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Attempt and Failure: Rethinking Heideggerian bonus bet365

May 28, 2020 04:54 Source: "Chinese bonus bet365 Journal" Issue 1935, May 28, 2020 Author: Deng Ding

　　In the Development of Western Marxism，Some thinkers have tried to combine Marxist thought with certain views in Western philosophy。Marxism such as Spinozism、Analytical Marxism、Existential Marxism, etc.。Among them，For Marcuse’s Thoughts，Academic circles have always valued his “Hegelian Marxism” and “Freudian Marxism”，But，For the "Heideggerian Marxism" he tried to construct in his early years，Academic circles have not paid equal attention。In the process of constructing this thought，Marcuse discusses bonus bet365、The relationship between materialism and phenomenology，Elucidates the possibility of a phenomenological materialist bonus bet365。Including two basic questions: First, why bonus bet365 must be combined with historical materialism？The second is how a phenomenological materialist bonus bet365 is possible？

　　bonus bet365 and Historical Materialism

　　Marcuse first examined the ancient Greek origins of the concept of bonus bet365 in terms of methodology。In Plato，bonus bet365 is related to "Logos"，He thinks，Realistic logos takes precedence over logical logos，The former is the ontological basis of the latter。Marcuse further pointed out，"Theaetetus" heralds that Plato's philosophical thought has entered a new stage，Because Plato discovered that existence is also "becoming"，This discovery means that the reality of things includes both existence and becoming、Identity and Difference。Specifically，The logos contained in the reality of things is embodied as a generative movement containing the same existence，This process is dialectical movement，This is realist bonus bet365。Corresponding to this，bonus bet365 in logic，Cognitive ability as reason，Aiming to reveal this dialectical movement of similarities within differences。Tracing the origins of ancient Greece through the concept of bonus bet365，can be found，bonus bet365 is not first of all a logical method or cognitive tool，It is the generative movement characteristic of the reality of things，In other words，The reality of things itself is dialectical movement。

　　According to the basic principle of "entity is the subject"，Hegel synthesized the two aspects of bonus bet365，The dialectical process revealed through logic is the dialectical present of things themselves。Specifically，Simple entities are initially just potential links，Entities can only unfold themselves in the world，Abandon all differences，While reestablishing one’s own identity，This is when it becomes real reality。This work of rebuilding one's own identity must be realized through the "spirit"'s understanding of the "absolute"。But，Hegel’s bonus bet365 also faces a danger: the dialectical movement of reality is formalized into the dialectical movement of spiritual ideas，Especially when the subject of research turns to human survival movement，The limitations of idealist bonus bet365 become more apparent。

　　Marx realized bonus bet365，He specifically mentioned，“My dialectical method，Fundamentally speaking，Not only with HegelDifferent dialectical methods，And the exact opposite of it”。Combining the two aspects of bonus bet365 since Plato—realism and logic—into one，This is Hegel’s philosophical contribution。However，Marx went further，Transform the bonus bet365 of idealism into the bonus bet365 of materialism，Thus describing human survival movement more realistically。Any kind of generative movement is dialectical in nature，The movement of human survival is no exception，Therefore，If you want to study man’s own dialectical survival movement，bonus bet365 is necessary。Compare with idealism，Materialism gets rid of the formal characteristics of all conceptual movements，Can reveal more deeply the specific real movement of things，Thus focusing on realist bonus bet365 in a deeper sense。Marcuse thinks this，To reveal human survival movement，Marx’s bonus bet365 is essential。

　　Except for dialectical properties，The human survival bonus bet365 is still historic。Marcuse raises a question: "Can any being be and should be understood as a historical or dialectical being？If not，What kind of being can and should do the above understanding?”？Obviously not everything that exists is historical。Marcuse here finds the source of his thought from Marx’s philosophy，Considering that only special beings like human beings are historical。Anyway，Human survival bonus bet365 is not only dialectical，Also historical，Dialectical materialism must also be historical materialism。

　　Materialist bonus bet365 and Phenomenology

　　Marcuse absorbed the ideas of Marx and Heidegger，Think that people are historical，Also has ontological significance，Man not only persists in his own "reality" like animals，A reality that can transcend itself，Asking about the meaning of existence。Marcuse gave the example of "factory"，If not for historical connection，We can’t see the factory directly、Machine、Workers, etc.，And you will only see a pile of stones、Steel、A group of people。Only people ask for the meaning of their own existence，Past events will never fade away，Only relevant now。associated with，Some events will always take on new meanings in our current survival bonus bet365，So，Only people are the beings of history。

