The installment of the Xixia Grottoes in Dunhuang becomes a problem，The complexity of this period of history，Doubt in history directly leads to the difficulty of the interrogation。Closure of the Tibetan Cave in the early 11th century，Make the history of Dunhuang after this no longer have a large number of original archives as before as before.。The Yuan Dynasty did not repair Xixia History，There are many unclear places for the history of the Xixia Dynasty itself。It happens that there are questions about Cao's return to military and political power and whether there is a question of whether there is a regime in the Saizhou regime，The time to effectively control Xixia also becomes a speculation。The number of portraits in Xixia Cave is not large，Plus the lack of local historical materials，It is difficult to find more character background information。

Xixia pays special attention to absorbing surrounding Buddhist factors，It also presents diversified features in art，I also found an influence from other regimes from the same era in the Dunhuang Grottoes。At the end of Xixia rule，also intersect with the later art of the Yuan Dynasty，Difficulty in installing the staging in the late Xixia Grottoes。Starting from the 1980s，Dunhuang Xixia Grottoes have been in a state of constant Bet365 lotto review correction，In recent years, he has become more and more attention.。

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The staging of Xixia Grottoes has been modified several times，But there are still many questions。Before being misleaded by the "abandoned sand" title of Xixiawen, Mogao Grottoes，The cave with the characteristics of the "Thousand Buddha Green Macration" characteristics of Mogao Grottoes is classified into the early stage of the Dunhuang rule。In recent years，Cave inscriptions of a variety of texts are more clearly interpreted，In addition to being able to eliminate Shazhou Huiyu Cave more clearly, outside Xixia Cave，It also makes us understand the time and scope of the Xixia people in the Dunhuang Grottoes。Chinese and Xixiawen Jiali in Dunhuang Grottoes，From the 2nd year of the National Day (1071) to the 9th year of Guangding (1219)，Explain that the time to rule the Dunxia rule of Xixia from 1068 to 1226 in the past was reliable。

but，These questions are mainly based on tourists，The activity of the reporter includes a wish、Qingsha、Burning incense and worship，Only "Creation" involved in "Castle 57 and Cave 340，The objects that are built are "temples"，Can't determine whether it is a rebuilding of the cave。So，We believe that a large number of "Thousand Buddha Green Make" caves exist in Mogao Grottoes，Rebuilding project mainly belonged to the late period of Cao's return to the rebels and the Shazhou Hui period。Four years of Shao Sheng in the Northern Song Dynasty (1097)，Yu Zeng broken melon、sand、Bet365 app download Su Sanzhou，Explanation until the end of the 11th century，There are still many threats in the Dunhuang area under the jurisdiction of Xixia，This period is unable to conduct large -scale cave construction activities。At this time, it is just a rebuilding and re -painting for a small amount of caves at Mogao Grottoes，including Cave 340、Cave 395、Cave 206, etc.。

In the real sense of the Dunhuang area in the Xixia period, there is a large -scale cave construction，In fact, it should be the period of Xia Renzong's filial piety，This is also inseparable from the historical situation that Hexi is valued in the middle and late stages of Xiuxia.。Xixia initially set up the Twelve Supervisors Division with the Guazhou Supervisor Division，Shazhou Supervisor Department was later added。Although the specific time set up by the Shazhou Supervisory Army Division is unknown，But it can be determined that it has been established during the Renxiao period，Adding the Jianjun Division itself will explain the increase in the emphasis on the Dunhuang area。The most valuable historical event in the period of benevolence is "let the country be the country"，From the perspective of the boundary and "desire to use the piety of the filial piety"，Hexi region should be the sphere of influence of Ren Xiao。Therefore，In the second century, the Dunhuang area was valued by the Xixia royal family，At this time, there may be an Emperor Xixia visiting Guazhou。

