Engels pointed out in the preface of "Anti -Dulin"，He and Marx "" to establish dialectics while also the natural view of materialism，Need to have mathematical and natural knowledge "，and "Marx is proficient in mathematics，But for natural science "，They can only "as sporadic、Stop when it is stopped、Drimp to study "。and Engels "sporadic、Stop when it is stopped、Broken Study、Notes and other unfinished manuscripts，In 1925, the title of "Dialectics of nature" was published for the first time in the form of German and Russian.，Dialectics of nature becomes an inseparable part of Marxist philosophy。Since spreading in China in the 1920s，"Dialectics of Nature" has gradually developed from a manuscript into a comprehensive discipline with rich content，Involved in the boundary of nature, from the view of nature、Technology methodology、Science and Technology and Society (STS) expand to modern western scientific philosophy、Technical Philosophy、Science and Technology Sociology、Science and Technology Ethics、Extraordinary fields such as engineering philosophy。But，As the territory of the natural dialectics is getting bigger and bigger，The scientific and technological philosophy with the western paradigm as Guizhu is unwavering to "eat" the classic and natural dialectics territory，Its research is getting farther and farther from the basic spirit of Engels。On the 200th anniversary of Engels's birthday，Human beings are facing "a big change in a hundred years"，The subversive revolution brought by emerging technology not only brings a new challenge to the social and political economy，and make philosophy ushered in the opportunity of revolution and reconstruction，When we re -interpret the theoretical heritage of Engels with the spirit of the new era，I am glad that the classic natural dialectics is still a complex and changeable nature、Grasp the magnificent contemporary scientific and technological revolution and even the ideological guidelines for ecological difficulties，It is the "living water source" bet365 Play online games of contemporary scientific and technological philosophy。

　　Bet365 lotto review

If you say，Kant realized the "Cordini Revolution" of the theory of philosophy.，So it can be said，Engels realized the "Cinnie Revolution" for the concept of nature。Since Greece since ancient times，Western philosophy is obsessed with the pursuit of "existence" that will never change，The phenomenon of changes in the material world is just "illusion" rather than true，The real world is essentially static、Eternal。Although the development of modern natural science has made great progress，But，Even if it is great like Newton，It is still difficult to escape the ancient shape of "the world's unchanged" and the concept of school。In the interpretation framework of Newton's classic mechanics，The world is just a exquisite machine，Follow the established、Calculated track weekly runs and operates repeatedly，Time has only physical computable meaning，But there is no historical significance of development。As Engels said: "No matter how the nature itself produces，As long as it exists，So it always looks like this when it exists。”

But，The theory cannot always be seen by the facts of change。Starting from the mid -19th century，cytology theory、The law of energy conservation and conversion and discovery of biological evolution theory，It provides a solid scientific foundation for opening a new worldview for humans。Engels keenly realized the revolutionary meaning of these scientific discovery，Comprehensively summarized and summarized the dialectics of nature and natural sciences，Founded a dialectical materialism natural concept: "The new view of nature is complete: all stiff things are dissolved，All fixed things have dissipated，Everything that is treated as an eternal existence becomes a fleeting thing，The entire nature is proven to be moving in eternal flow and cycle。"，Dialectics is not a simple methodology，but the unity of objective dialectics and subjective dialectics，In this sense，Engels’s natural dialectics reflects the unity of the concept of nature and methodology，It breaks the concept of the traditional "not this is the other" and "this is also the same"。Dialectics of nature is not stuffed into the bet365 live casino games nature of the dialectics like Hegel，Instead of reflection of general laws abstracted in nature，Turning the relationship between the "theory and facts" reversed by traditional philosophy，The spirit of returning to the life of the life provides a new worldview and methodology for human explanation and transformation of the world。

　　People and nature in the history of materialism

Engels broke the metaphysical view of the western world for more than 2,000 years，However, the western academic community seems to be a blind eye to this revolutionary contribution to Engels。They acknowledge the humanitarian of the youth Marx，They recognize the "process philosophy" of White Sea，They give Poor's lofty respect to Boer's "symbiosis" theory，Phenomenology has become the ideological movement of the 20th century，Only Engels was blinded，Occasionally mentioned，It is also considered to distort Marx's thoughts and adds a big whip。For example, A. Schmidt accused Engel in "Marx's Natural Concept" "beyond Marx's explanation of the relationship between nature and social history， I will retreat into an arbitrary metaphysical school "。Marcase even believes that Engels' "Natural Dialectics" "absolute anti -philosophy、Explanation of mechanicalism "。In the words，In their opinion，Engels "Seeing things and not seeing people"，Is a typical natural and material decision -determined thesis，completely departs from Marx's humanitarian spirit。

Regardless of whether Marx is the so -called "thorough humanitarian"，From the text of Engels，Not only does not ignore the existence of people，and show care and respect for people everywhere。Since modern times，The declaration of bacon "knowledge is power" changed the traditional concept of obedience to nature，Makes people jump into the owner of nature，But whether a person is the subject or object，It contains the relationship between nature and human -guest opposite。Marx's thought on "Restrictions with each other in nature and human history"，It clearly points out the relationship between man and nature，Correct the long -established concept。Inheritance with Marx，Engels severely criticized "the historical view of naturalism"，It is pointed out "It thinks it just acts in nature，It's just the historical development Bet365 lotto review of natural conditions everywhere，It has forgotten that people are also reaction to nature，Change the nature of nature，Create a new survival condition for yourself "。Engels thinks，Traditional natural science and philosophy ignore the interaction between man and nature，The former "only knows nature"，The latter "only knows thoughts"，This has caused a gap that cannot be failed between man and nature，Actually，"It is the change in nature caused by man，Not alone is natural itself; human intelligence develops according to how people learn to change nature. "。At the same time，"Only people have a talent to the nature of nature，Because they not only changed the position of plants and animals，and also changed the appearance of the place where they live、Climate，They even changed the plants and animals itself "。It is based on this basic understanding，Engels clearly put forward the correct judgment of "the entire nature today is also dissolved in history"。

