"Soldier，National affairs，Place of Death and Life，The way of survival，It must be observed。”The Sino-Japanese War of 1895，The Xianghuai Yong camp collapsed at the first touch，The Qing government was forced to cede territory、Compensation，Suffering great humiliation。Facing a situation with no bonus bet365 to fight，Organizing and training the new bonus bet365 became the top priority of the Qing government。So，A new political and military force—the New bonus bet365，On the stage of history。

The New bonus bet365 in the late Qing Dynasty is for people today，Maybe it’s a distant historical memory，And these historical memories mostly remain stubbornly conservative、Suppression of revolution, etc.。However, in the late Qing Dynasty more than a hundred years ago，The New bonus bet365 was built with heavy investment by the Qing government、An bonus bet365 leaning on the Great Wall，Once highly praised。1905 Hejian Parade，Public opinion once commented: "closed，So Chinese and foreign people were convinced，Strict laws and regulations，Mastery of tactics，Unprecedented in China”；Russia、After reading the review, the parade officers sent by Germany and Germany also praised: "The Chinese bonus bet365 can compete with the Japanese bonus bet365。”

The New bonus bet365 as an important political and military force in the late Qing Dynasty，Profound influence on the political situation in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China。During the Revolution of 1911，The new armies of the North and South played an important role in overthrowing the Qing government；After Yuan Shikai's defeat, the backbone of the New bonus bet365 split into northern and southern warlords；Until 1928 after the victory of the National bonus bet365’s Northern Expedition，At the end of the Qing Dynasty, the new bonus bet365 forces basically withdrew from the stage of history，Active for more than 30 years。For such an important political and military force，The current academic research results are not rich。In terms of monographs，Only Jiang Baili in the 1920s and 1930s、Wen Gongzhi's "History of China's Military Changes in the Fifty Years" and "China's Military History in the Last Thirty Years"；In the 1950s, there was an overseas scholar, Ralph L. Powell, "The Rise of China's Military Power" (English version)；In the 1960s and 1970s, Taiwanese scholar Liu Fenghan wrote "The New bonus bet365" and "The Military Guard"；In the 1980s, mainland scholars Zhang Yutian and Chen Chongqiao wrote "Modern Military History of China"、Lai Xinxia’s "Manuscript of the History of Beiyang Warlords" etc.。Zhang Huateng is an expert in Beiyang history，It took him 6 years to write the book "New bonus bet365 in the Late Qing Dynasty" (People's Publishing House, June 2019 edition)，Attempt to systematically construct the historical facts of the New bonus bet365 in the late Qing Dynasty。

This book focuses on the two stages of organizing and training the new bonus bet365 in the late Qing Dynasty，And the characteristics of different stages。The first stage is the training of the new bonus bet365 after the defeat of the Sino-Japanese War，That is, "the beginning of training the new bonus bet365"。Early 1895，Hu Xifeng compiled and trained the "Dingwu bonus bet365" at Tianjin Station，At the end of the same year, the bonus bet365 was renamed the New bonus bet365。About the same time，Zhang Zhidong, who was the governor of Liangjiang at the time, also organized and trained the Self-Strengthening bonus bet365 in Jiangning (now Nanjing)。There is little success in training the new bonus bet365 at this stage，There are mainly the two armies mentioned above，No more than 10,000 people in total，These two armies are called by foreign scholars as "the hope and core of China's new bonus bet365 in the 20th century"。The second stage is after the Eight-Power Allied Forces invaded China，The Qing government carried out new policy reforms，Military reforms were carried out during this period、Organizing and training the new bonus bet365 is still an important part。Zhang Zhu described in detail the Qing government’s plan for training the new bonus bet365、Implementation and organizational structure building。

The whole book is described in line drawing，Shows the panoramic view of the training of the new bonus bet365 in the late Qing Dynasty。For example，Each horse team has a horse doctor、Groomman、Master Craftsman、Driver、How many troops are needed to prepare for reinforcements；Every bonus bet365 from the president to the groom，Even every mule and horse、How much does each cannon cost per month, etc.。The book also contains the provisional twenty-fifth bonus bet365 Corps，Distinguish whether it is Guangdong or Guangxi editors；How many new armies were organized and trained in the late Qing Dynasty、Number of new troops trained in Shaanxi、The number of participants in the Hejian Parade was re-verified。

