How to carry out industrialization in a backward agricultural country，Economic surpassing economic catch -up，It is the dream of Sun Yat -sen's hard work in "Fang Fang Fang"，It is the real test papers that Chinese Communists have always faced by Mao Zedong at the beginning of Mao Zedong。From the traditional planned economy system to an unprecedented socialist market economy，The Chinese are always exploring the development road that suits them。Since the establishment of the People's Republic of China，Especially for more than 40 years of reform and opening up，100 billion Chinese people under the leadership of the Communist Party of China，A poor and backward agricultural country has been built into the world's largest industrial country，Created the industrialized Chinese miracle，Going out of the Chinese road to the economic overtake。

"International Comparison of Stand -ups: International Comparison of State -owned Enterprise Reform and Industry Upgrade" (Zhou Jianjun，CITIC Publishing Group, December 2019) Combined with domestic and foreign development experience，Practice to enrich and test existing economic theory，Economics that restores real world。

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Many economists emphasize the importance of historical methods for economic research。So，What is the history Bet365 lotto review of the method? The method of history is first of all facts judgment。Liang Qichao once said, "No history can not be learned"。Xiong Peter even thinks that history provides the best way。All social sciences start from human experience and facts，Put it in a logical system to discuss。but，Experience facts often do not meet artificial、Academic logic，This has led some scholars to not adjust the theory，Instead, choose and transform history。The so -called "All history is contemporary history"，That is to say, all history is objective of contemporary people、Wishes、History of Emotional，It is the knowledge structure of its knowledge、Ideology、Understanding under the restriction of real experience。

Social science cannot obtain proof of experiments like natural sciences，History is exactly the natural experiment of human society，The scientific nature of the social science theoretical model with its authenticity。Modern Social Science，Especially modern economics，Natural scientific paradigm as a scientific goal，The initial is the introduction of mechanical theory paradigm，Introduced math after then introduced。Model deduction、Quantity analysis is just a tool for providing science for research，It cannot give research science。Any theoretical hypothesis must be tested by historical experience data。The author emphasizes "real economics"，Reveal with real history reveals that it is not bet365 live casino games other，but "Positive Industrial Policy、multinational companies and leading companies that dominate the global industrial chain and value chain，The true economics of developed countries including the United States "。

The author thinks，The industrial policy implemented in various development stages in the United States for more than 200 years，Created the prerequisite for its rapid development。Henry Cle, who served as former US Secretary of State in the 1920s, emphasized the industrial policy: "We must adjust the direction of certain industries。We must adopt this genuine American (tariff) policy。Let's build the country's market，also cultivated a foreign market，Make the consumption scale of American industrial products be further expanded。""，US President Biden mentioned in a letter to his scientific consultant Rand，The United States is using the federal government research、Procurement and Policy，It has a long time to help promote the development of key industries、Successful history。

Borrowing Nobel Economist Steglitz's famous saying in the book "Do what we do，Don't do what we say "(do as we do，not as say)，Call for people to understand the true history and status quo of economic development in developed countries。The author emphasizes，We learn from the development experience of developed countries，Must respect history first，Summary with real history，can be learned from history。

　　Capital monopoly with a scale economy

bet365 Play online games When we are doing policy research，Often accustomed to integrating some successful experiences of different time and space，Form the quotation formula that is out of time and space coordinates。During the discussion process，The author shows beauty in the space -time architecture、Day、The policy choice changes in the development and competition in the semiconductor industry in Han and other countries。such as，Japan、South Korea as a catch -up，Its successful experience lies not only in the strategy of the agglomeration，And is to grasp the joint node of the technical evolution。It is the display of details，This book makes up for the point -like description of past policy research on foreign experience.。In international comparison，This book particularly highlights the differences in the development of different countries，While revealing the complicated experience of reality，Try to understand this complexity from a diverse theoretical perspective，Find a point that can be used for reference and learning in the difference，The architecture starts "the stairs of the overtake"。

The book uses a large length to reveal the reality of the oligopoly monopoly of multinational companies in international science and technology competition，Proposal to we currently respond to the increasing capital monopoly in the international market with the power of continuous decentralization，Economy and large enterprises Bet365 app download in international competition should bear even more mights。When discussing the supervision of natural resources，The author thinks，Resource itself is not a problem，Natural resources do not necessarily cause resource curse，The key to solving the problem lies in the design and management of the relevant system around resources。How to do a good job of system design，To achieve innovation -driven and industrial agglomeration，We first need to face the individual characteristics of our national conditions。

　　Move back the ladder moved by developed countries

It is a historical method，The author found the stairs to catch up，"Move" back to us。Liszt proposed in the "National System of Political Economics"，When a person has climbed up to the peak，The ladder he used when he gradually climbed up and kicked it away，to avoid others from following him。"Any country，If the policy of protecting tariffs and maritime transportation restrictions，It has reached such a high degree of development in the industry and shipping cause。Therefore, no other country can resist with it under free competition，When this time，I want to imagine it，The smartest way is to throw away the ladders used when climbing it on the branches，Then promote the benefits of free trade to other countries，Tell them in the tone of regretful people who come over，It has taken many detours in the past，I made a lot of mistakes，I finally discovered the truth of free trade。”

"Washington Consensus" Bet365 lotto review summarized by developed countries，Always unable to complete "Experimental Repeatability"。The book cracked the successful learning lie of the developed economy woven，Moved back to the ladder that was moved away。It may be more cruel than words，But only real can give economics research scientific，Face the real research on policy research is more important，Because of its relationship with the rise and fall of the country and the real life of ordinary people。

For a long time，The logical system based on hypothesis and the mathematical model based on the hypothesis of mainstream economics，In the hearts of the majority of elite scholars，With a variety of plausible historical fragments and logical discourse built by exquisite stories，Forms a universal influence in the hearts of all beings。Actually，Another system has always existed in mainstream economics，Hamilton, which shows us in the book、Liszt、Xiong Peter、Geshenklong and other doctrine。Historical argument proves that the economic proposition of liberalism is by no means a prerequisite for economic development and fiscal plenty of fiscal。How to reasonably use industrial policies and state -owned enterprises in the historical space -time architecture，Promote economic development of developing countries，can only face the real history and reality。This book uses action to tell us: Many scholars in China are doing such efforts，And is committed to reviving bet365 best casino games political economics in the new era。

　(Author Unit: Chinese Institute of Finance Sciences)