tang Dynasty Liu Zhizhi said: "The history of the situation is the matter，Shen Yiju，The sound of the wind。It has a thief's minister against the son，Master of Protestyle，Gou Zhiwu，Not covering its flaws，The dirty traces are in one dynasty，Famous fame is thousands of years。"The Song people Wu Ye believed:" The husband is the history of the history: one is the facts，Two said to be degraded，Third Yue Wenci。There is something but a book，S: facts。Discussion of punishment due to facts，S:。Facts、History after the husband after the husband，Moon Capital Capital，History after the husband after the husband。"" Obviously，Ancient historian believes，History books must punish evil and persuade good，Must be "direct book"。In other words，The purpose of "Straight Books" is "punishing evil and persuading good"，Seeking truth is prerequisite、means，Seeking good is the purpose、Home。

Modern scientific history is the most criticized is South History、Donghu Xiu History Behavior。They think South History、Donghu Xiu history writes history according to certain etiquette standard standards，Reflected is the derogation，instead of the real direct book。Despite this，The meaning of traditional historical punishment of evil and persuasion is still unable to erase，Because the ancient "ritual law" has a whole set of social rules，Whether it is a courtier or a Bet365 lotto review father，As long as it violates this set of rules，All in the admonition of traditional history，The significance of leading people cannot be ignored。As for history, "taboo for His Holiness、Taboo for the sages、Taboo for your relatives，It also depends on His Holiness、Sage、Does the relative fulfill your duties，Otherwise, you don't have to hidden for them，Liu Zhizhu's so -called "Son is Father，Directly in it "，It contains such thoughts。So，Understand the relationship between traditional history and seeking truth and truth，It is necessary to understand the moral meaning of traditional Chinese culture，Otherwise, it will be caught in pure objectiveism and cannot extricate themselves。

Its two，The historical and reasonable problem of morality。Traditional historical ethics of history and derogation of history，Its standard is the Confucian ethics。Confucian ethics is often considered a morality of "eating people" in modern times。So，"Morality Training" of traditional history has become the object of people who are spurred。Although the standards of good and evil will change with the changes of the times，But determining the generality of historical and moral demands，It must be the basic human nature of human beings，Because history is composed of people’s activities。From the view of today's vision，It must be mixed with personal good and evil，It has the functions of negative and positive aspects。In terms of negative aspects，Confucianism is often an ethical guarantee for the orderly operation of traditional society，History Merchant Woman and Girl、The moral trial of Xiaoshixian Sun is indeed "eating people"，Promoting the grade of rituals and laws does increase the slavery of the Chinese，Behind the seemingly stable social order is the annihilation of human personality。In terms of positive aspects，The good derogation of traditional history，Not the evaluation of the utilitarianism of the "King of the King"。Ancient historians will not forgive the evil that the behavior reflected in it because of the "success" of merits，It will not ignore the goodness reflected in the behavior reflected because of the "defeat" of merits。The core of good derogation and derogation is the character's character，Form a good social atmosphere，instead of singing like a successful person，Singing the song for the loser。It has longer considerations，That is to achieve a perfect moral person，and treat it as the ultimate goal of human history。"Yi" higher than "Li"，"Wang Bet365 app download Dao" is higher than "domineering"，"Taoism" is higher than "Governance"，Morality is higher than political power，It is the theoretical basis of good degeneration and evil。

Good、Evil and historical development is an important issue for the attention of ancient and modern Chinese and foreign historians。Western historians pay special attention to the role of "evil" in historical development。Augustine、Wei Ke、Kant、Hegel, etc., all demonstrate "evil" from different angles is the direct motivation of historical development。Marx、Engels objectively analyzed the positive role of the "evil" of the colonists' "despicable interests" on historical development。but，Ancient Chinese historians have never considered "evil" to promote history，They believe that the power to promote historical development is "good"。They praise "good"，Defense "Evil"，The purpose is to hope that people can promote the good in human nature，Overcoming evil in human nature，Promoting the moral sublimation of people，So as "the sound of trees"，Leading human society to good。

British historian Akton warned，Do not let the moral evaluation power of historiography depreciated，"History has the right to impose punishment for evil acts"。If we go to those eras in traditional historical moral judgment，Perhaps it will have a brand new understanding of the value and significance of the good derogation。

　　(The author is a professor at the School of History and Culture of Henan Normal University)