China and Japan have been mutually influenced in language since ancient times、Promote each other，The translation situation of the "Communist Declaration" is the same。Research on the connection between the translation of the "Communist Declaration" in China and Japan，helps to deepen our understanding of Marxism in East Asia early。

　　Bet365 app download

In Japan，The introduction and translation of Marx's works began in the 1890s。Early works include deep well British Five "Current Socialism" (1893)、Fuki Socialism (1899)、Xingde Qiushui "Socialism" (1903), etc.。Xingde Qiushui "Socialism" (1903), etc.，Among them, there are also part of the translation of some fragments。

November 1904，The first daily translation of the "Communist Declaration" serialized in "Civilian News"。This translation is translated by Xingde Qiushui and 堺 堺 彦。Since they do not understand German，The translation is based on Samuel Moor translation、British translation scheduled by Engels from Engels，It uses a semi -text and half -white style。This translation is omitted to introduce socialism、Chapter III of the Doctrine of Communism，Therefore, strictly speaking, it is not a full translation。

March 1906，"Socialist Research" creation。The first phase of Xingde Qiushui was published、The full text of the "Communist Manifesto" translated by 堺 堺 彦。This translation completes the content of Chapter 3 in the translation in 1904，Several changes to the content of other chapters，But roughly the same as the 1904 version。This is the first full translation in Japanese history，It was also the only full translation Bet365 lotto review published in Japan before World War II。

1908，The "Red Banner Incident" that the government suppresss socialists in Japan，堺 堺。Two years later, the "Big Reverse Incident" erupted。At that time，Four socialists' plans to assassinate Emperor Meiji Lositar。The Japanese government uses the "harm or attempt to endanger the Emperor in the old criminal law、Queen and Crown Prince "charges，Prosecuted 26 socialists and anarchist。12 people, including Xingde Qiushui, are executed for death，堺 堺。Since then，The possibility of the so -called "dangerous thought" is increasingly enhanced。Despite this，Affected by the October Revolution and the Democratic Movement，A short -term socialist movement orgasm appeared in Japan around 1920。Juntian Minsi published the translation of the third chapter of the Communist Manifesto in the "Reconstruction" magazine in October 1919。Translation with Xingde Qiushui、堺 堺 1906 translation，I made some oral rewriting，and changed some proprietary term。

During 1919-1922，He Shangzhao published some papers on the historical view of materialism in the magazine "Social Issue Research" founded by himself。These papers translate some fragments of the Communist Declaration in the form of reference。These clips are translated from the original German text，Oral body。It is impossible to publish a full translation in public，Even some translations may be in an environment where it can be ignited，The author has to adopt this form。

After 15 years，堺 堺 In 1921, the full translation of the full text of the "Communist Declaration"。The new translation uses Japanese oral body，and refer to the original German text。In the environment at that time，This translation cannot be published publicly，can only be transmitted underground，1946 was officially published by the Zhang bet365 Play online games Kao Academy。Although the cover is still written on the cover, Xingde Qiushui、堺 堺 彦，But because of Xingde Qiushui, it has been killed，The actual translator is only 堺 堺 彦。

Except socialist、Translation from researchers，Japanese government and state organs out of the purpose of suppression，Also translated the "Communist Manifesto"。1925，The Provincial Police Insurance Bureau of the Ministry of Internal Affairs translated the full text。1925，The department uses German original and English translations as a reference，Translated the full text again。Both translations are spoken bodies，No translator。Since then，The Provincial Thought Bureau of the Ministry of Culture is also based on these two translations，Revised a new translation。You can see，Although the purpose is different，But the Japanese government at that time also had in -depth research on the Communist Declaration。

　Full Translation of Xingde Qiushui, 堺 堺 彦

As described above，"Communist Declaration" daily translation has three versions，Published in 1904, respectively、There is no translation of Chapter 3，Published in 1906、Completion of the full translation of Chapter 3，and the full translation of the re -translated by Li Yiyan in 1921。We mainly pay attention to the full translation of 1906 and the re -translation of 1921，Discussion between the difference between the difference between the two and their historical significance。

Among the two translations，The translation of the words "bourgeoisie" and "proletariat" is particularly attractive。In 1906, the translation used the word "gentleman" and "civilian" in Chinese，and 1921 translations directly use the transliterated "Bolgoia" and "Price"，The reason is that translators believe that "gentleman" and "civilians" cannot accurately express the meaning of the bourgeoisie bet365 best casino games and the proletariat。As for other terms，Two translations also reflect the differences。For example，Translation of the word "exploitation"，In 1906, the translation used a plunder，and 1921 translations used a word。other，The same translation name also exists，For example, the word "class struggle"。Overall，In 1906，The text is solemn and elegant; most of the translation in 1921 uses literal translation，More concise and easy to understand。

