Ancient Chinese Academy has the fine tradition of adoptives。The so -called adoptives，Refers to the college does not collect the bouquet of the students of the industry，And providing a creamy fire、Lesson Award、Blossoms and other allowances and reward funds，Measures to study at ease of studying without clothing。The Academy has since the beginning of the Tang Dynasty，Educational functions are continuously strengthened，In the process of evolution, an education phase is formed、Development mode of education integration，Deaders and priests become the two major causes of the college。

"School Settings，must first be educated。Education，Must be in Jingu。"The funds used by the academy for adoptives are mainly from the field income。Therefore，Rental Valley produced by the courtyard，or the silver money obtained by renting valley is the material basis of the academy adoptive scholar，It is also the key to the academy abolition，"No field is no courtyard"。The Qing Dynasty was the largest number of ancient colleges in my country、The most widely distributed period of popularity and prosperity，​​Affected by economic and social development，The academy adoptive model based on the aard field has changed，Various sources of funding for adoptives、Deeds Objects layered、Testing and other characteristics of the adoptive team，The change of the active activity has promoted the development of the Qing Dynasty college。

　　bet365 live casino games

Qing Dynasty College，Especially in Huicheng and Mansion、State、County rule and other central cities、College of commercial town，Except for renting the courtyard，There is also generally issued (business).、Rental shops and other commercial behaviors。Remaining Valley of the Courtyard，Division and store rental income are also an important part of the fund's adoptive bet365 best casino games scholar funds。Such as the 28th year of Qianlong (1763)，Hunan governor Chen Hongmou will use the silver 6500 two to attach Hankou salt merchants、Xiangtan Dianzhang Ren Yin with 2 points and 1 point and 5 %，Empty Emacon Emperor's Emperor's Emiles 1410 Two，As Changsha Yuelu Academy、Chengnan College funds。Twenty -nine years of Daoguang (1849)，Jiangxi Yu Qian Dongshan College Regulations，The Academy will spend money in the city in the city，One point of interest，Breath according to April、October withdrawal，To give birth to children's cream、Awards、Class volume、For the purpose of dim sum。22 years of Guangxu (1896)，Hebei County (now Hebei Lizhou) Haiyang College, "Forty -four -nine dollars, four cents of nine cents for rent, collecting silver，Eighty -eighty -two -two -year -old silver for the year，Two Silver 1,321 Two -nine Money Four A -Ninecular "，Interesting silver income is almost double the lease of silver。

Except for the silver，Store rent is also an important supplement to the funding for adoptive scholars in the Qing Dynasty，Ruchang Nanshan Academy, Jiangxi，"Eighteen rooms in the old shop，Southeast，Rent silver fifty -four two，Folding money forty -eight and six hundred essays "。Jiangxi Fengxin Dengyun Academy，Founded in the second year of Xianfeng (1852)，"Buy Jingyi Fushou Zhonggang Yujia 塅 Three field rental total one thousand and one hundred stones，Four rooms in the house of Xiajie, Henan，Learning for renting money，I thought the fee of the four o'clock taught "and so on。

　　Dedicated object hierarchicalization

The funding for adoptive scholars in ancient Chinese academies is in a short period of lack of state，Limited Limited，Naval from the bottle festival is normal。cause，The organizer of the academy tirelessly through writing、Journal、Le Bei and other methods to protect limited hospital products，Maintain the operation of the academy。Situation of tight funding，In addition to simplified academy function、Simplicity College Regulations，Also strictly control the number of students in the industry，bet365 best casino games Divide it at different levels，Give different awards respectively。

The common practice of distinguishing the level of distinguishing the apprenticeship of the industry is to pass the test，Doding the main class (internal class) of identifying living members and childbirth、Attachment (Foreign Class) Qualification，Give different creamy funding according to different qualifications。Jiangxi Lead Mountain Goose Lake College stipulated in the 18th year of Jiaqing (1813)，Thirty students of the college takes the students，Each monthly creamy fire pattern silver nine money is positive;，Each monthly creamy fire pattern silver six dollars。Beijing Changping Yanping Academy stipulated in Tao Guang's twenty -four years，Earlier every year, I will identify the children of the students in Zhizhou，Entrying the students、Eight of the sideways，Tong Shengzheng、Five each of the sub -class。Among them, the student supervisor is given to the right class，A large money per large money is 1,200，Special class gives a sample，Six money per large money per cream，Plane for the outside class without cream; Tong Shengyou Give the main class，Six hundred money of creamy money，Give a secondary lesson，Three hundred money of a lot of money，Times as an outer class, no ointment。Guizhou Yichuan (now Guizhou Kuchuan) Plaza Academy Regulations，Students in the industry、Ten children，outer class students、Ten children，A total of forty。Month of the second month、Sixteen two lessons，Each class student、Children each gives four hundred essays for the cream，outer class students、Children each gives two hundred essays for the creamy money。There are differences in the secondary students and children，Different creamy fire，Obvious levels。

Except for the creamy fire，The Academy is also based on the monthly official、Teachers' lesson grades give different lessons。If the cream fire is a scholarship，Lesson awards have scholarships.，It "is a special seductive，The method is to reward in the monthly lesson Bet365 app download "，The meaning of rewards and persuasion。Pingyang Longhu Academy in Zhejiang Province，Two lessons every month，Assessing A B，"Zhu Shengchao waited for a money to give money for six money，Two to five and one and other specials give one money for five money，Two to five of them give four money each，Six to ten and one -class one gives three money each。Tongsheng takes one to give five money，Two to five people give four money each，Six to ten and ten of them, one to ten, each gives three money each，Time to pick up one, two or three to give three money for each "。Sichuan Jiangyou Denglong College in the ten years of Guangxu，Each year official class、Ten times each class，"Each class volume，Sheng Chao wait for the name，The first Give Qian Yiqian，Second to fifth per person，The last five people each person, Lu Ba; Ten Specials，500 per person。Tong Chao and other ten people，The first place gives 800 money，Five hundred per person per person in the second to fifth，The last five people per one，Ten Ten others per person for three hundred "。

