American sociologist Owen Goffman "The Behavior of Public Places -Social Organization of the Party" (He Dao Kuan Translation，Peking University Press October 2017) is a classic work of Sociology。Goffman studied the behavioral rules of behavior in social occasions，It is believed that there is a set of contextual etiquette in daily social interaction as a specification for communication。These rules and etiquette frames set the small circle of interaction participants、Small society，Rules Guide the social behavior of actors，Social boundary。Actions within the boundary can be accepted，Beyond the border is excluded by the group，Related actors can not enjoy the sense of belonging of the group circle，The strictest punishment for the offenders is to enter the psychiatric hospital。

The focus of the research on psychiatry research is improper actor，The focus of Gevman's research lies in the social rules behind the situation。Before Goffman，Sociology research is particularly concerned about social riots、Collective panic and other collective behaviors，Ignoring the inspection of general social interaction。Inspired by the study of psychiatry，Goffman observed the "improper behavior" in public places。Goffman believes that such a survey helps sociology to explore daily communication models and structures。He obtained first -hand information from a public psychiatric hospital in Columbia Special Economic Zone and a participating observation set in Teram Island，and in -depth text analysis based on the etiquette manual of the middle class as the research literature。Social behavior through comparing psychiatric hospitals and general public places，Goffman summarizes the three main characteristics of the communication behavior of public places: interaction、Bet365 lotto review Situation and specification。

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Gevman's interaction and Kuli、Mid's social psychology tradition is consistent，It is reflected in the attitude of personal understanding and accepting others。Goffman divides the behavior of public places into two categories: non -focus interaction and focus interaction。Gaze in a hurry、Passing the shoulders and other loose interactions is unimpeded，and surround a question、The close interaction between a person is focused。Meeting、Focus and other face -to -face interaction with obvious interaction，This is the scope of traditional sociological investigation。Goffman's inspection of non -focus interaction，Extended interactive sociological connotation。

Just enter public occasions，It is easy to enter the unreasonable interaction。Involved in the body of human body, the most obvious manifestation of the body's body habit。Individuals may not communicate with others when entering public places，But it cannot be communicated with posture。In non -focus interaction，Everyone will communicate with others through physical Xi，Meticism is the manifestation of interactiveness in public。Different from Made's distinction between different body and meaningless body，Gobman's eyes are not "meaningless"，Because "Xi evokes the same meaning to the actor and witnesses，The actor uses it because it is meaningful to the witnesses "。

Goffman believes that meaningful continuous communication is not a typical social interaction，Many times the actor is just to maintain a impression，Unconsciously enter a spontaneous involvement。spontaneous involvement、Self -focused activities and politeness ignore，Interactive features in Goffman's theoretical framework。There is a kind of interactiveness based on impression management behind the spontaneous involvement，This kind of activities are not in the field of sociology in Made's theory。Self -pointing human activity，bet365 live casino games Ruchi teeth、Repair nails、Doze, etc. will not point to others，So it is not within the social interaction framework in Max Weber's sense。Goffman believes that public places give interaction to interact with certain situations，The "self -involved" behavior in the situation has potential interaction。

Politeness ignoring also reflects a kind of interactive tension。Politement ignores between staring at people and ignoring，Pay full attention to those present，Do not pay too much attention to each other。Politeness ignoring just convey the existence of the other person，And your own attention maintains interactive elasticity，You can withdraw yourself at any time。Another，Prevention involved、Open a small difference、God、Farewell and other behaviors under the integration of Goffman，It also has theoretical elasticity。These non -interactive activities are used as interactive theoretical reference，Realized the closed loop of Gevman's theoretical construction。

　　Situation

Goffman puts interactive behavior in public places in social situations for inspection，"Activities of Titan" is its main object of inspection。He defines the situation as "the overall space environment when people gather"，Everyone who can enter this space is a member of the situation。The so -called situation refers to the involvement of the situation in the context，instead of activity in the situation。The difference between being in the situation and the situation is，The sociological proposition reflected by the former declares a new theoretical perspective: the situation no longer exists as a background like "in the situation"，Instead, it is manifested as the main sociological elements participating in social interaction。

