Today,Although whether China has philosophy is still a controversial issue,But as long as it is not out of cultural narrow-mindedness and intellectual prejudice,We still have good reasons to believe that China has philosophy,And,Chinese philosophy has its own indelible and persevering spiritual value and cultural life。As in "Metaphysics of Bet365 lotto review - An Interpretation of Chinese Philosophy" (written by Ning Xinchang,Revelated by China Renmin University Press, June 2019 edition),The significance of Chinese philosophy lies in understanding、Considerate、Cultivation and awareness to establish people’s beliefs (beliefs),It is not about believing first and then understanding,But the opposite,Rational Cognition、Moral cultivation、Ideological awareness has established a unique spiritual home for the Chinese people。
The “Bet365 lotto review-type” characteristics of Chinese philosophy
The concept of Bet365 lotto review was first proposed by Mr. Mou Zongsan,After analyzing and comparing the basic characteristics of Chinese and Western philosophy,Through the philosophical study of metaphysics,He distinguished between Western philosophy as the representative、Focuses on the study of "real form metaphysics" of "existence" and is represented by Chinese Taoism、"The Metaphysics of Realm Forms" focusing on the cultivation of "realm",And based on this, a definition of Bet365 lotto review,That is, "Talk about metaphysics based on the way of seeing or knowledge"。The author of this book refers to Confucianism、Buddhist philosophical thought is also included in the category of "Bet365 lotto review",With the understanding of the innovative path of Chinese philosophy,A common level integration and summary of the entire mainstream of Chinese philosophy。
The author attempts to place Chinese philosophy within the category of Bet365 lotto review,And demonstrated and explained this interpretation perspective through two horizontal and vertical approaches。The whole book makes three concise summaries of the "realm-type" characteristics of Chinese philosophy: Chinese philosophy is the knowledge about life,Care more about human life;The focus of Chinese philosophy is Kung Fu,And this effort is the "understanding" and "practice" of "Tao";The argument based on the unity of ontology and human existence,Explain that Chinese philosophy belongs to Bet365 lotto review。A summary of these three philosophical characteristics,implies the basis for the theory of Bet365 lotto review、Concrete presentation of thinking path and overall appearance。
"Understanding" produces the result of "Bet365 lotto review"
In portrait orientation,The author explains the division of Chinese philosophical sects and the thoughts of the main representatives of each school in a "biographical" way,Systematic review of the basic views and evolution process of the entire Chinese philosophy。Different from scholars who used to elaborate on the basic concepts of various philosophies as research objects and core issues,The book uniquely uses "understanding" as the basic starting point for discussing each school,That is, by emphasizing the key methods of the three philosophies of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism, we can "understand" the world personally,Although the destination of this realization varies in content and direction,For example, Confucianism practices benevolence and has achievements、Taoist quietness and inaction、Buddhist realizes that nothing exists,But fundamentally speaking, these destinations are related to the human realm。At the same time,In the doctrinal discussion of each representative figure of philosophy,The main points are all stated in one sentence,And link it with "realm",Use this model to sort out the important views and ideological context of the entire Chinese philosophy,To prove the "realm" results produced by Chinese philosophy through "realization",It is the specific content of Bet365 lotto review。
in landscape orientation,The author adopts the method of comparing China and the West,In general Kant’s moral imperative、Based on the comparison between Zhang Zai's "unity of nature and heaven" and Heidegger's "existentialism" theory,Try to explain the basic theoretical structure of Bet365 lotto review,Existence、The complete state of the trinity of individual life and realm。In the author’s opinion,Kant’s theory denies the existence of God ontologically,It is a great progress in subjectivity,At the same time, its assertions about moral imperatives belong to a supreme realm,But there is a suspicion of neglecting the skills;Zhang Zai’s theory explains that sex and heaven are unified by explaining that “the unity of nature and heaven is due to sincerity”,To emphasize the principle of subjectivity of existence,But he thinks that his theory pays too much attention to Kung Fu and puts Kung Fu in the first place。The book believes,Heidegger’s ontology belongs to the category of Bet365 lotto review in a thorough sense,What Heidegger calls existence is the existence related to human life,The time is also about the time of human existence,Therefore, Heidegger’s teachings are in line with the focus and way of thinking of Chinese philosophy。
The trinity of existence, individual life and Bet365 lotto review
“Bet365 lotto review-type” Chinese philosophy has three major theoretical characteristics,These three characteristics correspond to the Bet365 lotto review of metaphysics, which is existence、The trinity of individual life and Bet365 lotto review perspectives。