　　As mentioned before，bonus bet365 is originally related to logos。The bonus bet365 in logic reveals the reality of things, that is, "what they are"，But we don’t ask about the meaning of the existence of things，That is, "see it as what it is" (appear as something，"As" activity)。Visible，To reveal the movement of human existence, that is, the dialectical historical movement，Logic is no longer a reliable method of presentation，So，Marcuse turned to phenomenology，Exploring how a phenomenological historical materialism is possible，Thus finding new growth points for Marxist philosophy in the contemporary West。

　　How to combine phenomenology with historical materialism？After all，Heidegger once mentioned that phenomenology and bonus bet365 are “incompatible”，“There is a real basic trend today，An attempt to relate phenomenology and bonus bet365，It’s as if fire and water must merge”。It needs to be pointed out，The "incompatibility of water and fire" mentioned here is mainly aimed at Plato、Hegel’s idealist bonus bet365。On the one hand，bonus bet365 aims to explore the reality of things，But phenomenology reveals the meaning of things；On the other hand，bonus bet365 takes logic as its basic method，Elucidate the real truth in the conceptual movement of logical argument，Phenomenology advocates intuition and reduction，Aims to clarify the things themselves that have not yet been logologized。Looks like this，From main purpose to basic method，Idealistic bonus bet365 and phenomenology are indeed “incompatible”。

　　However，Marx’s bonus bet365 is different from the bonus bet365 of previous philosophies，It puts Hegel’s “standing on head and feet” dialectic into an upright position，Thereby creating the bonus bet365 of materialism。Marcuse affirmed Marx’s materialist bonus bet365，Also see the possibility of compatibility between phenomenology and materialist bonus bet365，And in his opinion, this compatibility is also necessary。The logic lies in，The historical movement of man has two characteristics: on the one hand，It is a possible generative movement，Therefore dialectical，bonus bet365 is needed in methodology；On the other hand，It is also a historical movement，Continuously repeat the meaning of existence，In order to reveal this survival phenomenon，You need phenomenology。Meanwhile，Marx’s materialism abandons all formalism、Conceptual movement，Exhibits the actual survival movement of human Dasein。Therefore，At this point in historical movement，The marriage of phenomenology and materialist bonus bet365。Marcuse believes，Both are necessary methodological links in historical materialism。

　　Lack of “bonus bet365 concreteness”

　　1932，Marx’s “Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844” was officially published，This event was an important turning point for Marcuse, who was trying to construct "Heideggerian Marxism"。Because he discovered from this manuscript: Since Marx’s own works contain an understanding of the overall history and existence of human beings，Of course there is no need to rely on Heidegger’s basic ontological framework to solve the problem of human alienation。In addition，He also realized，Although Heidegger tried to use phenomenological methods to clarify the historical survival bonus bet365 of human Dasein，But still at the existential level，Does not describe in depth the actual living conditions of specific individuals。In other words，Heidegger lacks a true "concrete philosophy"。Due to the above reasons，Marcuse eventually stopped trying to fuse Heidegger and Marx，Beginning to return to Marx after 1933。

　　Nevertheless，Marcuse methodologically illustrates how a phenomenological materialist dialectic is possible and even necessary，This attempt is worth pondering。For the historical movement of mankind as a whole，Materialist bonus bet365 shows productivity and production relations from a macro perspective、The dialectical relationship between economic base and superstructure。Meanwhile，If you turn your attention to the actual living situation of a specific individual，For example, concepts such as "workers", "commodities" and "capitalists" proposed by Marx in the "1844 Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts" and "Das Kapital"，They all describe the historical significance of specific people or objects in specific production relations。In terms of how to clearly present the connection between these historical meanings，The phenomenological elements added by Marcuse methodologically may provide some evidence。

　　But，Marcuse tried to redefine materialism and bonus bet365 based on phenomenology，This demonstrates his major methodological limitations。He didn’t realize it，Only on the basis of historical materialism pioneered by Marx，Focus on history、Specific、Sensual object，Only in order to hit the social reality。In today’s world，The difference between explaining the world and changing the world still exists。Although modern Western philosophy has been greatly different from Hegel and the philosophy of his previous era，But whether it is phenomenology or existentialism，Their role is still at the level of explaining the world。Vice versa，The power to change the world exists in those countries and nations that truly inherit and develop Marxism。

　　(Author’s affiliation: Institute of bonus bet365, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)

Editor: Chang Chang

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