China and Japan have influenced each other in language since ancient times、Mutual promotion，The same is true for the bet365 sports of "The Communist Manifesto"。Study on the connection between Chinese and Japanese translations of the Communist Manifesto，Helps to deepen our understanding of the early spread of Marxism in East Asia。

　　Overview of the Japanese bet365 sports of "The Communist Manifesto"

In Japan，The introduction and bet365 sports of Marx’s works began in the 1890s。Early works include Fukai Eigo's "Present Socialism" (1893)、Fukui Junzo's "Modern Socialism" (1899)、Kotoku Shusui's "The Essence of Socialism" (1903), etc.。These works summarize the main contents of the Communist Manifesto，There are also translations of some fragments。

November 1904，The first Japanese bet365 sports of "The Communist Manifesto" was serialized in "Popular News"。This bet365 sports was co-translated by Kotoku Shusui and Sakai Toshihiko。Because they don’t understand German，bet365 sports based on Samuel Moore's bet365 sports、Translated from the English bet365 sports revised by Engels，The style is half text and half white。This bet365 sports omits the introduction of socialism、Chapter 3 of various communist doctrines，So strictly speaking it is not a complete bet365 sports。

March 1906，"Socialist Research" first published。Kotoku Shusui was published in the first issue、Full text of "The Communist Manifesto" translated by Sakai Toshihiko。This bet365 sports completes the missing third chapter in the 1904 bet365 sports，Made some changes to other chapters，But roughly the same as the 1904 version。This is the first full bet365 sports in Japanese history，It is also the only full bet365 sports legally published in Japan before World War II。

　1908，The "Red Flag Incident" occurred in Japan where the government suppressed socialists，Sakai Toshihiko was arrested and imprisoned。The "Great Rebellion" broke out two years later。At that time，The plan of four socialists to assassinate Emperor Meiji was exposed。The Japanese government uses the old criminal law to "endanger or attempt to endanger the emperor"、The Queen and the Crown Prince” charges，26 socialists and anarchists prosecuted。12 people including Kotoku Shusui were sentenced to death，Sakai Toshihiko survived because he was in prison。Afterwards，The crackdown on so-called "dangerous ideas" is increasing。Nevertheless，Influenced by the October Revolution and the Taisho Democratic Movement，A brief upsurge of the socialist movement appeared in Japan around 1920。Kushida Minzo published the bet365 sports of Chapter 3 of the "Communist Manifesto" in "Reformation" magazine in October 1919。Translated by Xing De Qiu Shui、Based on Sakai Toshihiko's 1906 bet365 sports，Some colloquial rewriting，And changed some proper nouns。

1919-1922，Hajime Kawakami published some papers on historical materialism in the magazine "Social Issues Research" he founded。These papers translate some fragments of the Communist Manifesto in the form of quotations。These fragments are translated from the original German text，Used colloquial style。It is no longer possible to publish the full bet365 sports in public，In an environment where even partial bet365 sports may cause you to get burned，The author had no choice but to adopt this form。

15 years later，Sakai Toshihiko retranslated the full text of the "Communist Manifesto" in 1921。The new bet365 sports uses Japanese colloquial style，And refer to the original German text。Under the circumstances at that time，This bet365 sports cannot be published publicly，Can only be spread underground，Officially published by Chang Kao College in 1946。Although it still says Kotoku Shusui on the cover、Co-translated by Sakai Toshihiko，But because Kotoku Shusui has been killed，The only actual translator is Sakai Toshihiko。

Except for socialists、Researchers’ bet365 sports，The Japanese government and state agencies are motivated by suppression，Also translated "The Communist Manifesto"。1919，The Ministry of Internal Affairs Police and Security Bureau translated the full text based on the English version。1925，This department uses the original German text and the English bet365 sports as references，Translated the full text again。Both translations are spoken style，No translator specified。Afterwards，The Ideological Bureau of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology is also based on these two translations，Revised new bet365 sports。It can be seen，Although the purpose is different，But the Japanese government at that time also conducted in-depth research on the "Communist Manifesto"。

　Full bet365 sports by Kotoku Shusui and Sakai Toshihiko

As mentioned above，There are three versions of the Japanese bet365 sports of "The Communist Manifesto"，Published in 1904 respectively、No bet365 sports of Chapter 3，Published in 1906、Complete the full bet365 sports of Chapter 3，And the full bet365 sports by Sakai Toshihiko in 1921。We mainly focus on the full bet365 sports in 1906 and the re-bet365 sports in 1921，Discuss the similarities and differences between the two and their historical significance。

in two translations，The bet365 sports of the words "bourgeoisie" and "proletariat" is particularly eye-catching。The 1906 bet365 sports used the Chinese words "gentleman" and "commoner"，The 1921 bet365 sports directly used the transliterated "bourgeois" and "proletaria"，The reason is that the translator believes that "gentleman" and "civilian" cannot accurately express the meaning of the bourgeoisie and the proletariat。As for other terms，The two translations also reflect differences。For example，bet365 sports of the word "exploitation"，The 1906 bet365 sports used the word plunder，The 1921 bet365 sports uses the word extract。In addition，The same bet365 sports also exists，For example, the term "class struggle"。Overall，The 1906 bet365 sports has a higher degree of free bet365 sports，The writing is solemn and elegant；The 1921 bet365 sports mostly uses literal bet365 sports，More concise and easy to understand。