These two translations are used as models of elegant style and spoken style，Many translations have more or less influence on many translations in the future。Police Insurance Department's translation in 1925 and the translation of Terms in 1921 are almost the same，It can be considered as a reference to the translation of 堺 堺 彦。At the same time，The translation of the Police Insurance Department also appeared the same error translation as the 1906 translation，translates "Danish" to "Netherlands"。We speculate that the translation of the Police Insurance Bureau also refers to these two translations at the same time。

After the end of World War II，The publishing restrictions on socialist literature is lifted。As of 1963，Xingde Qiushui、堺 彦 彦、Reconstruction version and translation version，Published a total of 12 versions。Xingde Qiushui、堺 堺 彦's full translation，The source and foundation of the Japanese translation of the "Communist Declaration" after the later，Its status cannot be shaken。

　　The effect of Japanese translation on Chinese translation

China's introduction to Marxism was also in the 1890s，The translation of the Declaration of the Communist Party has also gone through the process of translation from part of translation to overall translation。Ma Junwu、Zhao Bizhen、Zhu Zhixin、Song Jiaoren and others have introduced Bet365 app download and translated some translations。January to March 1908，Liu Shipei、The newspaper "Tianyi" founded by Ho Zhen in Japan has published the "Declaration" translation of "Declaration" and "Declaration" translated by Min Ming.。This translation is clearly written to，It is translated from Xingde Qiushui、Japanese translation of 堺 堺 彦。Unfortunately，"Tianyi" suspended in March 1908，The "Heng Pao", which was founded later, did not publish the remaining part of the translation。The first Chinese translation of the Declaration of the Communist Party，It was not translated by Chen Wangdao until August 1920。We choose these two Chinese translations，Explore them through text analysis to be influenced by the 1906 Japanese translation。

　　"Therefore, the whole day of the society today is a day，The shape of the confrontation between the two parties，To show a huge second class。What is this class? A gentleman，One is civilian "。(Min Ming，1908）

"The society has gradually split into the two major battalions of the opposition，The two major classes that are hostile to each other: This is the producer and the proletarian "。(Chen Wangdao, 1920)

Compared with the 1906 daily translation，We can find that Min Ming translation is similar to its style height，and Chen Wangdao's translation is not the same。Translation of the two terms of "bourgeoisie" and "proletariat"，Min Ming translation follows the Japanese translation method，The word "gentleman" and "civilian" were used，And Chen Wangdao's translation is adjusted according to Chinese，Translated as "producer" and "proletarian"。Xingde Qiushui、堺 彦 has given the meaning of the Chinese word "gentleman" and "civilians".。and Min Ming chose to use Japanese translation and add it to it，Extended the meaning of these two words in Chinese，Reflecting the communication and Bet365 app download influence of the language of China and Japan。At the same time，Min Ming translation is the same as the 1906 Japanese translation，The word "reason" (the daily translation is "Ran") in the original German and English translation appeared。Another，The translation of Min Ming also appeared an error translation that translated "Danish" into "Netherlands"，It can be seen that the influence of the 1906 daily translation，and Chen Wangdao's translation has no such error。Another，The beginning of the two translations are as follows: "European countries，​​There is a foreign body flowing in the world，That is, communism is also "。(Min Ming，1908) "There is a monster，Wandering in Europe，This monster is communism "。(Chen Wangdao, 1920)

Obviously，Min Ming translation uses the form of classical Chinese，and Chen Wangdao's translation uses vernacular。This may be affected by the vernacular movement around May 4th，Because Chen Wangdao himself is one of the pioneers of the vernacular movement。Chen Wangdao's translation is not separated from the influence of the 1906 Japanese translation。Translation from some words，such as "Monster" and so on，We can still see that its translation is based on the 1906 Japanese translation translation。but，Chen Wangdao is not restricted to the daily translation，Instead, refer to the English translation at the same time，and modify the errors and inappropriateness of the daily translation based on the English translation。

Japan's translation of the Declaration of the Communist Party almost starts with China，But the appearance of full translation is earlier than China。Xingde Qiushui、堺 堺 1906 full translation，Laid a good foundation for the Chinese Pioneers' Pioneers，But because of many translations, bet365 best casino games etc.，It has brought a bad effect on the Chinese translation。In short，Japanese translation "Communist Declaration" for Chinese translation、spread "Declaration" and Marxism，The establishment of the Communist Party of China has played an irreplaceable role，Provides us with a new perspective for studying Marxism in East Asia。

　　(Author Unit: School of Foreign Languages ​​from Hangzhou Normal University)