"Soldier，National Event，Land of death，The way to survive，Do not check it。"" 1895 Jiawu No. 1 Campaign，Xianghuai Yongying immediately collapsed when it touched，The Qing government was forced to cut land、Compensation，Beautiful shame and shame。Facing the situation of no military war，Editing the new army to become the top priority of the Qing government。So，A new political and military forces -New Army，On the stage of history。

The new army in the late Qing Dynasty for today's people，Maybe it is a distant historical memory，And these historical memories also stay in stubborn conservative、Comparative revolution and other aspects。However, at the end of the Qing Dynasty more than a hundred years ago，The new army is created as the heavy money of the Qing government、A army that leans on the Great Wall，Zeng is praised。In 1905，Public opinion has evaluated: "Fuck，So Chinese and foreign people are convinced，strictness of the law，Tactical Xian Xi，China is unprecedented "; Russia、Reading officers sent by Germany also praised after reading: "Chinese Army can be with the Japanese army。”

At the end of the Qing Dynasty, the new army as an important political and military force，Deeply influence on the Political Bureau of the late Qing Bet365 lotto review Dynasty and the early Republic of China。During the Revolution of 1911，The New Army of the North and South played an important role in overthrowing the Qing government; the backbone of the new army after Yuan Shikai's defeat was divided into North and South Warlords; until the victory of the National Army in 1928，At the end of the Qing Dynasty, the new forces of the new army basically withdrew from the historical stage，For more than 30 years before and after more than 30 years of active。For such an important political and military force，The current research results of the academic circles are not rich。In terms of monographs，Only Jiang Baili in the 1920s and 1930s、Wen Gong's "History of Military Change in the Fifty Years of China" and "History of Chinese Military Military" in the last 30 years; in the 1950s, there were overseas scholars Lalfer Powell "The Rise of Chinese Military Power" (English version) ; In the 1960s and 1970s, Taiwanese scholar Liu Fenghan wrote "New Army" and "Wuwei Army"; in the 1980s, mainland scholars Zhang Yutian and Chen Chongqiao wore "History of Modern Chinese Military"、Here is Xinxia "The History of the Beiyang Warlord" and so on。Zhang Huateng is an expert in Beiyang History Research，It took 6 years to write "New Army of the Qing Dynasty" (June 2019 Edition of the People's Publishing House)，Try to systematically build a systematic facts of the new army in the late Qing Dynasty。

The book pays attention to the two stages of the new army in the late Qing bet365 Play online games Dynasty，and the characteristics of different stages。The first stage is the new army editor after the defeat of the Sino -Japanese War，That is "the beginning of editing the new army"。early 1895，Hu Yan edited "Dingwu Army" in Tianjin Xiao Station，At the end of the same year, the army was renamed the new Army。Almost at the same time，Zhang Zhidong, then Governor of Liangjiang, also edited the self -made army in Jiangning (now Nanjing)。At this stage, the new army has not achieved great results，Mainly the above two troops，Total more than 10,000 people，But these two troops are called "the hope and core of the Chinese new army in the 20th century" by foreign scholars。The second stage is after the Eight -Power Allied Forces invade China，The Qing government carried out the reform of the New Deal，Military reforms during this period、Editing the new army is still an important content。Dripped in detail the planning of the Qing government on the new army、Implementation and organization construction。

The book is described by a white traction，Show the panoramic view of the new army in the late Qing Dynasty。For example，Each horse team has a horse doctor、Mafu、Palmmaker、Drivers、How many people are prepared for replenishment; each army from the presidential officer to feeding Miff，or even each horse、How much does it take for each cannon every month, etc.。The Temporary Army Twenty -Fifth Army is Bet365 lotto review also compiled in the book，Is it an analysis of Guangdong's editor or Guangxi editor?、Shaanxi editor -in -law and practice new soldiers、Hejian will fuck the number of participants for review。

Mao Zedong highly affirmed the historical status of the new army in the late Qing Dynasty，It is believed that the new army in the late Qing Dynasty was the first stage of the modernization of the Chinese army。In terms of military system，New Army Equipment、riding、Cannon、Engineering、Multi -arms such as heavy weight，Each arms cooperate with each other、Cooperative combat，The transformation from a single soldier system to a modern synthetic soldier system。On the system of the army，New Army Town、Association、Taber、Camp、Team、whistle、The shed is composed of a unit，and modern preparators、Brigade、Group、Camp、Lian、Row、Class is basically the same。On the specific camp system，Standing forces of Beiyang as an example，Up to the Presidential Officer、Each town wing long、Jiao Tong and other officials and officials，down to Changfu、Blacksmith、Carpenter、Gunsmith、Mafu、Medical Officer、Medical service and other grass -roots staff have strict number of people and cashier regulations。Standards for the enlistment of soldiers，There is a age between 20-25，Limited to 100 catties，Stepshop more than 20 miles per hour。In terms of soldiers' service，also changed bet365 best casino games the previous world soldiers，Implementing a standing forces、Reserve reserve、Reserve system，That is three years of standing reserve、Reserve reserve for three years、Three years of reserve reserve。Implementation of this system，On the one hand, the old troops are avoided for a long time，To the teacher's fatigue、The disadvantages of the sinking of the twilight; on the other hand, if there is a war,，You can convene renewal reserve、Reserve enlistment，No longer like the old troops，can only be temporarily caught Dinglaf。Settlement of veterans，Also promoted or engaged in military education、Voluntary extension of the service period、Veterans transfer to patrol police、Veterans transferred to reclamation and other aspects made arrangements。

In terms of weapons and equipment，Take the new army as an example，Weapons and equipment have been achieved，Artillery is equipped with a 57mm crossed mountain cannon and 75mm land artillery produced by the German Krupp plant，Infantry uses Austrian Manli summer rifle，Cavalry uses the Manli Xia horse ribbon and war knife，Militarys all wear six -ringing left wheel pistols and deed knives，Basically equipped with the most advanced weapon in the world at that time。

Proposed in the book，"The significance of the birth of the new army is the imperial insult to resist the enemy，The new army is the new government's new defense forces "。In the past, the Beiyang Bet365 lotto review New Army's suppression of the uprising and revolutionary side，This book uses in -depth historical materials，revealed Jin Yunpeng、Xu Shuzheng、Liao Yuchun and others，Guo Zhongchen, representative of Huang Xing、Yu Zhong and others secretly conducted north -south peace talks。The negotiation results of both parties，It is amazingly similar to the public peace talks of Tang Shaoyi and Wu Tingfang in Shanghai later。In the past, we only paid attention to the bright line that the North and South sides met in Shanghai，and I know very little about the dark line of this discussion。Army of both sides of the north and south，Discussion and success on the front line of combat，The important impact on the current situation is self -evident。This changes in how we understand the new army and their political concepts，Provided beneficial enlightenment。

"At present, the discussion of the cause of warlord cutting in the academic community is far from enough。"The author thinks，The new military officer group (or modern officer group) bred from the new army's training; the military's political status、Improvement of economic treatment，The change of the concept of "heavywen and light martial arts" in society; the outbreak of the Revolution of 1911 to create a good opportunity for the new military officer group to jump on the political stage，all expanded the reader's understanding of the cause of modern warlords。

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(Author Unit: School of History and Culture, Shaanxi Normal University)