During the epidemic, I read the old friend Zou Changlin's "System of the Jin Dynasty Land System"，Can't help but imagine。Mr. Yang Xiangkui once said to me, "My scientific research results are mainly after 70 years old"; Mr. Bai Shouyi also said，70 years old is a good time to learn。Changlin, who is full of academic enthusiasm for dedication to academic enthusiasm，Daily died after the disease after seventy -government，Failure to achieve your own ambitions，Unlimited sadness。Let's comment on the book，As a nostalgia for old friends。

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The 1950s，The historian community has carried out a major discussion in the staging of China's feudal system and slavery。Well -known experts in the academic community proposed the feudal theory such as the Western Zhou Dynasty、The said feudal theory of the Warring States Period and the Wei and Jin feudal said，As Guo Moruo said in the history and history，It can be described as "public -speaking public reason，Po said that my mother is reasonable "，It has not been reached until today。Proposed to the old at the time，The reason why the historic world knows the ancient Chinese history cannot be unified，Often is that researchers have mastered a certain material in a certain area，It is used to explain the social nature of various countries during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period。

Suggestion to the old，We should divide it to study，Want a region、solve the problem in the area，Acknowledged Qi State，Acknowledged Sanjin，recognized Song、Zheng，Acknowledged Qin、Chu，recognized Wu、Yue，Then explain which region's social development bet365 best casino games is the mainstream of Chinese social development，This，The nature of the ancient Chinese society is easy to get a successful solution。This is indeed a good way to solve the problem。Better to the old and the first soldiers，Through studying "Zhou Li" and other pre -Qin literature and archeological results，It is concluded that Qi State has implemented the feudal leading system in the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty。After decades，"Qi State History" by Professor Tang Zhiqing and others also draws the same conclusion。but，From the perspective of historical development，The suggestion to the old man has not been carefully implemented。until the 1970s and 1980s，Only some scholars have given the struggle of the new and old forces during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.，Start paying attention to the research on the land system of the pre -Qin Nations，Published a lot of papers and monographs。These achievements marked the development of the historical installment research of the feudal society in China。

Changlin's book to the content of the land system from the establishment of the state from the establishment to the destruction of the country、Nature、Features and its development process，A comprehensive system study，In -depth interpretation of the entire process of transformation of Jin State from slavery land system to feudal land ownership，Many arguments are quite new，I have brought new ideas for solving the problems of ancient Chinese history。

　　Content and contribution

Changlin is a scholar in favor of Guo Lao's Warring States Fure theory。But he emphasized，The theory of feudal theory of the Warring States Period failed to completely solve the problem of the identity changes of the workers and the evolution of the nature of the regime。He divides the land system bet365 best casino games of Jin Kingdom into three periods: early from Jinli to Xiangong is early，At this time, Jin Kingdom is in the prosperity of slavery; from Xian Gong to Pinggong、Zhaogong era is mid -term，Jin Kingdom is in a big change of land system、slavery is going to disintegration; from Zhaogong to the early Warring States Period of the three divisions of the Jin Dynasty，Jin Guo is in the establishment of feudal land ownership。This semi -final method is unique。

Changlin thinks，In the early days of Jin, a slavery country，The production method is based on the rural commune，Workers need to cooperate to produce，Its organizational method is "Jingtian system"。Its land system can be called the ownership of the nobility (the children of the same surname) of the male (the children of the same surname)。The aristocrats of the early segments of the Jin Dynasty are basically members of the public，They use the common economy (that is, "same financial") as the link to connect。State -owned land (Gongtian or Guan Tian) in the Jin Dynasty Jingtian system belongs to the country (room) and the male (or its son) management，and the private field may be distributed to the "Chinese" (becoming a freemin)，or to the "Savage" (slave)。So，Dang Gong's power is strong，I can eat the house of the room without any fear、plunder and exploitation slave。This，The main contradictions of the Jin Dynasty are concentrated between the public and nobles and the house，The two sides launched a struggle for 67 years to fight for power during the Gong Gong period.。The result of this struggle is，The ownership of the land and nobles of the clan and aristocracy is greatly weakened，"Tongcai" to "divide wealth"，Private land，laid the foundation for the changes in aristocratic land ownership。

Changlin also thinks，In the struggle between the early Jin Dynasty bet365 live casino games and the nobles of the early Jin Dynasty and the house，Slave teams have also changed new changes，This is the emergence of "Lishin"。He emphasized，At this time, the agricultural farmers may come by the transformation of prisoners of war，or crime for crime、Liabilities are slaves，Among them, a considerable part of the agricultural slave of farming "official field"。

