The south of the Yangtze River in the Ming and Qing Dynasties was centered on the Yangtze River Delta and Taihu Basin，Yujiang、river、Lake、The sea is connected as one，Constitute Wannan、Sunan、Zhejiang Water Network System。Wanjiang River、Roaring across the water、Wu Boyang，Form a circulatory system that is linked to each other，The socio-economic culture of Jiangnan region flourished because of this。Since the reform and opening up，Academic research on the history of this region since the Ming and Qing Dynasties，Focus more on Jiangnan towns and early industrialization issues，Less attention to rural development issues in Jiangnan。Studying Jiangnan Rural Areas，We must first study the issues of natural ecology and disaster prevention and control。Because Jiangnan is an area prone to natural bet365 mobile，The historical process of the development of production and life in rural areas of Jiangnan，Always accompanied by the hard struggle against bet365 mobile and disaster prevention。Especially the rise and fall of rural areas in Jiangnan，Rich content that runs through disaster prevention and ecological protection。

Zhuang Huafeng's book "Research on Natural bet365 mobile and Rural Society in the Lower Yangtze River during the Ming and Qing Dynasties"，Taking Jiangnan countryside as the central axis，Based on a large number of local chronicles and statistical charts，A research perspective that keenly grasps the interaction between natural bet365 mobile and rural society during the Ming and Qing Dynasties，Focusing on the linkage between natural bet365 mobile and rural society，Discuss the spread of bet365 mobile at all levels of Jiangnan rural society、Evolution rules and characteristics，Government and private disaster response mechanisms、Features and effects，And the changes in the linkage mechanism between bet365 mobile and rural society。Among them，Natural disaster、The linkage and overall discussion between personnel and the rise and fall of rural areas are the focus of research，This is also the biggest feature of the book。

　　The symbiosis and association of frequent bet365 mobile

Changes in the social form and economic structure of rural areas in Jiangnan will inevitably form specific regional characteristics，This characteristic is closely related to natural bet365 mobile and their impact。

Summary of the first chapter of the book，Floods in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River during the Ming and Qing Dynasties、Drought、Insect Locust、Trend、Hail、Snow disaster、Earthquake、The total number of outbreaks of natural bet365 mobile such as plague is 5964 times，Ming Dynasty 2822 times、3142 times in Qing Dynasty，Occurs an average of 10 per year.96 times。Among them，Most floods and droughts、The longest disaster period、The most severely affected，Exhibited by the relative concentration of distribution within the region。Chapter 2 studies the laws and characteristics of frequent natural bet365 mobile，Point out the relative concentration of disaster distribution in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River during the Ming and Qing Dynasties，Not only causes different types of natural bet365 mobile in the basin to occur simultaneously or overlappingly in one or several specific areas at different times，Also appears to occur repeatedly in a specific area，Thus causing huge damage to the rural society。This study shows that various natural bet365 mobile in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River in the Ming Dynasty were mainly concentrated in Yingtianfu、Suzhou Prefecture、Yangzhou Prefecture、Changzhou Prefecture、Huzhou Prefecture、Songjiang Prefecture、Jiaxing Prefecture、Zhenjiang Prefecture、Anqing Prefecture and Chizhou Prefecture，A total of 1886 natural bet365 mobile occurred in these ten provinces，Accounting for 66% of the total number of natural bet365 mobile in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River in the Ming Dynasty.83%。Various natural bet365 mobile in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River in the Qing Dynasty were mainly concentrated in Songjiang Prefecture、Huzhou Prefecture、Yangzhou Prefecture、Jiangning Mansion、Anqing Mansion、Changzhou Prefecture、Luzhou Prefecture、Jiaxing Prefecture、Chizhou Prefecture，A total of 1772 natural bet365 mobile occurred in these ten prefectures，Accounting for 56% of the total number of natural bet365 mobile in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River in the Qing Dynasty.40%。The reason，Mainly because the causes of various bet365 mobile in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River are symbiotic and associated with each other。

　　Interaction bet365 mobile government relief and private self-relief

The thoughts of governments and people in various regions in the south of the Yangtze River in the Ming and Qing Dynasties in dealing with natural bet365 mobile、System、Policies and Measures，Deserves careful sorting、Summary and reference。The book examines the role of the government and the private sector in disaster response and relief，Recognize the importance of responding to natural bet365 mobile，Should be established with the state and government as the leading role、A disaster response mechanism supplemented by private self-help and relief。The author lists in detail the exemption standards of the Ming and Qing dynasties，The evolution of improving the standards of immunity during the Ming and Qing Dynasties，Through different versions of local chronicle data，Draw the various disaster response measures of Hangzhou Prefecture in the Ming and Qing Dynasties into charts for summary statistics and analysis，Outline the historical context of the province’s water conservancy construction and seawall construction。

There is certainly some subjectivity and tendency in disaster records in historical documents，But it is still politics in a specific context、Historical reflection of economic and disaster awareness。Appendix "Chronology of epidemic bet365 mobile in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River in the Ming and Qing Dynasties (Zhili Prefecture)" "Individual disaster donations from the gentry, gentry and merchants in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River in the Ming and Qing Dynasties"、Basic Disaster Relief Situation Table》etc.，Fully demonstrates the similarities and differences in the ways people responded to natural bet365 mobile in the Ming and Qing dynasties。Long time，The working people in Jiangnan are committed to regional development and river management，Always insist on fighting against nature，Disaster Prevention and Resistance，From water entering and people retreating to people advancing and water retreating，Seeking advantages and avoiding disadvantages、Promote benefits and eliminate harm，Promote social and economic development，Created a splendid history and culture。Long-term struggle to prevent and control natural bet365 mobile，Inspire people’s intelligence and wisdom to transform nature，Give the people of Jiangnan new spirit and strength。

　　The correlation between bet365 mobile and the rise and fall of rural areas

When farmers’ bottom line of survival is breached，Social instability continues to ferment，The trend of grabbing rice is prevalent、Resistance to grain and tax is common、Local bandits are rampant、Disaster victims are experiencing frequent incidents、Continuous water conservancy litigation disputes and other issues。The correlation between the increase and decrease in disaster frequency and regional socio-political and economic changes，Natural bet365 mobile are not simply caused by natural factors，Also gathered with the population、Economic Development、Social factors such as heavy taxation and excessive taxation are closely related。

The population in Jiangnan increased sharply during the Ming and Qing Dynasties，Greatly exceeds the carrying capacity of the natural environment，In addition, the area is located in a monsoon climate zone，The river is wide and the water is deep，Affected by monsoon climate and water from the upper and middle reaches，It is extremely easy to "enter a disordered state"，Directly triggers population changes、Crisis such as social conflict and breakdown of rural order。Although many types coexisted during the Ming and Qing Dynasties、Government-led disaster relief mechanism，But the effectiveness of government disaster relief often fails，The reason is poor decision-making、Corruption of officials，Resulting in natural bet365 mobile followed by man-made bet365 mobile，Causing disaster upon disaster and leaving no place without disaster。Plus unreasonable development，Especially reclaiming land from lakes、Indiscriminate deforestation causes irreversible damage to the ecology，Soil erosion directly leads to frequent floods and droughts，A vicious cycle is formed，Then it reveals the historical evolution process of regional population development-resource tension-blind development-environmental degradation-frequent bet365 mobile。This shows that natural bet365 mobile restrict and affect rural economic development、Social stability、Important factors of villagers’ quality of life；At the same time，Political corruption penetrates into the poor governance of local governments，Therefore，It is necessary to establish a relatively complete bottom-up supervision and control mechanism。

　(Author’s affiliation: School of bet365 mobile Sciences, Soochow University)