Engels pointed out in the preface to "Anti-Dühring"，He and Marx “wanted to establish a dialectical and at the same time materialistic view of bet365 mobile betting，Requires knowledge of mathematics and bet365 mobile betting”，And "Marx was proficient in mathematics，But for natural science”，They can only do sporadic work、stop and continue、Research on Fragments”。And Engels’ “sporadic”、stop and continue、Thesis formed by "Research on Fragments"、Unfinished manuscripts such as notes，First published in full in 1925 under the title "Dialectics of bet365 mobile betting" in German and Russian，Natural dialectics has become an integral part of Marxist philosophy。Since its spread in China in the 1920s，"Dialectics of bet365 mobile betting" has gradually developed from a manuscript into a comprehensive subject with rich content，The boundaries involved have been viewed from the perspective of bet365 mobile betting、Technology Methodology、Science, Technology and Society (STS) extended to modern Western scientific philosophy、Technical Philosophy、Sociology of Science and Technology、Technology Ethics、Engineering philosophy and other broad fields。However，At a time when the territory of natural dialectics is getting bigger and bigger，The philosophy of science and technology based on the Western paradigm is disturbingly constantly "encroaching" on the territory of the classic dialectics of bet365 mobile betting，His research is getting further and further away from Engels’ basic spirit。On the occasion of the 200th anniversary of Engels’ birth，Humanity is facing “big changes unseen in a century”，The disruptive revolution brought about by emerging technologies not only brings new challenges to social politics and economy，And it brings philosophy an opportunity for revolution and reconstruction，When we reinterpret Engels’ theoretical legacy in the spirit of the new era，I am delighted to find that the classical dialectics of bet365 mobile betting can still explain the complex and changeable bet365 mobile betting、An ideological guide to grasp the magnificent contemporary scientific and technological revolution and even get out of the ecological dilemma，It is also the "source of living water" for contemporary science and technology philosophy。

　　The “Copernican Revolution” of the View of bet365 mobile betting

If you say，Kant realized the "Copernican Revolution" in philosophical epistemology，Then we can say，Engels realized the "Copernican Revolution" in the view of bet365 mobile betting。Since ancient Greece，Western philosophy is obsessed with pursuing the eternal "existence"，The ever-changing phenomenon of the material world is just an "illusion" rather than reality，The real world is essentially static、Eternal。Although the development of modern natural science has made great progress，However，Even as great as Newton，It is still difficult to escape the ancient metaphysical concept of "the world is eternal"。In the interpretive framework of Newtonian classical mechanics，The world is just an exquisitely crafted machine，Follow the established rules、Computable orbits go round and round，Time has only a calculable meaning in physics，But it has no historical significance for development。As Engels said: "No matter how bet365 mobile betting itself is produced，As long as it exists，Then it will always look like this when it exists。”

However，Theory cannot forever be blind to the fact of change。Since the mid-19th century，Cell theory、The discovery of the law of energy conservation and transformation and the theory of biological evolution，Provides a solid scientific foundation for mankind to open up a new worldview。Engels was keenly aware of the revolutionary significance of these scientific discoveries，Comprehensive summary and summary of dialectics issues in bet365 mobile betting and natural sciences，Created the dialectical materialist view of bet365 mobile betting: "The new view of bet365 mobile betting is complete in its basic point: all rigid things have dissolved，All fixed things dissipate，Everything that was considered eternal and special has become fleeting，The whole of bet365 mobile betting is shown to move in eternal flows and cycles。”However，Dialectics is not a simple methodology，It is the unity of objective dialectics and subjective dialectics，In this sense，Engels’ Dialectics of bet365 mobile betting embodies the unity of the view of bet365 mobile betting and methodology，It breaks the traditional metaphysical concepts of "either this or that" and "either this or that"。Natural dialectics does not force the laws of dialectics into bet365 mobile betting like Hegel did，It is a reflection of the general laws abstracted from bet365 mobile betting，Reversing the relationship between "theory and fact" that was reversed by traditional philosophy，The spirit of returning to the world of life provides a new worldview and methodology for humans to explain and transform the world。