No pure nature that is not free and objective，Naturally from people must not be separated，Nature always has the nature of human marking; people are always in the "world"; naturally people are "inorganic body"，People are natural "organic body"。So，long -term mysterious consciousness，It's just "the product of the human brain"，"Man is the product of nature，It is in the environment where you live and develop with this environment。It is self -evident here，In the final analysis, it is also the product of the human brain of nature products "。Engels's discussion on nature，Actually it is the discussion of people，Because people and nature are inseparable，His deep attention to natural science，Full of affection for people。Today, the relationship between man and nature has deteriorated today，Revisiting Engels' assertion on "Unification of Man and Nature"，In -depth study of "artificial nature", "ecological ethics" and "ecological civilization"，It helps to inherit and carry forward the natural view of Engels，It can also provide theoretical revelation for human beings out of ecological difficulties。

　　Science and Technology Services

People are in the world，Talk to the world around the world at all times，The process of dealing is life。so -called life，Whether individual or Bet365 app download nation，The premise of its existence is material production，The level of production determines the level of life。For material production，An important decisive element is the production tool，。The degree of technological development determines people's living standards，In this sense，Technology contains the "good" function of realizing human happy life。

Since modern times，Natural Science, especially the development of technology，Human beings have embarked on the fast track of high productivity development。Facing this unprecedented scene，Young Marx and Engels lamented: "The productivity created by the bourgeoisie in less than 100 years of class rule，More productivity than all the past generations created in the past，More big。""，The development of society seems to achieve the rational "Millennium Kingdom" that enlightenment thinkers expect，Hegel's words fully expressed this optimistic emotion: "People have gained confidence，Trust your own thinking as thinking，Trust your feelings，Trust the perceptual nature outside of yourself and the emotional nature inside yourself; in technology、Nature found interests and fun in invention。"progress and optimism have become the basic emotion of this era。But，The alienation labor generated by private ownership is not happiness and happiness to individuals and workers，On the contrary，With the large increase in the application of natural (technology) to the application of natural forces and productivity，The living conditions of workers have continued to deteriorate，Excessive labor is increasing，The people of the masses are getting poor，The workers continue to lose their own value and "be degraded into animals"。Technical progress，The material is rich，The situation of workers has worsen even more，The development of science and technology does not bring the ideal well -being that people expect，The machine has become the shackles that workers are increasingly disgusted and even intended to destroy。How do you examine the limit of technology? How can technology be good?

Facing technical alienation，Engels did not nostalgic life in the previous industrial era。Of course，Before the production of large machines，Self -sufficient textilers Bet365 lotto review at home，A relatively loose and free production with your own handicraft，They have a meager income，You can also go to the garden to exercise the body，Or entertain and game with neighbors。But，From Engel,，This life of textile workers is "ideal and comfortable，But is not what a person should have passed "，Because in the final analysis, "they were not people at that time，Just a workplace that served the minority aristocratic service that used to dominate the history of history。The arrival of the Industrial Revolution "prompted this situation to reach the peak，completely turning the workers into a simple machine，The freedom of their last remaining independent activity is deprived "。Things must be reversed，If the industrial revolution allows people to experience the most cruel and painful life，So，This life also allows people to start reflecting on the limit of technology and machinery, as well as the possibility of machine production "good"。Engels pointed out: "If the machine also brings some benefits to workers，That's just that it has proved to the workers that society must be transformed，Make the machine no longer harm to workers，but benefit from workers。”

How to make the technology no longer endangered，So that technology will benefit humans? Engels is not exploring the technical defects of its existence from the micro technology itself，Instead of using technology as an indispensable element for social development，The root cause of technical alienation is the capitalist production method。The capital logic that is popular in the capitalist society regards the surplus value as the only motivation for production and exchange，Based on the private property system and capital，Constructed a modern technology system that can obtain huge surplus value，Ignore people and people who ignore the development of technical development、Tension between people and nature，That is, the gap between ecological deterioration and the rich and the poor。If you want to overcome these problems，It is not enough to "recognize the consistency of yourself and nature"，It also needs to be "our existing production method，and our entire social system with this production method is a complete change "。Like Marx，Engels emphasized bet365 Play online games "only the capitalist nature of the industry"，Only to fundamentally eliminate the social root of the technical alienation。Only communism, a conscious social production organization that can be produced and distributed in a planned manner，Only in terms of social relations can be promoted from the remaining animals，Just as general production has been promoted from the remaining animals in terms of species relationships "。In the words，System change and social transformation are the fundamental way to eliminate technical alienation。This means，Vigorously promoting the modernization of national governance in the new era is both the theoretical follow -up of Engels's natural dialectics，It is an inevitable choice for technical services to serve human life。

　　(This article is the "Research on Chinese Dialogue Construction of Engineering Politics" (2019A017) in the Shaanxi Provincial Social Science Fund Project)

(Author Unit: Marxist College of Northwest University of Technology)