Mao Zedong highly affirmed the historical status of the New bonus bet365 in the late Qing Dynasty，Considering that the New bonus bet365 in the late Qing Dynasty was the first stage of modernization of the Chinese military。In terms of military system，New bonus bet365 Equipment、ride、Cannon、Engineering、Multiple types of troops including baggage and baggage，All arms cooperate with each other、Coordinated operations，Realized the transition from a single military system to a modern combined military system。On the establishment of the bonus bet365，New bonus bet365 to Town、Xie、mark、camp、Team、whistle、Sheds are composed of units，With modern compilers、Brigade、Group、camp、lian、platoon、The classes are basically the same。On the specific business structure，Take the Beiyang Standing bonus bet365 as an example，Up to the President、Chief of each town wing、Xie Tong and other officials，Down to the long husband、Blacksmith、Carpenter、Gunsmith、Groomman、Medical Officer、There are strict number and salary regulations for grassroots staff such as medical staff。Enlistment standards for soldiers，Age between 20-25 years old，Flat lift limit is more than 100 catties，Requirements such as a pace of 20 miles per hour or more。In soldier service，Also changed the previous military system，Implement standing troops、Continue to prepare troops、Reserve system，That is, standing troops for three years、Continue to prepare troops for three years、Three years of reserve bonus bet365。Implementation of this system，On the one hand, it avoids the long service time of the old bonus bet365，Causing teacher fatigue、The disadvantages of sluggishness；On the other hand, if there is a wartime need，You can summon additional troops、Reserve soldiers enlisted，No longer like the old bonus bet365，Can only temporarily capture Ding Raff。Placement of retired soldiers，Also from promotion or military education、Voluntary extension of service period、Retired and transferred to patrol police、Arrangements have been made for retiring from the bonus bet365 and changing jobs to engage in reclamation and other aspects。

In terms of weapons and equipment，Take the new bonus bet365 as an example，Weapons and equipment have been standardized，The artillery is equipped with 57mm mountain guns and 75mm land guns produced by the German Krupp factory，Infantry uses Austrian-made Mannlicher rifles，The cavalry uses Mannrich carbines and sabers, etc.，Officers must wear six-shot revolvers and sabers，Basically equipped with the most advanced weapons in the world at the time。

Proposed in the book，“The significance of the birth of the new bonus bet365 is to defend against aggression and the enemy，The new bonus bet365 is the new national defense force of the Qing government”。In the past, much emphasis was placed on the Beiyang New bonus bet365’s suppression of uprisings and revolutions，This book uses in-depth historical data mining，Revealing Jin Yunpeng、Xu Shuzheng、Liao Yuchun and others，With Huang Xing’s representative Gu Zhongchen、The North-South peace talks conducted secretly by Yu Zhong and others。Negotiation results of both parties，Strikingly similar to the public peace talks later held by Tang Shaoyi and Wu Tingfang in Shanghai。In the past we only focused on the bright lines of peace negotiations between the North and the South in Shanghai，But little is known about this hidden thread of peace negotiations。bonus bet365 of the North and South，Successful peace negotiation on the front line，The important impact on the current situation is self-evident。This will help us deeply understand the changes in the Beiyang New bonus bet365 and its political concepts，Provided useful inspiration。

"Currently, the academic circles have not done enough research on the causes of warlord separatism。"The author thinks，The New bonus bet365 officer group (or modern officer group) bred from the New bonus bet365 training；Political status of military personnel、Improvement of economic benefits，Changes in the concept of “emphasis on culture over military affairs” in society；The outbreak of the Revolution of 1911 created good opportunities for the New bonus bet365 officers to jump onto the political stage, etc.，Both have expanded readers’ understanding of the causes of modern warlords。

　　(This article is a phased result bonus bet365 National Philosophy and Social Science Foundation’s major project “Beiyang Group and Modern Social Changes” (18ZDA197))

(Author’s unit: College of bonus bet365 and Culture, Shaanxi Normal University)