"Wealth Accumulation and Distribution in Traditional China - Research on Social Wealth in the Yangtze River Delta Region in the 1820s" (China Social Sciences Press, April 2022 Edition)，This is the first exploration by Professor Zhang Xiaojing and his academic team to apply the national balance sheet method to the study of Chinese bet365 ohio promo code history。This book estimates the social wealth status of the Yangtze River Delta region in modern China，Compiled social wealth table，And systematically analyzed the traditional Chinese wealth accumulation and distribution issues from an international comparative perspective。

China’s bet365 ohio promo code miracle since the reform and opening up has attracted the world’s attention。bet365 ohio promo code historian Professor Li Bozhong thinks，This miracle originated from within China，The key role is still internal factors，That is, various factors that are conducive to modern bet365 ohio promo code growth created by China’s bet365 ohio promo code evolution over the centuries；The positive role of these elements can be fully exerted under the new situation，Thus produced today’s Chinese bet365 ohio promo code miracle。Explaining China’s transition from traditional economy to industrialization、The starting point of market-oriented modern bet365 ohio promo code transformation，Exploring the historical roots and evolution of China’s bet365 ohio promo code miracle，This is the purpose of this book。

　Why Netherlands、Civilization developed by Britain and other Western European countries，Profoundly and irreversibly changed the human world？What evolution path and development model has China’s bet365 ohio promo code and social development formed through centuries of exchanges and mutual learning？This is the “Goldbach Conjecture” of Chinese bet365 ohio promo code history。There are reasons why the bet365 ohio promo code history community pays attention to this issue，Research also keeps pace with the times。From "The Germination of Capitalism" to the "Needham Dilemma"，Back to the “Great Divergence”，Three generations of bet365 ohio promo code historians have devoted their efforts，Produced rich research results。

　　Provides a new perspective to examine the “Great Divergence” between bet365 ohio promo code and the West

The great debate on Chinese social history in the 1920s and 1930s raised the issue of "the germination of capitalism"。Mao Zedong gave a classic explanation of this in his article "Chinese Revolution and the Communist Party of China": "The development of the commodity economy within China's feudal society，Already pregnant with the seeds of capitalism，Without the influence of foreign capitalism，China will also slowly develop into a capitalist society。Invasion of foreign capitalism，Facilitated this development。”Research based on this as a predetermined conclusion，Became one of the "Five Golden Flowers" in the field of history in the early days of New China。Following，The "Needham Problem" has become an important topic of concern to scholars。Enter the 21st century，The California School’s research on the “Great Divergence” has attracted more and more attention from Chinese scholars。The California School not only re-evaluated many traditional and specious views on the comparison between China and the West，And use quantitative and Chinese and Western comparative research methods to root many discussions on a more solid foundation。Inspired by this，Some Chinese bet365 ohio promo code historians are committed to Chinese historical bet365 ohio promo code statistics，Especially the study of historical GDP。

This book continues this research theme，Opened up new ideas。The author has long been engaged in national balance sheet research，Asset、Debt and other stock economic data and their analysis paradigm applied to bet365 ohio promo code，Based on the research of historical GDP and other traffic data，Provide new perspectives and data support for investigating the “Great Divergence” between China and the West。In fact，Although the study of historical balance sheets has attracted attention from international academic circles，But it has not yet received widespread attention in the country。Academia in European and American countries “not only generally compile annual national balance sheets that are relatively continuous from the early 20th century to the present，And some studies have linked the UK、France、Germany、United States、Historical data for the Netherlands and Sweden are pushed back to the 18th century or even earlier based on the rich national wealth and balance sheet，And used these data to achieve fruitful academic results”。

