Fernand Braudel's "The Bet365 lotto review and the Bet365 lotto review World in the Age of Philip II" is world-renowned，If anyone in contemporary history wants to rewrite the history of the Bet365 lotto review，There is no doubt that breakthroughs are needed on many levels。David Aboulafia, Professor of Bet365 lotto review History at Cambridge University, "The Great Sea: A History of Humanity in the Bet365 lotto review" (Translated by Xu Jialing，Social Science Literature Press July 2018 edition) can be called an ambitious work。

This work takes the Bet365 lotto review Sea, which the Jews call the "Great Sea", as the stage，staged a series of journeys across this ocean surface、A large-scale epic drama of people in islands and ports。The author uniquely divides the Bet365 lotto review into the First Bet365 lotto review (22000 BC-1000 BC) according to human history、Second Bet365 lotto review (1000 BC-600 BC)、The Third Bet365 lotto review (600-1350)、The Fourth Bet365 lotto review (1350-1830)、Five major historical periods of the Fifth Bet365 lotto review (1830-2014)，Strive to show the magnificent historical picture of the Bet365 lotto review in a macro perspective。

　Interaction between human civilization and the Bet365 lotto review

The Bet365 lotto review described by Braudel is "a land far away from the coastline and a basin full of sea water"，Not exactly the waters of the Bet365 lotto review itself，But a whole including the surrounding mountains, rivers and land。The Bet365 lotto review Sea covered in this work is mainly the ocean itself，That’s ocean surface、Coastal areas and islands、Seaport。What is the academic connotation of this definition？

The Bet365 lotto review described by Braudel is not just a sea，But "a union of seas"。His conclusion is unequivocal: "Bet365 lotto review life is integrated with the land。”To “understand the history of the Bet365 lotto review in its complex whole”，He wrote a "historical treatise centered on vast waters" in three levels: First, an almost static history - the history of the relationship between man and the environment；The second is slow-paced history - social history or the history of groups and groups；The third is traditional history - event history。This is a horizontal history of the Bet365 lotto review in a specific era。He more or less despises the political history of those events which are called historical events，Confirm that all changes in history are slow，Human beings are subject to a fate beyond their control。This book claims the opposite。The author focuses on small decisions and events that can have a huge impact，The theme is human beings and their civilization、Interactive relationship between activities and the Bet365 lotto review，In particular, explore the varying degrees of integration of the Bet365 lotto review into a single trade、Processes of cultural and even political regions，And its reverse disintegration process。The author focuses on traveling across the sea、Trade、Preaching、Men of War: A legion of fearless explorers、Anxious Pilgrim、Enterprising businessman、Ambitious politician、Fearing refugees。The events of concern focus on the longitudinal history of the Bet365 lotto review。Different from Braudel，The author emphasizes the constant changes that occur over time: the symbiotic relationship between man and nature will eventually come to an end。The Bet365 lotto review he focuses on is first of all the Bet365 lotto review with natural borders，Then there is the Bet365 lotto review with artificial borders: the Bet365 lotto review ocean itself with its offshore coasts and port cities and offshore islands - not the landmass surrounding the Bet365 lotto review。

　　Human Bet365 lotto review or the return of event Bet365 lotto review

This work is a constructed Bet365 lotto review that tailors historical facts，Rather than natural objective Bet365 lotto review。

The author does not intend to explore historical mysteries，But writing the known historical events。The past is the past，Seeing things in hindsight and seeing things in advance，History is properly arranged。For example，Judgment in "Interlopers in the Bet365 lotto review" (1571-1650)，“Venetian elites could not understand why the ships that had defended the Republic in the 13th century were ineffective in the 17th century”；“The myth that the Italians were almost invincible on the sea is a thing of the past”。