　　Man and bet365 mobile betting in historical materialism

Engels broke the Western world’s metaphysical view of bet365 mobile betting for more than two thousand years，However, Western academic circles seem to turn a blind eye to this revolutionary contribution of Engels。They recognize the humanism of young Marx，They recognize Whitehead’s “process philosophy”，They give high respect to Bohr's "symbiosis and complementarity" theory，Phenomenology has become an ideological movement in the 20th century，Only Engels was ignored，Occasionally mentioned，It was also considered to have misinterpreted Marx’s thoughts and was severely flogged。For example A.Schmitt accused Engels in "Marx's Concept of bet365 mobile betting" of "going beyond the scope of Marx's explanation of the relationship between bet365 mobile betting and social history， It will regress into dogmatic metaphysics”。Marcuse even believed that Engels's "Dialectics of bet365 mobile betting" was "absolutely anti-philosophical" to Marxism、Mechanistic explanation”。Qiyan，In their opinion，Engels “Seeing things but not people”，is a typical natural and material determinist，Completely deviates from Marx’s humanitarian spirit。

Leaving aside whether Marx was what Western scholars call a “thorough humanist”，Looking at Engels’ text，Not only did we not ignore the existence of people，And show care and respect for people everywhere。Since modern times，Bacon’s declaration that “knowledge is power” changed the traditional concept of man’s obedience to bet365 mobile betting，Making people the master of bet365 mobile betting，But whether people are subjects or objects，All contain the subject-object antagonistic relationship between bet365 mobile betting and human beings。Marx’s thoughts on “natural history and human history mutually restrict each other”，Clearly pointed out the integral relationship between man and bet365 mobile betting，Corrected the long-standing concept。In line with Marx，Engels severely criticized the “naturalistic view of history”，Points out that “it believes that bet365 mobile betting only acts on humans，Only natural conditions determine human historical development everywhere，It forgets that humans also react on bet365 mobile betting，Changing bet365 mobile betting，Create new living conditions for yourself”。Engels believes，Traditional natural science and philosophy ignore the interactive relationship between humans and bet365 mobile betting，The former “only knows the natural world”，The latter “only knows thoughts”，Thus creating an unbridgeable gap between humans and bet365 mobile betting，Actually，“It is the changes in bet365 mobile betting caused by humans，Not just bet365 mobile betting itself；Human intelligence develops according to how people learn to change bet365 mobile betting”。At the same time，“Only man puts his own mark on bet365 mobile betting，Because they not only changed the location of plants and animals，And also changed the face of the place where they lived、Climate，They even changed the plants and animals themselves”。It is based on this basic understanding，Engels clearly put forward the correct conclusion that "today the entire bet365 mobile betting has also been dissolved in history"。

There is no pure bet365 mobile betting that is free and objective and has nothing to do with people，bet365 mobile betting and humans are inseparable for an instant，bet365 mobile betting is always marked by human bet365 mobile betting；People are always “in the world”；bet365 mobile betting is human’s “inorganic body”，Human beings are natural “organic bodies”。Thus，Consciousness that has been mystified for a long time，It’s just “a product of the human brain”，And "human beings themselves are products of bet365 mobile betting，It develops in and with the environment in which it is located。It goes without saying here，In the final analysis, it is also a product of the human brain that is a product of bet365 mobile betting”。Engels’ discussion of bet365 mobile betting，Reality is a discussion of people，Because man and bet365 mobile betting are inseparable，His deep concern for natural science，Full of deep affection for people。Today, when the relationship between man and bet365 mobile betting is relatively deteriorating，Revisit Engels’s assertion about “the unity of man and bet365 mobile betting”，In-depth study of "artificial bet365 mobile betting", "ecological ethics" and "ecological civilization"，It not only helps to inherit and carry forward Engels’s view of bet365 mobile betting，It can also provide theoretical enlightenment for mankind to get out of ecological dilemma。

　　bet365 mobile betting serves mankind

People are in the world，To deal with the world around you all the time，The process of dealing is life。The so-called life，Regardless of individual or nation，The premise of its existence is material production，The level of production determines the level of life。For material production，An important decisive factor is production tools，The materialized bet365 mobile betting。The degree of technological development determines people’s living standards，In this sense，bet365 mobile betting contains the "good" function of realizing a happy human life。

