The staging of Dunhuang bet365 voucher Grottoes has become a difficult problem，Deriving from the complexity of this history，Mysterious cases in history directly lead to difficulties in dating。The closure of the Sutra Cave in the early 11th century，So that the history of Dunhuang after this period no longer has a large number of detailed original archives to rely on as before。The Yuan Dynasty did not compile the history of bet365 voucher，There are many ambiguities in the history of the bet365 voucher Dynasty itself。There happens to be the issue of the Uighurization of Cao's Guiyi Army regime and the existence of the Shazhou Uighur regime，The time when bet365 voucher effectively governed Dunhuang has also become a speculation。There are not many worshippers in the bet365 voucher caves，Plus the lack of local historical materials，It is difficult to find more character background information。

bet365 voucher pays special attention to absorbing surrounding Buddhist factors，It also shows diversified characteristics in art，Influences from other regimes of the same period were also found in the Dunhuang Grottoes。At the end of bet365 voucher rule，It also intersected with the later art of the Yuan Dynasty，The difficulties caused by staging the grottoes in the late bet365 voucher period。Since the 1980s，The dating of Dunhuang bet365 voucher Grottoes has been in a state of constant revision，It has become a hot topic of increasing concern in recent years。

　　Mutual evidence between images and bet365 voucher facts

Although the staging of bet365 voucher Grottoes has been revised several times，But there are still many questions。I was previously misled by the bet365 voucher inscription "Abandoned Sand" in Cave 65 of Mogao Grottoes，The caves with the characteristics of "Thousand Buddhas Green Murals" that appeared in a large area in Mogao Grottoes are classified into the early period of bet365 voucher's rule in Dunhuang。In recent years，The cave inscriptions in multiple languages ​​have been interpreted more clearly，In addition to being able to more clearly exclude the Shazhou Uighur Cave from the bet365 voucher Cave，It also gives us a clearer understanding of the time and scope of bet365 voucher people’s activities in Dunhuang Grottoes。Chinese and bet365 voucher chronicles in the Dunhuang Grottoes inscriptions，From the second year of National Day (1071) to the ninth year of Guangding (1219)，This shows that the previous chronology of the bet365 voucher rule in Dunhuang as 1068 to 1226 is reliable。

But，These inscriptions are mainly inscribed by tourists，The reporter’s activities include making wishes、Qingsha、Burning incense and worshiping，Only Cave 57 and Cave 340 of Mogao Grottoes are involved in "construction"，And the object of construction is "temple"，Unsure whether it is a renovation of the cave。So，We believe that there are a large number of "Thousand Buddha Green Mural" caves in Mogao Grottoes，Mainly belonging to the reconstruction projects of the late Cao family’s Guiyi Army and the Shazhou Uighur period。The fourth year of Shaosheng in the Northern Song Dynasty (1097)，Once broke the melon in Khotan、Sha、Su Sanzhou，Indicates until the end of the 11th century，There are still many threats in the Dunhuang area under the jurisdiction of bet365 voucher，It was impossible to carry out large-scale cave construction activities during this period。At this time, only a small number of caves are being renovated and repainted in Mogao Grottoes，Including Cave 340 of Mogao Grottoes、Cave 395、Cave 206, etc.。

The construction of truly large-scale caves in Dunhuang during the Western Xia Dynasty，In fact, it should be during the period of Xia Renzong's benevolence and filial piety，This is also inseparable from the historical situation that the Hexi area received attention in the middle and late bet365 voucher period。When bet365 voucher first established the Twelve Military Supervision Departments, there was the Guazhou Military Supervisory Department，The Shazhou Military Supervision Department was added later。Although the specific time for the establishment of the Shazhou Military Supervision Department is unknown，But it can be confirmed that it was established during the Renxiao period，The addition of the Military Supervision Department itself shows that the emphasis on the Dunhuang area has increased。The most noteworthy historical event in the Renxiao period is "Ren Dejing divided the country"，From the perspective of demarcation and "wanting to treat people with benevolence and filial piety"，Hexi area should be Renxiao’s sphere of influence。Therefore，Dunhuang area was valued by the bet365 voucher royal family in the second half of the 12th century，There may be a bet365 voucher emperor visiting Guazhou at this time。