At this time, Dunhuang has the ability to build original caves，and form bet365 live casino games a Xixia style after absorbing the surrounding Buddhist art，The 2nd Cave with Yulin Cave、Cave 29、Cave 3 and Mogao Grottoes Cave 465 and Dongqian Buddha Cave Cave 2、A series of classic caves represented by Cave 5。Among them, the Chinese Buddhist murals absorb Song、Liao、Gold's element，and many compositions similar to Xixia prints and character characteristics，Thickened characteristics of the pigment layer also appeared in many caves。Pay attention to the introduction of Tibetan Buddhism during the Renxiao period，In the late Xia Xia period Tibetan Buddhist images increased significantly，Tibetan Typical Cave Mogao Grottoes appeared。other，Xixia pays attention to the worship of the guru，Start drawing the master statue in the mural，This is consistent with the situation of Thangka and prints unearthed in Heishui City。

　Full application of multiple evidence methods

Although the local history of Dunhuang in the Xixia period is limited，But this unfavorable condition has enabled us to broaden our thinking in the staging period，Let us start paying more attention to the peripheral information。From the perspective of historical relics，Heishui City、Shanzui Ditch、Hai Mu Cave，and a large number of Buddhist relics in Xixia, Song, Liao and Jin, and Tibetan regions have become objects that can be referred to。In terms of the details of the image，It also broke through the limitations of previous Buddhist images，Follow architecture、Intelligence。In recent years，The most bet365 live casino games important thing is that scientific and technological means play a role in the cave's generation，Such as a multi -spectrum shooting allows us to see more details，For example, the discovery of the governor of Mogao Grottoes at the 194th Cave of Mogao Cave denied that the cave was rebuilt in Xixia。and the carbon fourteen measurement year based on the Bayesian model provides an important support for the judgment of the cave era，This method was used to determine the main room of the main room of the Mogao Grottoes in the Morge Cave.。It is under the extensive cooperation of multidisciplinary，The staging of Xixia Grottoes has a more reliable basis。

Rebuilding the martyrdom in Cave 61, the most controversial in recent years、Cave 465 of Mogao Cave as an example，Scholars of previous scholars speculated from the perspective of history and images，Different conclusions of the Yuan Dynasty and Xixia, respectively，Now because of these problems, it becomes a hot spot，attracted more attention from professional scholars，provides more basis for the judgment of the times。If the bilingual title of the Xiahan Han Dynasty in Cave 61 is written in Xixia or the Yuan Dynasty，Duan Yuquan pointed out，From the perspective of text writing, it should belong to the Xixia period，Xixia and Yuan Dynasty Xixiawen both have applications，But there is a big difference in writing in writing。Cave 465 Since Xie Jisheng proposed Xixia,，Judging of the "Back screen embedded treasure" era in the water image、Huang Yingjie's bet365 Play online games unclear analysis of the boundary line in the image，All support Xixia said。Introduction of multi -spectrometer shooting、Carbon Fourteen Annual Analysis and Pigment Chemical Analysis，The staging of Xixia Grottoes has added more scientific basis。

Overall，The construction of the Dunhuang Grottoes in the Xixia period can be divided into two phases in the front and back，Main representative of the cave's multi -camps in the late Xixia in the second half of the 12th century。The art of Xixia Grottoes in the later period shows the richness and diversity of theme content and style，Created at this time to adapt to many ethnic groups in the Dunhuang area、Unique mature art。Its style of painting has the rough and magnificent gas of nomadic people，also has the fineness of the traditional Tang and Song dynasties of the Central Plains、Beautiful、lyrical rhyme，Artistic style presents to Han、The characteristics of the absorption of Tibetan art with the innovation of the national art。The cultural achievements of Xixia are worthy of attention，Dunhuang Grottoes in the late Xiaxia murals are well preserved，Leave it for future generations for precious commemorative。

(This article is the major bidding project of the National Social Science Foundation "Research on the Dunhuang Xixia Grottoes" (16zda116) phased results)

(Author Unit: Dunhuang Literature Institute of Dunhuang Research Institute)