Self -presence of public first，Jin Guo entered the midterm。At this time，Because Iron and Niu Guan appeared on the historical stage，The well field system is destroyed、Rural commune disintegration，Causes the generation of feudal production relations，and thus form a pattern of fighting with private struggles。Zhigong "Zuodian"，Small land possession system begins to establish。Huigong period，Give the land to Dr. Qing，Even Bing Ding has "Kata"，Equivalent to the "Yongye Tian" of later generations。The "savage" as "the target of the slavery" did not get a reward，But from then on, individual production has been realized，Get the freedom of migration，Gradually get rid of slave identity。The appearance of "hooligan" is "a common phenomenon in this period"。Wen Gong period，Implementation with Shangxian's enhancement、Large sealing of the principle of rewards for merit，Forms a new Shiqing Shilu system，This system causes the great development of private ownership of non -public nobles and the rapid move of the ownership of the house of the house。，The separation from taxation and taxes into a system of taxation，The system of abolishing slavery is a county system，The rise of non -public nobles，and workers who get rid of the identity of the slave to become a feudal household Qi Min created conditions。These measures completely destroy the land system of slavery，bet365 Play online games Promote the conversion of slavery to accelerate to the feudal system，At the same time, the power of the Jin Dynasty weakened。

Changlin thinks，Since Jinping Gong，Jin Guo entered the decline stage: slavery thoroughly moved to collapse，The feudal system has grown with the mid -term and development and growth，"Jin House Hebei appeared，Politics at home "，Dr. Qing's governing situation，Finally evolved into three divisions。Changlin particularly emphasized here，After Jinping Gong，From the life of the Jin royal family to the deeds of the Dr. Qing，"Not only is it a sealing power、Changes in the official system，and reflect the changes in the economic system "。That is, the land allocation system of the division system of the ancestral law，Conversion of non -public aristocratic land ownership of non -sectarian law，indicates that "the transitional state of the transition of the political structure of slavery to the regime of the feudal system in this period"。One language clarified the dialectical relationship between the upper -level building and the economic foundation。This period，The aristocratic land ownership of slavery is gradually dying，The ownership of the state -owned land ownership of the feudal state -owned land becomes the leading form of the country，and the integration of land rent and tax，The ownership of landlord land develops rapidly。Friends of the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods，The workers have completely got rid of the slave identity like "hooligan"，Become a country、The attached peasant of the landlord or the feudal aristocracy，Feudal production methods are generally established。

If so，Changlin conducted hard exploration on the basis of the feudal theory of Guo Lao's Warring States Period，It will be used bet365 live casino games as the main country in the Spring and Autumn Period、Jin Guo, which occupies a special status in Chinese history，The whole process from slavery to the feudal system，Completely presented in front of the reader，Dedicated for the study of the academic circles and conducted in -depth discussion on this basis。This is his contribution to the academic world。

　　Two points of recommendation

I have two little opinions after reading the book，Although I can no longer ask Changlin，I hope to propose the study and reference for academic circles。First, Changlin agreed with Guo Lao's "formula for the fundamental motivation that must be taken by slave uprising as a fundamental motivation"，and think of reforms from various countries as "the fundamental basis for changing from slave society to feudal society"。This view is worth exploring。Over the present，In class society，Class struggle must be the motivation for social development，Transformation must also be affected by class struggle。

Look from the history of Yin Zhou，If the slave does not fall in front，The Western Zhou Dynasty cannot be established。This is what "Historical Records · Zhou Benji" said，The ruler establishes after the Western Zhou Dynasty，Accept the lesson of Yin Deng，"The millet of the giant bridge，To vibrate the poor and weak "，thus changing the status and identity of the slave; also said that it is necessary to "add to Germany，No Qin people in the distance "，"De" the word as to the elderly，It is a new word in the Western Zhou Dynasty，It represents a new reflection of ideas and consciousness that slavery transitions to feudal lords。Because of this，Zhou Wangcai "sealed the princes to build the same surname"，The Lord System of Fengjian is used to rule the whole society。

Second, Changlin is slightly lacking in solving the status change of material bet365 Play online games data producers。For example，He described the "hooligan" as a general in the middle of the Jin Dynasty，However, according to "Zhou Li" interpretation，"Rogue" in the early Jin Dynasty，is "savage" or "wild people"，As he said to the old: "Not agricultural slave，is the new farmer，Learn from the land level to the arable land and can be exempted from service。"The above opinions are not necessarily right，Proposed for reference only。

　　(Author Unit: University of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)