After World War II，Japan quickly realizes economic revival，and through high -speed growth，once became the world's second largest economy，Known as "Toyo Miracle"。The cause of this "miracle"，The academic world has always had different explanations。For example，Political economists attach importance to the role of industrial policies，The economic rise of the post -war after the war of Japan was attributed to the Japanese government represented by the Ministry of Communications and provinces to implement a positive industrial policy，This is in the Japanese -American trade dispute in the late 20th century，An excuse for suppressing Japan by the US government。Another example，Some management scholars think，Japan has a special corporate system and management system that is very different from the West，Including a large comprehensive business company、Lean Management、The main bank system, etc.，and the "Temporary Day Teacher" of the Global Enterprise Circle in the later 20th century，The main learning is also "Japanese -style business"。For these reasons，It can be said that it is actually exist，But it is just a side of the "Japanese Story"。

but but，Due to the existence of political and economic competition involved in extensive population，All similar historical attribution and explanation，The era Bet365 lotto review of popular media，It is easy to form a certain stereotype。This kind of stereotyped impression is unintentional，For example，After the foam economy is ruptured，Japan is becoming more and more enthusiastic about creating the myth of "craftsmanship"，To maintain the survival space left after the development of the development economy eroded the broad market。Another example，Western countries once exaggerated the role of Japanese industrial policy，There is also a motivation to put pressure on Japan in the name of "free trade" in the trade war。Industrial culture has never written articles in the ivory tower，Instead of actual interest competition。but but，There are also some stereotypes，Just based on a vague understanding, I only see a sides of the thing，The outside world's understanding of the Japanese chaebol belongs to this example。Takeda Qingren's "Times of the Mackage" (May Edition of Social Science Literature Press, May 2021) opened a window for Chinese readers to understand the research of Japanese corporate history。

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Recommended Japanese chaebol，On the Chinese book market，Books such as "Legion" or "Empire" and the like。This understanding is also very market in the West，It is believed that the rise of the Japanese economy is supported by a chaebol that can mobilize a large number of resources to engage in competition，These chaebols actively assist in the war of aggression against Japanese imperialism before World War II，After the Second World War, it will continue to make bet365 Play online games economic expansion as a multinational company。Takeda Qingren opposed this stereotype。In his opinion，Challenges are "the term that represents the characteristics of a specific era"，This has expelled the chaebol that has been dissolved by the occupation forces after World War II.。Actually，Regarding whether the Japanese chaebol continues to exist after World War II，It has always been a controversial topic。Takeda Qingren believes that the chaebol is just a historical concept，It is bound to think that there is no chaebol after Japan after World War II。The basis of its argument is，Demolition of "Tonglian" and "Diverse Business Management" as the core feature of the chaebol。From this point，Enterprise Group after World War II has the characteristics of diversified business operations，But it is completely different from the organizational principle of the chaebol: "The combination of enterprise groups is horizontal，A relationship between enterprises is equal，The relationship between the structure of the pyramid ... This is the feature of the post -war enterprise group，From the perspective of the ownership structure, it is not centered on the chaebol of the company or the same family。""，As an analytical object，Composition of institutional organization and business operation。According to the point of view of Takeda Qingren，Challenges as a corporate form，Its business operations have diversified features，The same as the corporate group after World War II，But the "dominance of the same Bet365 lotto review family" in the chaebol system is the lack of the enterprise group，So，Enterprise Group cannot be called a chaebol。From the perspective of academic theory，This view has a certain reason。

Even in "Specific Times"，The chaebol is not static，This evolution reflects the advantages of corporate history research as a perspective。The book takes time as axis，The process of depicting the birth of the "political and business" to the breakdown of the chaebol，Some business cases are interspersed in the middle。Japanese chaebol originated from political and businessmen who are closely related to the government。The Meiji government has adopted a policy for completely excluding foreign investment，New opportunities to develop industries and other new money -making opportunities to Japanese businessmen，Use farmers' taxes to provide financing for the new cause of businessmen，and these "political and business" close to the government's profitability have become the predecessor of the chaebol。1980s，The Japanese government implements a tightening policy，Sell a batch of official products，This aspect has led，Those politicians who bought official products have picked up big cheap，Beginning to become a large enterprise in operating emerging industries。until the 1990s，These large enterprises actively promote diversified operations，The successful person will transform into a chaebol under strict definition。The birth of the birth of Japanese chaebols，It is a kind of original accumulation of capital that uses political Bet365 app download power or system change。

　　Typical chaebols are conservative

Takeda Qingren thinks，Textile industry, which is in the center of industrial revolution in Japan、Shengshi Manufacturing and other fields，The reason why it has not become the focus of the chaebol operation，It is because the price of cotton and silk in the textile industry changes too much，It has a considerable degree of speculative and accidental。and the chaebol does not have the minds of speculative transactions and the accumulation of this pretty technology。The conservativeness of the typical chaebol，It can break the stereotype that the chaebol believes that the chaebol supports the industrialization of Japan。In fact，When the rise of domestic cars in Japan，Sanjing、Mitsubishi and other chaebols are also unwilling to risk investment，When Toyota creates a car，Japanese public opinion has a voice criticism。From this point of view，Toyota，It was not regarded by the Japanese at that time as a chaebol，and Japan’s industrial innovation does not rely entirely on the chaebol。Even if Mitsubishi is in the limelight in the field of military and heavy workers，until 1937，Heavy Industry is still the field of relatively delayed investment，until the outbreak of the Pacific War，The investment of the chaebol in heavy industry will increase rapidly，Become a key force。The above described is not the role of the chaebol in Japan's heavy industrialization，but obviously，Typical chaebols did not constitute the spontaneous advancement force of Japan's heavy industrialization。

Bet365 lotto review but but，The conservative conservative in the investment of the chaebol is not an excuse for the relationship between the relationship between the militaryism。October 1945，As the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Yoshida Mao was justified as a chaebol，It is called "During the War ... the government ignores the loss of these chaebols，Ordered them to produce ships and planes "。This defense splits the motivation and behavior of the chaebol，On the other hand, I ignore Mitsubishi、Mitsui and other chaebols have actively participated in the facts of the expansion of Japanese imperialist expansion since the Meiji period。At this point in the expansion of the Japanese Empire's expansion，This book is unknown。Similarly，Although the typical chaebol has a low participation in Japan's heavy industrialization in the early Showa period，But at the time in Japan, the "New Chartoire" represented by Nissan operated by Takawa Yosuke，This is a page that cannot be ignored in the "era of chaebols" in Japan，But in this book, it is like。The most important thing is，Although the Japanese corporate group after World War II did not be called a chaebol in the institutional organization，But does its business operation have the same functions as the chaebol? at this point，Take a look at Mitsubishi, which is still creating weapons and equipment for the Japanese government，It is difficult to not think that there is a continuity in history。In other words，The chaebol as the system has become a trace，However，"Metropolitan Resurrection" says that it does not Bet365 app download make sense。"Name" and "Real"，There is often a complex relationship。

　(Author Unit: China Institute of Modern History of China Normal University; Department of Literature Research, Kyoto University in Japan)