These two translations serve as models of elegant style and colloquial style respectively，Has more or less influence on many subsequent translations。The bet365 sports of terms in the 1925 bet365 sports by the Police and Security Bureau and the 1921 bet365 sports by Sakai Toshihiko are almost identical，It can be considered as a reference to Sakai Toshihiko's bet365 sports。At the same time，The same mistranslation as in the 1906 bet365 sports also appears in the Police and Security Bureau bet365 sports，Translate "Denmark" to "Netherlands"。We speculate that the Police and Security Bureau bet365 sports referred to these two translations。

After World War II，Restrictions on publication of socialist literature lifted。As of 1963，Xingtoku Qiushui、Reprinted by Sakai Toshihiko's bet365 sports、Revised and revised version，A total of 12 editions published。Xingtoku Qiushui、Full bet365 sports by Toshihiko Sakai，Became the source and foundation of the subsequent Japanese bet365 sports of the "Communist Manifesto"，His position is unshakable。

　　The influence of the Japanese bet365 sports on the Chinese version

China’s introduction of Marxism also occurred in the 1890s，The bet365 sports of "The Communist Manifesto" has also gone through the process of partial bet365 sports to overall bet365 sports。Ma Junwu、Zhao Bizhen、Zhu Zhixin、Song Jiaoren and others have introduced and partially translated。January-March 1908，Liu Shipei、The newspaper "Tianyi" founded by He Zhen and his wife in Japan successively published the "Preface to the English bet365 sports of the Declaration" and the first chapter of the "Declaration" translated by Min Ming。It is clearly stated in the bet365 sports，Translated from Kotoku Shusui、Japanese bet365 sports by Toshihiko Sakai。Unfortunately，"Tianyi" ceased publication in March 1908，The "Heng Bao" founded later was unable to publish the remaining translations。The first full Chinese bet365 sports of "The Communist Manifesto"，Not translated until August 1920 by Chen Wangdao。We choose these two Chinese translations，Explore their influence on the 1906 Japanese bet365 sports through textual analysis。

　　“Therefore, today’s society as a whole is becoming increasingly fragmented，Confrontation between the two sides，To show the huge second level。What is this level？A gentleman，One day civilians"。（民声，1908）

"Society as a whole has gradually split into two opposing camps，Two major classes that are hostile to each other: these are the haves and have-nots”。(Chen Wangdao, 1920)

Compare the 1906 Japanese bet365 sports，We can find that Minming’s bet365 sports is highly similar in style，But Chen Wangdao’s bet365 sports is not the same。bet365 sports of the terms "bourgeoisie" and "proletariat"，Minming’s bet365 sports follows the Japanese bet365 sports，Used the words "gentleman" and "civilian"，The bet365 sports by Chen Wangdao has been adjusted according to the Chinese，Translated as "property" and "propertyless"。Xingtoku Qiushui、Sakai Toshihiko gave the Chinese words "gentleman" and "commoner" the meaning of "bourgeois" and "proletariat"。And Minming chose to use the Japanese bet365 sports and add annotations，Expanded the meanings of these two words in Chinese，Reflects the exchange and influence of languages ​​between China and Japan。At the same time，The Minming bet365 sports is the same as the 1906 Japanese bet365 sports，The word "古" (the Japanese bet365 sports is "Ran り") that is not found in the original German text and the English bet365 sports appears。Also，Minming’s bet365 sports also mistranslated “Denmark” into “Netherlands”，This shows the profound influence of the 1906 Japanese bet365 sports，There is no such error in Chen Wangdao's bet365 sports。Also，Both translations begin as follows: "Countries of Europe，There are foreign objects prevalent in the world，That is, communism is”。（民声，1908) "There is a monster，Wandering around Europe，This monster is communism”。(Chen Wangdao, 1920)

Obviously，Minming’s bet365 sports uses classical Chinese，Chen Wangdao’s bet365 sports uses vernacular Chinese。This may be influenced by the vernacular movement around the May Fourth Movement，Because Chen Wangdao himself is one of the pioneers of the vernacular movement。Chen Wangdao’s bet365 sports has not escaped the influence of the 1906 Japanese bet365 sports。bet365 sports from some words，Such as "monster", etc.，We can still see that the bet365 sports is based on the 1906 Japanese bet365 sports。But，Chen Wangdao is not limited to the Japanese bet365 sports，Refer to the English bet365 sports at the same time，The errors and inappropriateness of the Japanese bet365 sports have been corrected based on the English bet365 sports。

Japan’s bet365 sports of the Communist Manifesto started almost at the same time as China，But the full bet365 sports appeared earlier than in China。Xingtoku Qiushui、Sakai Toshihiko’s 1906 full bet365 sports，Laid a good foundation for Chinese pioneers to translate the "Communist Manifesto"，But it is also due to the large number of translations and other reasons，Having brought bad effects such as mistranslation to the Chinese version。Anyway，bet365 sports of the Japanese version of "The Communist Manifesto" into China、Spread the Manifesto and Marxism，Even the founding of the Communist Party of China played an irreplaceable role，Provides a new perspective for us to study the acceptance and spread of Marxism in East Asia。

　　(Author’s unit: School of Foreign Languages, Hangzhou Normal University)