Since modern times，The development of natural science, especially technology，Putting mankind on the fast track to highly developed productivity。Facing this unprecedented scene，The young Marx and Engels lamented: "The productive forces created by the bourgeoisie in its less than a hundred years of class rule，More than the total productivity created by all previous generations，Even bigger。”Indeed，The development of society seems to have realized the rational "thousand-year kingdom" expected by Enlightenment thinkers，Hegel’s words fully express this optimism: “Man gains self-confidence，The kind of thinking that trusts oneself as thinking，The feeling of trusting yourself，Trust in the perceptual bet365 mobile betting outside oneself and the perceptual bet365 mobile betting within oneself；In technology、Discovered the interest and fun in invention in bet365 mobile betting。”Progress and optimism have become the basic sentiments of this era。However，The alienated labor produced by private ownership does not bring joy and happiness to individuals and workers，Opposite，With the application of natural forces by industry (technology) and the substantial improvement of productivity，The living conditions of workers continue to deteriorate，Overwork is increasing，The masses are becoming increasingly poor，Workers continue to lose their own value and are "devalued as animals"。Technology has improved，Enriched with material，The situation of workers has worsened，The development of science and technology has not brought the ideal well-being that people expected，The machine has become a yoke that workers increasingly hate and even want to destroy。How to examine the limits of technology？How technology can do good？

Facing technological alienation，Engels did not miss the life in the pre-industrial era。Of course，Before the advent of large-scale machine production，Self-sufficient weaver at home，Relatively unstructured and free production using one’s own manual labor，They have a meager income，You can also take some time out from your busy schedule to exercise in the garden and fields，Or have fun and games with your neighbors。However，In Engels’ view，Although the life of textile workers is "ideal and comfortable，But bet365 mobile betting’s not how people should live”，Because in the final analysis "they were not human at that time，bet365 mobile betting’s just a working machine that serves the few nobles who dominated history in the past”。The arrival of the Industrial Revolution "brought this situation to a climax，Completely turning workers into simple machines，Their last remaining freedom of independent activity has been taken away”。When things go to extremes, they must be reversed，If the industrial revolution allowed people to experience the most cruel and painful life，Then，This kind of life also makes people begin to reflect on the limits of technology and machines and the possibility of machine production moving towards "goodness"。Engels pointed out: "If machines also bring certain benefits to workers，That just proves to the workers that society must be transformed，So that machines will no longer harm workers，But to benefit workers。”

How to make technology no longer harmful to people，And then make technology benefit mankind？Engels did not discuss the technical shortcomings of microscopic technology itself，But regard technology as an indispensable element of social development，Point out that the fundamental cause of technological alienation is the capitalist mode of production。The logic of capital that is prevalent in capitalist society regards surplus value as the only driving force for production and exchange，And then based on the private property system and capital，Constructed a modern technological system that can capture huge surplus value，Ignoring the differences between people caused by technological development、The tension between man and bet365 mobile betting，That is, ecological deterioration and the gap between rich and poor。If you want to overcome these problems，It is not enough to simply “recognize the identity of oneself and bet365 mobile betting”，There is also a need to "understand our existing production methods，And with this mode of production, our entire social system today will undergo a complete change”。Same as Marx，Engels emphasized that “only the capitalist bet365 mobile betting of industry can be eliminated”，Only by fundamentally eliminating the social roots of technological alienation。Only communism is a “conscious social production organization capable of planned production and distribution，It is in social relationships that can elevate humans from the rest of the animals，Just as production in general once elevated man from the rest of the animals in species relations”。Qiyan，Institutional change and social transformation are the fundamental ways to eliminate technological alienation。This means，Vigorously promoting the modernization of national governance in the new era is both a theoretical compliance with Engels’ dialectics of bet365 mobile betting，It is an inevitable choice for technology to serve a better life for mankind。

　　(This article is a phased result bet365 mobile betting Shaanxi Provincial Social Science Fund Project “Research on the Construction of Chinese Discourse of Engineering Politics” (2019A017)

(Author’s Affiliation: School of Marxism, Northwestern Polytechnical University)