Goffman describes different social situations: family situation、Club situation、Class situation、National situation、Cultural situation、Regional situations, etc.，Think of the ownership of the individual，Beyond bet365 live casino games the family、​​Culture、Class and other sociological elements。Taking the cultural situation as an example，He lists the differences between the differences between different cultures and the same culture on understanding social interaction。Goffman mentioned that a large part of the attitude of different cultures treating performances is a large part of the difference between the body's explanation of the actor's expression，It is not regarded as a difference to participate in the interaction itself。​​Eastern audiences watch the performance in a loose form，It is also interacting in the social situation in the theater，But the form of their interaction is not just carried out in the body's familiar figure。Goffman bypass the interference of traditional sociological elements，Know the interpersonal interaction from the general characteristics of the situation，Can grasp the connotation of interaction more clearly，After all, many interactions and rules are common in different cultural groups。

From Gefman's view，Exit social interaction is to withdraw from social situation。Whether it is from the social community and social institutions，Still alienation of social relations，All are alienation of social situations。This is particularly obvious in Goffman's observation of mental patients。He thinks，Expressing emotional unexplained behavior，Can't explain that the perpetrator is a pathological。The so -called psychiatric person is just a kind of situation error，This is not enough to support the pathological diagnosis of psychiatry。Goffman's theoretical point of view of traditional psychiatry and the block segmentation structure of traditional sociology and challenges。The concept of Gobman abstracted the situation，Avoid traditional sociology against individuals、Group、​​Culture、The division of coarse lines such as the class，It provides theoretical tools for re -integrating social interaction。

　　Normative

Gefman proposed，People bet365 Play online games always belong to a certain group，That is, belonging to a certain kind of context。This attribute provides an institutionalized bond for the social structure，The institutionalized bond provided by social gatherings，transition from interactive point of view to "views derived from the research of basic social structure"。Goffman's observation in public places is to connect the individual actions and social structures，Then explain the question of "how society becomes possible"。The possibility of society depends on the establishment of social normative。

Goffman's involvement of the distribution rules when participating in social interaction、Description of the rules involved in the objects and interrelated regulations，It reflects the standardization of social interaction in public。In the rules involved in distribution，He distinguished the dominant involvement and subordinate attributes。Different communication conditions、Social situations will cross overlap，This will cause confusion in the order of communication。To clarify the normative chaos，Need to establish a dominant communication order。Leading communication order requirements Establish context rules as a standardized force，The boundary and order used to maintain communication。The strictly managed subsequent attribute involved in providing a standardized elastic space for the dominant order。

Goffman attaches great importance to interactive normative theory，Show the obvious sociological structural functional tendencies。He repeatedly emphasized the social interaction of personal situations and social interactions in public，Guidelines for social value and social norms。Interactivity and contextuality Eventually, it is necessary to serve standardized，The structure involved in contextual interaction is the theoretical destination that Gofman really cares about。Although Goffman's claimed structure is no longer as stiff as traditional sociological Bet365 app download distinction and informal interaction，But find the "general social structural characteristics" behind social gatherings，Still his ultimate theory pursuing goals。

　　Expressive order

Gefman's inspection of public places，Clear the situation rules that we do not inspect in daily exchanges。The theoretical concern is settled in the role of social rules and specifications for social integration。This is Goffman's theoretical feelings as a sociologist，In the subject system of sociology，He always observes the interaction between people and people。He noticed that "some strange aristocrats have made many situations of situation errors，but not called a lunatic "。This has the same humanistic tendency as Zhuangzi's observation of the "stolen theft of the stolen country"，They all have strong sensitivity to the structural imbalance behind the surface equality。Goffman reminds us，As long as in -depth inquiry of contextual rules, it is not difficult to find，The concept of psychiatric and traditional social customs for mental patients is not established。Goffman provides the opportunity to empower the stigmatized person with context sociology。

Revisiting the traditional classification method of sociology through the context，Goffman's efforts have a strong theoretical pioneering force，This is the same as the "field theory" update discipline structure with the theory of relativity and quantum physics in physics。​​Family、Class、Culture and other traditional sociological units，can be regarded as a social situation。Similarly，All social situations can be regarded as a "field"。"Field" theoretical significance lies in the integrity of a life experience，This is the most fully manifested in David's conversation theory。From the perspective of dialogue，Goffman's theoretical focus focuses on the order of manifestation，without deep excavation of potential order。The potential order covers the time、Space、Sports、Cause relationship、bet365 best casino games Basic structure, including universality, etc.。Potential order as an integrated field cover the interaction of people，We need to make a more detailed theoretical analysis of this invisible cover。This requires the common efforts of communication and sociology，Because of interaction、Situation、Specifications are not only sociological significance，It also has strong communication characteristics，This is particularly prominent in terms of spiritual dialogue and emotional connection。

　　(Author Unit: Institute of Journalism and Communication of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)