Technology of technology and the professional division of management of management，Make more and more positions give new functions and functions。At the same time，With the rise of the Internet industry and the emergence of the "zero economy"，such as takeaway riders、E -commerce platform anchor and courier and other new economic positions have emerged in large numbers，From this impacting traditional human resources management and labor relationship。trivial time allocation and refined division of labor reflected，Promote the value of people start thinking about work，Reflection without meaningful work has become the focus of the attention of sociologists and psychologists。Canadian psychologist James Danker、John D. Eastwood wrote "Why are we boring" (Yinlin Press, February 2022)，From a psychological perspective, interpretation of information over the age of information overloading people's cognition of boring，Many of them reflect the "boring" emotions and psychological characteristics of people in the world today，Including the cognition and positioning of the work itself。"Unprecedented Work" written by David Graber (July 2022, July 2022)，Analysis of work distribution from the perspective of social and anthropology，Comprehensive interpretation of the "meaningless work" classification、Reasons and essence。

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David Graber is an American anthropologist and sociologist，The meaningless job proposed in the book，It aims to reflect on some of the work derived from technology in the world from the actual needs of human beings。Such as administration、Financial Services、Human resources and other fields in large quantities，It seems that it appears due to time allocation and division of labor，In fact, it cannot create actual value，More support or auxiliary work。Modern economy has entered automation、New stage of intelligent or digitalization，Robot、New technologies such as big data and artificial intelligence pour into traditional work areas，Internet economy has spawned new economic format，On the one hand, the labor force was liberated，Promoting efficiency improvement; on the other hand, the workload is increased，The wealth that was finally created did not get reasonable or fair allocation because of this。

When most studies are still advocating the list of lists、Reflex management of work and cope with boring psychological construction，The author has keen discovered the meaningless job that people generally encountered in the digital technology era and post -industrialization period。The book analyzes the relationship between social value and economic remuneration、Economic value and social value of labor，and thus rose to a criticism of the theory of labor value of the capitalist system。

　　Five "meaningless jobs"

Traditional Economics Consid by，Scientific and technological progress bet365 live casino games will be an important support for human beings for human beings，Improve efficiency through technological innovation and lean management，Human more abundant non -working hours can be realized。Reality is a large number of work entering a higher stage，Fine division of labor、The complex levels of the organization and the sharp changes in the internal and external environment of the organization are intertwined and overlapping，Instead, people's working hours are prolonged，People invest more energy in many positions。Compared with traditional commodity economic transactions or factories, patent lines，The work of the digital era rely more on data analysis、Online channels and artificial intelligence applications，Many tasks under the command of the intelligent system enter the rapid investment and output process。Work rhythm continues to accelerate，Is the surplus time meaningless? the author thinks，Some jobs are meaningless、Unnecessary and often harmful，and those who are engaged cannot prove the reasonableness of its existence，But I have to pretend the meaning of my own work。The author made five categories and appropriately: follower、Fighting player、Stitching repairer、Hookers and distributors。

Investigation and case analysis in the book can help people expand both aspects of cognition。One is that the person in charge does not think he is engaged in meaningless job，or has not realized that the work you are doing in the short term is unnecessary，It is possible to work only for the work derived from organizational Bet365 app download management or work，The meaning of passive arrangements。Another is people's rewards、Working hours or other reasons, actively choose to engage in meaningless job。The author analyzes the reasons why some groups do not recognize such work，It is believed that there may be two types: one is a manager or a group responsible for recruitment，They often think that the market economy is highly divided，It is unlikely that there is meaningless job; there is another type of rejection of this argument，Do not recognize these negative emotions。Author analysis thinks，To understand the moral consequences and psychological consequences that may bring meaningless jobs，You need to clarify two major issues，That is why people are so unhappy when they are doing meaningless work，and this kind of unhappy humanity behind，That is the essence of human beings。

　　The core of the non -meaningless work is hypocrisy and no goal sense

Starting from Chapter 3，The author gradually returns to the level of deep sociological research，The first problem I followed is the historical experience of meaningless work。The core of the author believes that the meaningless work is hypocrisy and no sense of target，This kind of work itself comes with lies and hypocrisy moral components，Extruded a sense of no target。The author criticizes the "biggest and smallest" assumptions at the economics level，Think that we often mistakenly judge the motivation of humans to work，Reality may be that people think that the original job was originally used，It's not the case for facts，But I have to cooperate bet365 Play online games with the work，Pretending to be useful，Pretending position is useful，The author calls it "false sample work"。When the historical experience of tracing this phenomenon，The author analyzes the phenomenon of "spending money for time"，This phenomenon curing time into a symbol in the work arrangement，Modern work discipline and capitalist supervision methods have strengthened this phenomenon，At the same time, there are also resistance to this system，reflected in the "fake and fake work"。

The second question is the psychological experience of meaningless job。People in such positions do not always feel bad，A small number of groups are more satisfied with such work。At the same time，Some groups also show anger or loss，Some people want to stay busy and get sensing at work，But because of being unable to be arranged to be arranged, they are distressed。The author pointed out，When these groups that cannot be performed, they gradually discover that their job is actually taking money but not doing things，There will be a great sense of frustration，Destroy people’s creativity and imagination。other，When a person is engaged in such work, it is very busy，Everyone knows meaningless，But surrounded by nervousness，Over time, it will produce attack，Show greater pressure，Diseases related to stress。

The third question is why the phenomenon of meaningless jobs occur? The book deeply excavates the economic reasons behind it。With the development of modern economy and industry、Service Economy Rise，A large number of jobs depends on the service bet365 Play online games economy，For example, consultant、Accounting、Information Technology, etc.。The author thinks，The service economy is a meaningful area of ​​meaningless job，increase of management、Company management bureaucratization、Information asymmetry, etc. will increase the rise of this type of work。The author criticizes several common views，For example，Globalization has led to complexity of the production process，Therefore, the point of view of a large number of process managers。The author thinks，The job of multiple people is to send various resources back and forth in the entire system，instead of truly creation、Promote or repair these products，Large groups often generate more levels，bureaucratic corporate organizational forms caused meaningless work to surge in meaningless work。

According to the viewpoint of the book，The beautification of work and the resistance of workers in the capitalist system forms contrast，Early capitalist socialized large -scale production and in the historical process of turning to the service economy，meaningless work always accompanied by it，This is a long -term accumulation process。"Many work is not strictly produced，Instead of care "。There is still social and cultural factors behind this phenomenon，That is, people generally think that work is to pursue better life，utilitarian、Consumerism and other ideas penetrate into the social level，The negative impact of the meaningless work was masked，Including damage to people's physical and mental。According to bet365 live casino games this，The author proposes to be at the policy level，It should be explored to separate the livelihood from the work，Release people from busy work，Then choose your own life according to your own needs。

　(Author Unit: Shanghai Financial and Development Laboratory)