First,“Chinese philosophy is the knowledge about life”,This is a true portrayal of Chinese philosophy,Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism are all without exception。Summary of this feature,The interpretation of "existence" that belongs to Bet365 lotto review,“Existence” in the metaphysics of realm,That is, the discussion of "existence" in Chinese philosophy,Refers to the consistency between "noumenon" and individual life。Differences in ways of thinking determine that Eastern and Western philosophy take two different philosophical paths on the issue of "existence",That is, whether "existence" is "subjective" or "objective"。Obviously,In the perspective of Bet365 lotto review,“Existence” in Chinese philosophy belongs to “subjectivity”。On the other hand,The position of "existence" in Chinese and Western philosophy is also different。For example,In the content category of Chinese and Western philosophy,Both are about morality and the pursuit of truth, goodness and beauty,The difference lies in the different positions of truth, goodness, beauty, morality and other qualities in these two different forms of philosophy。As far as Western philosophy is concerned,They are pursued as an objective existence。In other words,They are the existence as properties of truth in Plato’s Theory of Ideas,Existence itself,Thus consistent with the concept of the so-called "substantial metaphysics",This is also a reflection of its "having";The qualitative difference is,In the theoretical category of Chinese philosophy,They are not at the core of "being",But only as a subsidiary "being" to pursue。The "existence" of things is objective,Being in different positions will give people a great sense of contrast。The same "core position" in Chinese philosophy is "concern for real life"。This is the actual appearance of “existence” in the theory of Bet365 lotto review。
The second characteristic of Chinese philosophy,It is Chinese philosophy that focuses on Kung Fu。So-called "Kung Fu",In fact, it is realized through "understanding"、The process of testing "Tao" through practice。Although the "Tao" discussed by the three schools of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism is different in its specific connotation,For example, "Tao" is "Benevolence" in the eyes of Confucianism、It is "sincerity",In the eyes of Taoism, it is "nature",Buddhism talks about "emptiness";But the common thing is,These concepts are transcendent existences,It is the supreme existence。Same,These three major schools all advocate that individual life should pursue this transcendent existence。The imperfection of individual life and the recognition of the transcendence of Tao create a directional trend between life and existence,Starting from the imperfection of individual life,Understand and practice the essence of "Tao" through understanding and practice,To settle the shortcomings of life。Between the two poles of life and existence,The directional trend is the inevitable "pilgrimage" tendency in the survival process of an individual's life。Therefore,Life is constantly approaching the existence of transcendent significance and even becoming it,It becomes a task that must be completed to care for life。And how to complete this task,That is, paying equal attention to "understanding" and "practice",Continuously “realize” existence,And test this existence in practice,That is, the method of constantly understanding the connotation of "Tao" and practicing it。This is also the reason why "Kung Fu" is strongly emphasized in Bet365 lotto review as the main method of Chinese philosophy。
Imperfect individual life is within the transcendent framework of existence and should obey it,To experience this existence through understanding and practice,And constantly improve individual life to shorten the distance between life and existence,To prove the unity between human life and ontology。With this conclusion,The author attributes the three philosophies of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism to Bet365 lotto review, which makes some sense。And in the context of Bet365 lotto review,Aspects of the degree to which an individual understands and practices the "Tao" in life,It is a difference between realms。Therefore,The book will exist、Individual life and realm are elaborated as a trinity relationship: "The ontology is always closely related to human existence,And presented through the human realm。”That is, existence and people with real life,are the two endpoints of this process,The degree of "understanding" and practicing the Tao and shortcuts is a different realm,These realms are the direct appearance presented to people by the theory of "Bet365 lotto review"。This is the third characteristic of “realm-based” Chinese philosophy。
To this point,The author has completed the basic explanation of the philosophical theory of Bet365 lotto review,It is based on ontology、Individual life and realm are the basic elements,Constitute a new perspective for analyzing traditional Chinese philosophy。The book boldly incorporates Confucianism and Buddhism into the realm of Bet365 lotto review,It is an innovative development of Mr. Mou Zongsan’s theory。
On shortcomings and deficiencies,The core of the book’s discussion is that Chinese philosophy is Bet365 lotto review,There is no detailed distinction and specific theoretical analysis of the specific connotations of the "realm" of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism。The difference in understanding of existence among individual lives,The “realms” formed,There are actually differences。As Mr. Feng Youlan summarized this difference into four different levels of realm: "natural realm", "utilitarian realm", "moral realm" and "heaven and earth realm"。This book focuses on the comparison of Chinese and Western philosophy,Ignoring the comparison of the three philosophies of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism within Chinese philosophy,This flaw makes its theory of Bet365 lotto review only improve the previous theories and achieve a summary result。Although this kind of perfection is very valuable,But the theoretical expansion of the specific connotation of Bet365 lotto review is slightly lacking。
(Author’s affiliation: School of Politics and Public Administration, Bet365 lotto review University of Political Science and Law)