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During the development of the past 40 years，China's environmental sociology mainly follows two roads: community、Township、County District、Basin and other units to conduct case format research，Taking "China" as the overall seeking general interpretation。Facing the transformation of China with high complexity，Two research roads are in tension between universal and particularly different degrees。How to resolve this tension is a problem faced by China's environmental sociology。

　Dividing "local" in the sense of type

Wish to know，China has a diverse natural style、Geographical environment and ecological structure。North Prairie District、Gaoshan Forest District, Northeast、Qinghai -Tibet Plateau area in the southwest、Yunnan -Guizhou Plateau、The "six major sectors" in the coastal area and the Central Plains District constitute China's natural framework，A nomadic、Traveling、Traveling Hunt、Living models and cultural traditions of farming and other。During the rapid modernization process，Different regions due to resource endowment、Industrial structure、Location conditions、Social culture and other differences and development gaps have continued to expand，presents agricultural society、The pattern of coexistence and low、Middle、Economic gradients that increase Bet365 app download in three levels of high levels。Environmental problems caused by modernization are regional differences，Some areas are mainly ecological degeneration，Some areas are mainly environmental pollution，Some areas are compounded in various problems; the same environmental problems occur in different regions、Deadness、wide narrow range、The strength of social response is also different。

It is precisely because of the diversity of environmental problems and the differences in its distribution，Case -type research is easy to scatter and fragmented but cannot achieve speciality and universality、Organic connection between micro and macro，Public research is difficult to avoid simplifying or blocking the complex composition and time and space differences of environmental problems。In fact，This methodology dilemma has always existed in the field of sociology in China。Fei Xiaotong's solution is the type comparative research，That is through the type of type、The research of the same type of case and the comparison between different types of different types gradually approach the whole from the part and finally realize the purpose of "knowing China"。According to this plan，The primary work to study China's environmental issues is based on a certain standard，The "overall" in China is divided into a "local" type with uniform internal features and clear external boundaries。What needs to be emphasized is，Because environmental problems are the results of interaction between the environment and society，The standards divided Bet365 lotto review by type should focus on the ecological environment、Industrial structure、Social form or cultural tradition dimension instead of administrative divisions or geographical orientation。The current popular "East、Middle、West "area is still rough and empty。

　Show "local" in the history of the re -line

Environmental sociology with the interaction between the environment and society as the subject should have a historical vision of history。Hong Da Yong once pointed out the importance of historical vision: First, you can better understand and describe environmental problems，Second, you can see the dynamic efforts of society to deal with environmental problems，Third, it can make reasonable predictions on the future development of environmental issues，Fourth, you can dialectically understand the social impact of environmental problems。Visible，Incorporate environmental problems into the historical context of the interaction between the environment and society, it is presented.，can be in the past、Establish a logical association between the present and the future and then make promises "Optimum，Test the Fang Come "subject purpose。But，Environmental problems are a structured objective reality，It is rather a dynamic social construction。If the history is only regarded as the natural stretching of time or the linear narrative paved by a single subject，instead of re -line narratives based on specific themes or events，Then the complexity or authenticity of environmental problems will be castrated or covered by the so -called historical.。

bet365 best casino games In the grand narrative of environmental problems，The national rationality with "order" and "richness" as the core has no doubt，and the public based on daily observation、Interest appeal、Interest appeal、profit or loss judgment、Social rationality formed by survival wisdom is relatively weak。For the realization of order and prosperity，State rationality often redefines social rationality with the help of ideology，In the process of environmental infringement, social rationality generates question from the gap between ideology and practical experience.。The tension between national rationality and social rationality profoundly affects the specific characteristics of environmental problems and social rea。In this sense，Study "local" environmental problems should analyze the formation mechanism of consensus overlap between the consensus or consensus rupture from the changes in the relationship between the relationship between the national rational and social rationality.，In the government、Market、Society and other subjects constructed the constructing consistency or conflict between each other in the history of multiple subjects、Consensus or differences，Clear in each subject、Capture its environmental cognition in the sound of hybrid or contradictory、Behavioral or dynamic evolution。

　Grasp the "local" in structural analysis

In essence，Environmental problems are a general social facts embedded in the modern world system and a specific social structure，Is politics、Economy、Society、Culture Bet365 lotto review and ecology The products of complex intercourse in globalization and localization。An important composition of the modern world system，The world market is constantly pushing resources、Capital、Human and technical absorbing into a cross -regional production system，The resulting environmental crisis is transmitted or transferred layer by layer in order of "center -half -edge -edge"。To some extent，China's environmental crisis is the results of the central country transferring pollution and ecological colonial in the central country with unequal market rules and incorrect investment behaviors。In order to alleviate the pressure of the environmental crisis，China's development concept、Economic System、Environmental policy、Lifetime such as green transformation，These changes are derived from national rationality，It is rather to be the raising of China's status in the world system。It can be said，The occurrence and evolution of environmental problems in China is in the structural change of the world system，and the difference between "local" is related to the depth and breadth of its involved in the world market。

Compared to the modern world system，The impact of the Chinese social structure is more direct and obvious。theoretically，Environmental problems will form two groups: First, groups that benefit from it，is the beneficiary circle; first, the group that is harmed from it，The injury circle。The higher the degree of overlap of the two，Public land tragedy is more likely; the higher the degree Bet365 app download of separation of the two，The greater the possibility of environmental conflict。But，The beneficiary circle and the damage circle of most environmental problems in reality are not clearly limited，It is not a constant change。In this case，The proportion of population and their relationships of each class plays a basic role on environmental problems and their governance。Application，The overall imbalance of the class structure means that the consensus of environmental governance is difficult to form，The "local" difference between the class structure provides a corresponding social foundation for pollution transfer。Obviously，Study "local" environmental problems requires both the structure of the overall class，It is also necessary to carefully analyze the particularity of the "local" class structure，In "Overall" and "Local"、"Local" and "local" relationship finds the social mechanism of environmental evolution。

In short,，Whether it is based on methodological considerations or based on the "local improvement of the Chinese environment、Local deterioration "reality，Environmental sociology should take "local"、Re -discover "Local"。"Local" does not just refer to a certain natural area in China，Instead, the specific space divided in the strict sense。Facing the current situation of environmental problems in China，Perhaps only the environmental sociology research party that is departed may make a scientific diagnosis of environmental problems and propose effective solutions。

(Author Unit: School of Law and Government of Zhejiang Normal University)