The author’s ability to restore details is amazing，This is due to his mastery of historical materials、Precision of arguments。For example，In "Our Sea" (146-150 BC)，To demonstrate the important role that freedmen played in port commercial activities，Quoting a set of wax tablets unearthed in Pompeii that record the financial status of the Sulpic family, a wealthy banking family of Putoli，This set contains 127 documents including an IOU，Restored the fact that the Greek Menelaus borrowed 1,000 denarius from the agent of the Roman merchant Severus。Through this tiny historical fact，The author intends to explain how Puteoli, south of Rome, is connected with the vast Bet365 lotto review world。Zairu，In "Crossing the Borders of Christianity and Islam" (900—1050)，Quote from Cairo Jewish Genizah Documents，Discuss the fact that Jewish books and scholars accompanied the spread of flax along trade routes in the Bet365 lotto review port connections。

The above shows that the core of the narrative in this work is neither the ocean，Not even land，Not civilized，But people、Human historical events，It was humans who sailed the Bet365 lotto review、Historical facts surrounding the Bet365 lotto review。Thus restoring the event history tradition from theory to practice。

　Brilliant approach to Bet365 lotto review anatomy unit

The units of historical anatomy are subordinate to the subject selection of historical research。The ascendant global Bet365 lotto review writing model is sweeping the academic circles at home and abroad，Where does national Bet365 lotto review and regional Bet365 lotto review go from here？There is a lot of inspiration in this regard in the book。

Human historical development and diversification of transportation geography，Create several recognized civilization intersection areas，Bet365 lotto review Sea in Western Eurasia、The Western Region of Eastern Eurasia，Can be regarded as a typical representative of sea-centered and inland-centered。Taking the Bet365 lotto review as a clue and field for writing，This is a clever approach to the historical anatomy unit。The whole book is full of politics、Description of the rise and fall of dominant trade forces，Strictly different from the Bet365 lotto review history (economic and social history) since Braudel，Self-contained vertical system。For example，In "The Rise and Fall of the Empire" (1130-1260), the establishment of Venice's position is linked to the previous major history in one sentence: "The Venice where St. Mark was located is now the new Constantinople，Also the new Alexander。”In “The Way Across the Bet365 lotto review” (1160–1185)，Through the diary of two travelers who traveled around the Bet365 lotto review world in the 12th century，Reproduce the maritime routes and means of transportation at that time。

The author’s unique treatment of “time” is reflected in the layout Bet365 lotto review entire book。On the one hand, he is good at using aphoristic phrases that summarize historical situations，On the other hand, use transitional sentences that connect the past and the following between chapters，Describe different forces in the same period from multiple places，Finally summarize the characteristics of this period，It can be seen that the "protagonist" examined in the whole book is contained in the chapter layout。It is in these seemingly natural choices of protagonists and "fragmented" narration，The author’s “preference” is vaguely revealed。

一，The protagonists have not escaped the limitations of Western Eurocentrism。The history of events should not miss such a major watershed event as the fall of Constantinople in 1453，However, this fiasco of the Western world is barely mentioned in the book。Aragonese monarch Alfonso V signs the "Peace of Lodi"，The author views this as an agreement that guarantees peace for the next half century，And said that the signatory countries have another urgent task "the war against the Turks"。Is this an urgent task for Western Christendom or an urgent task for Bet365 lotto review history？The terminology here is the traditional view of the Western-centered perspective。

　Second，In reading we discover the narrative before the Roman Empire，The Bet365 lotto review cannot form one body，In a long period of time, only the isolation of scattered islands provided by the author to the readers can be seen，They are just "on the Bet365 lotto review"，There is no mutual recognition of the same Bet365 lotto review，The history of the pre-Roman era seems to be pieced together by historians based on subsequent situations。More than that，After experiencing the maritime wars in the Middle Ages, especially between Christendom and the Ottoman Empire，The Fifth Bet365 lotto review is not so much in the disintegration of integration，Rather, it is a return to the original non-integrated state of nature。Of course the author’s description of historical facts and summary of the “situation” (rather than Braudel’s understanding of the “structure”)，It will undoubtedly further encourage readers to think divergently。

(Author’s unit: College of Bet365 lotto review and Culture, Shaanxi Normal University)