　　Organization of the Deading Team

Ancient academy may make or drop，Rejuvenating Nominity，Except politics、Wars and other factors，Anname meal without capital、Not the main reason for funding，"Borrowing nothing for nourishment，It is difficult to do it "。The Qing Dynasty Academy learned from the experience lessons of the rise and fall of the academy of the past，Formulate the charter of the academy，Earnate the adoption team，Forms a unique director system of the academy，Effective development of education activities。

Director of the Academy，Also known as "Chief", "Shoushi", "Council Director", etc.，It is the most important manager of officials and mountains in the Qing Dynasty。Directors in the Qing Dynasty generally appeared and formed a director system，There are complicated reasons，Among them, the extension of the gentry power，There is also a correction of the disadvantages of the college officers，When people say, "After this teacher, the Confucian cream is out, and it is bet365 Play online games also talked about，Due to the fixed charter，Gentleman with Dong Qi，Famous Own is not more than Sangzi，Covering the hand in the official is not as good as the people.，Seeking Zhuyuan to find the facts of the nearby "。

The director of the academy is mainly responsible for the revenue and expenditure of the funding of the supporter。Beijing Yanqing Guanshan College Regulations，Test of all child children's lessons、Each room is collected、All year -old repair and sending and receiving silver money，Director of Directors。Formation of Daoguang Pingyin Cloud Gate Academy in Shandong，Clarify "Academy funding to the unable to be official manager，All of the acres of land and all departments，Public Gentleman Dong Siqi "。Daoguang Twenty -five years in Jiangxi Yining Prefecture (now Jiangxi Xiushui) Liyun Academy regulations，All matters of the academy are in charge of the prime minister in the bureau，"Fan Ju Duoyang is taken to take pictures of them"，Ruye Tong Feng sent the mountain long、Jie Jing，"The heads of the heads are removed in the class，Feng Cheng Shan Chang Yi Zhao Painting One "，"Sheng Children's Ointment must prepare net money for net money at any time，Do not grow up，If there is a long branch、Hanging，Order the first matter for compensation ", etc.。Shanxi Yongji Jingmi Academy stipulates that the two gentlemen and gentlemen are set up every year，Palm funds，urged the business interest items and given a creamy fire、Writing and other things，urged the business interest items and given a creamy fire，Monthly after class，List of the company's class，Get it with the directors，Ringxing to "。

To ensure the safety of the funding of the adoptive，The candidate of the college's chairman generally requires the family to be solid、Pinwang Suwen。Ru Hunan Xiujiang Xiushui College Regulations，"Gutshi business，Beautiful people are straightforward，Fang Ke shoulder this ten "。The director of the Hanshan Academy in Chaozhou, Guangdong, the director must be "character old -fashioned"。Shanxi Yongji Shouyang College bet365 live casino games Regulations，Gonggongsheng in the village near the academy、廪、Wensheng Two Management Institute，"The gentleman and others must be a good job of the house、People who are intersected with the person and the manager "。At the same time，To prevent and live in disadvantages for a long time，Avoid direct directors to damage the interests of the academy，Responsible for funding、Directors of the branches adopt the methods of new and old rotation，Ru, Hebei Luancheng Longgang College, there are four directors of the academy，Each year by two people，"Take care of Changchuan in the hospital，Manager renting valley money and other items "。Hebei Nangong Dongyang Academy protocols to the gentleman of the Economic Management Academy.，"Divided into three shifts，Eight people points for one year，Lunar Month Clearance Account，Delivery Statement。Once once in three years，Weekly, "，Can be described as Fa and Mei Good。

"枵 习 习 习，Talking about rituals with bare hands，Although wise men know it "，The Qing Dynasty Academy continued the excellent tradition of the Chinese academy，Deedy activity presents the diversity of funds、Object hierarchical、Team organization and other distinctive features。Division、Rental Silver and Yutian jointly constitute the main body of the adoptive scholars in the Qing Dynasty，It is the result of the change of economic activities in the Qing Dynasty，Reflects the impact of the Qing Dynasty business activities on academy education。Since the middle of the Qing Dynasty，Social Stability，Population growth，The number of students in the academy is increasing，A contradictions that exacerbate the lack of funds for adoptives。The college passes the exam to divide the child level，Give the ointment award differently，Good reconciliation of the inclusiveness and competitiveness of the adopted activity，Reflects the refined tendency in the academy adoptive activity，It marks the further maturity of the academy system in the Qing Dynasty。

The emergence of directors of the academy and their bet365 Play online games organizationalization，It is the result of the continuous expansion of the power of the gentry in the Qing Dynasty.。The formation of the director system of the director system is institutionalized，But at the same time, you should also recognize the multiple faces of the gentry to operate the academy，Among them, the spiritual view of the Confucian scholars and the Idoswin，There is also the actual interests of gentry。No doubt is，The funds reflected in the active changes of the college adopters of the Qing Dynasty、Object、Directors and other issues, as well as the adjustment of the college regulation caused by these issues，It is an important dimension that observes the changes in the college system in the Qing Dynasty until the sudden curtain.，worth thinking about。

　　(The author is a professor at the research center of Nanchang Normal College College)