　　Solid and reliable historical bet365 ohio promo code

In addition to research topics，The most admirable thing about the book is the attitude of "every penny counts" towards historical data。Many economists are engaged in bet365 ohio promo code，Or adopt a "use-ism" attitude towards data，No time to examine the meaning of the data itself，and are eager to input it into the econometric model；Or over-reliance on using economic theory to "produce" historical data，Often due to the "tiny difference" in the setting of the estimated parameters, the results are vastly different。This kind of research results are despised by historians on the one hand，Making economists and historians "on the same page" on issues of economic history；On the other hand，More importantly，These studies are like "Building a Tower on Sand"，In addition to the novel method，The conclusion is nothing but a floating post。Getting to the root cause，The predecessors do not know the future affairs，Although there were statistical activities and a lot of scattered statistical data in ancient China，But there is no dedicated statistical agency and statistical regulations，No systematic statistical theories and methods have been summarized，Let alone establishing a system of national accounts in the modern sense。Historical data not only has weights and measures as suffixes (the weights and measures system in ancient China was extremely complex)，It also has time tags and institutional colors，Data consistency、Poor comparability。Lack of examination of the institutional environment and data generation mechanism，Simply substitute them into modern economic theory，It is undoubtedly a hasty approach。

This book abandons the idea of ​​using bet365 ohio promo code theory to derive data，Build the national balance sheet approach on solid and reliable historical data collected from extensive historical documents。Professor Li Bozhong's book "China's Early Modern Economy - Research on the GDP of the Huating-Lou County Area in the 1820s" is in the process of estimating the historical GDP of the Hualou area，Collected and reviewed a large amount of historical data，Become a "rich ore" for its mining。The book adds new information based on "Li's Works" based on pictures: "For example, Hualou's financial market、Money stock、Military installations in the public sector、Water conservancy facilities, temples and other assets，We all used new information and data。”Also，The book also has great expansion in data estimation，New estimates added "during conversion from flow data to stock data"，Calibrate the original parameters with new parameters。

　　Expand existing asset bet365 ohio promo code

The author expands the idea of ​​​​researching China's economic history from historical GDP to historical national balance sheets，Carry out research on existing assets based on full reference to traffic income research，Comprehensive display of China’s historical asset structure、Economic and social development status，Expanding the scope of international comparison。Asset、Debt and other concepts are introduced into bet365 ohio promo code，In addition to conducting economic estimates at the national level，For corporate history、Family history research is also inspiring。Of course，To understand a company, you need to pay attention to its balance sheet、Income statement and cash flow statement (as well as statement of changes in owner's equity and notes to the statements, etc.)，To have a more three-dimensional understanding of the development of China’s traditional economy，Except GDP and assets and liabilities，Resident、Enterprise、The cash flow of government and other departments is also very important，But this requires more detailed data to achieve。

Since the reform and opening up，GDP is the most important indicator of China’s macroeconomics，Guided the social economy to achieve long-term rapid growth。current，China’s economy has entered a new normal，From high-speed growth to high-quality development，Shift from focusing on bet365 ohio promo code growth to focusing on bet365 ohio promo code structure、bet365 ohio promo code Power。Research on historical national balance sheets conforms to the proposition of this era。“Smith-type growth”, “Kuznets-type growth” and “Schumpeter-type growth” proposed by bet365 ohio promo code historians，In a sense, it focuses more on studying the driving force of bet365 ohio promo code growth from the perspective of supply，But for the traditional economy、Should more research be done on the modern economy from the perspective of demand？Study of historical national balance sheets may provide more clues。

At the same time，Historical GDP research provides an opportunity to systematically organize the basic database of China’s bet365 ohio promo code history，Research on historical national balance sheets will further advance the progress of this work。Although it constructs literature on bet365 ohio promo code data from the perspective of asset and liability research，But it will inevitably exhaust existing literature clues and add a lot of new data。Although this is a by-product of research，But its significance cannot be underestimated。This book is the initial result of the China Historical Balance Sheet (CHBS) research project chaired by Professor Zhang Xiaojing，The mid-term goal of the plan is to prepare China’s national balance sheet for the past two hundred years，And a detailed research schedule has been developed，Let’s wait and see！

　(Author’s affiliation: Institute of Contemporary bet365 ohio promo code, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)