At this time, Dunhuang had the ability to build original caves，And formed the bet365 voucher style after absorbing surrounding Buddhist art，The second cave of Yiyulin Grottoes appears、Cave 29、Cave 3 and Cave 465 of Mogao Caves and Cave 2 of East Thousand Buddha Caves、A series of classic caves represented by Cave 5。The Chinese Buddhist murals absorbed a lot from the Song Dynasty、Liao、The element of gold，And many of them have compositions and characters similar to those of bet365 voucher prints，Many caves also feature thicker paint layers。The Renxiao period focused on the introduction of Tibetan Buddhism，Tibetan Buddhist images increased significantly in the late bet365 voucher period，Cave 465 of the Mogao Grottoes, a typical cave that hides secrets, appeared。In addition，bet365 voucher attaches great importance to guru worship，Began to paint images of the Guru in the murals，This is consistent with the thangka and prints unearthed from Blackwater City。

　Fully apply the bet365 voucher evidence method

Although there are limited local historical materials in Dunhuang during the bet365 voucher period，But such unfavorable conditions have made us broaden our thinking on periodization，Let us start paying attention to more peripheral information。From the perspective of historical remains，Blackwater City、Shanzuigou、Haimu Cave，And a large number of Buddhist relics from the bet365 voucher, Song, Liao, Jin and Tibet regions of the same period have become objects of reference。In the details of the image，It also breaks through the limitations of previous Buddhist images，Focus on architecture、Utensils and other aspects。In recent years，The most important thing is that scientific and technological means play a role in dating the grottoes，For example, multispectral photography allows us to see more details more clearly，For example, the discovery of a Uighur donor in Cave 194 of the Mogao Grottoes denies the theory that the cave was rebuilt during the bet365 voucher period。The carbon 14 dating based on the Bayesian model provides important support for the determination of the age of the caves，Using this method to determine that the square Buddhist altar in the main room of Cave 285 of Mogao Grottoes was built in the Western Xia Dynasty。It is under the extensive cooperation of multiple disciplines，The periodization of bet365 voucher Grottoes has a more reliable basis。

Rebuilding the corridor using Cave 61 of the Mogao Grottoes, which has been the most controversial in recent years、Cave 465 of Mogao Grottoes as an example，In the past, scholars speculated from two perspectives: history and images，Concluded two completely different conclusions from the Yuan Dynasty and the bet365 voucher Dynasty，Now these issues have become a hot topic，Attract the attention of more professional scholars，Provides more basis for judging the times。For example, whether the Xia-Chinese bilingual inscription on the 61st Cave Tunnel was written in the bet365 voucher or the Yuan Dynasty，Duan Yuquan pointed out，From the perspective of writing, it should belong to the bet365 voucher period，Although both bet365 voucher and Yuan Dynasty bet365 voucher texts are used，But there is a big difference in the way the words are written。Cave 465 since Xie Jisheng proposed the bet365 voucher theory，Yang Zhishui’s judgment on the era of “back screen embedded treasure” in seat images、Huang Yingjie’s analysis of the unclear sectarian boundaries in the image，all strongly supported the bet365 voucher theory。Introducing multispectral photography、After carbon 14 dating and pigment chemical analysis，The periodization of bet365 voucher Grottoes has added more scientific basis。

Generally speaking，The construction of Dunhuang Grottoes during the Western Xia Dynasty can be divided into two phases，The main representative caves were mostly built in the late bet365 voucher period in the second half of the 12th century。The late bet365 voucher grotto art shows the richness and diversity in subject matter, content and style，Created to adapt to the large number of ethnic groups in Dunhuang at this time、Mature art with unique aesthetics。The painting style has the rough and bold spirit of the nomads，It also has the details of the Tang and Song Dynasty traditions of the Central Plains、Qili、Lyrical meaning，The artistic style shows the Chinese style、The characteristics of combining the absorption of Tibetan art with the innovation of national art。bet365 voucher’s cultural achievements deserve attention，The late bet365 voucher murals in Dunhuang Grottoes are well preserved，Leave a precious memory to future generations。

(This article is a phased result of the National Social Science Fund’s major bidding project “Research on Dunhuang bet365 voucher Grottoes” (16ZDA116)

(Author’s unit: bet365 voucher Document Research Institute, bet365 voucher Academy)