At the end of 2021，The Degree Committee of the State Council is "About" Dr.、Master's degree awarding and talent training disciplines' professional catalogs "and letter of its management measures for comments，increased philosophy first -level disciplines from one (philosophy) to two: philosophy and application ethics。New application ethics is a first -level discipline of philosophy，It seems to be unexpected by most educators in the philosophical world，You can think about it in a matter of reason。

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I have been instructions by the old leaders of the Department of Philosophy of Peking University，During his visit to Harvard University from 1993 to 1994, he did a general survey of the Department of Philosophy (Institute) and its philosophy and research on the Department of Philosophy and its philosophy of the United States，As a result, most philosophical departments showed the "two pole force" situation I generalized — or focused on analyzing philosophy and classical forms.，or hard work with political philosophy、Ethics (especially application ethics) is a philosophical and practical field for philosophy and practical fields。For example，The Department of Philosophy, Harvard University, who had only 17 teachers at the time，More than half of teachers are engaged in political philosophy and application ethics research。After returning to China，I particularly emphasized in the report: in the philosophical teaching and research in the current and future for a period of time，Philosophy, an ancient and abstract discipline, there are at least two vibrant growth points full of vitality and vitality，That is political philosophy and application ethics。Yi Yanzhi，Applied practical wisdom and reality application，It will be two "long feet" that philosophy is based on contemporary contemporary and move towards the future。

I am unique，After a few years, I inspected the humanities and social sciences of 15 first -class universities in the United States，The situation of the discipline of philosophy once again confirmed my above judgment。And more than ten years later，When I returned to Harvard University's Department Bet365 app download of Philosophy as a visit to Professor Fuxing, I returned to Harvard University，This kind of "two pole force" situations are more than。Here，I want to talk about application ethics and their working methods，The cause of the topic comes from a group of brave, lively and witty young ethics scholars。Their extraordinary work and working method，Stimulates that I think about the universal significance of the current situation of applied ethics to the status quo of contemporary China，and their "workshop" (Workshop)，It has prompted me to pay more attention to the way of applying ethical work methods，The latter is an important issue that has not yet attracted enough attention to the academic community.。

　Application ethics is a concept of modernity 

Wish to know，Daily applications are the fundamental characteristics of ethics that reflects the characteristics of philosophy and practice ("Status"，That is "identity")，Why is there an additional ethical concept of applied ethics? The so -called application ethics，Of course refers to the specific application of ethics (principles)。It is a concept of modernity，or，Application ethics itself is the product of modern society，The main reason for its establishment is that the specific application of its principles or principles has at least two basic characteristics: First, the professional field differentiation，Second is the use of professional technology。That is to say，Application ethics as a concept of modernity or even modern events，Not only the general expression of the practical wisdom characteristics of ethics，And more fundamental is，A practical application of ethics as a practical wisdom，Differentiated by the diversified layers of the modern social life itself，Forms in various areas, and in different fields presents dependence and support for different or special professional scientific and technological knowledge。These two characteristics together constitute the basic academic samples and working methods of modern application ethics and its cutting -edge development。In a sense,，The more you tend to the frontier zone，These two characteristics are becoming more and more prominent。That's why，Mark the "Application Ethics Frontier Problem Workshop" is not in line with time，bet365 Play online games And showing the advanced cutting -edge academic consciousness and keen cutting -edge problem consciousness of the founder and participants of the workshop，It is worth encouraging and like。

my country's application ethics research has begun as early as the late 20th century。From the beginning of the 1980s，Ethics teaching research can be restored。，Peking University、Renmin University of China、East China Normal University、The Department of Philosophy of Hunan Normal University and other universities created ethical teaching and research rooms and the Institute of Philosophy of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences，and the establishment of the Chinese Ethics Society is the basic logo。Subsequent，Nanjing University、Wuhan University、Sun Yat -sen University、Nanjing Normal University、Shandong University and other universities and research institutions have set up ethical teaching and research institutions and open ethics curriculum systems。A few years later，Application ethics began to enter the philosophy of many universities、Ethics Curriculum System，Ethical scholars focusing on application ethics research appeared，Even special application ethics research centers appeared，If the Institute of Philosophy of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences、The Department of Philosophy of Renmin University of China and the Department of Philosophy of Peking University have established the Center for Applied Ethics Research。洎 until today，Academic research institutions of ethics、Academic team and academic achievements have become momentum，Early exposed prosperity。However, seeking truth from facts，Academic Workshop, which is aimed at the goal of the front of the front edge of the front edge，Nanjing Normal University can be called the first one to travel around。

　　Application ethics research does not require conclusion 

Careful reading "Application Ethics Frontier Problem Workshop" (editor of Wang Lulu，Jiangsu People's Publishing House, October 2022 Edition) The theme and content of the ten -phase workshop compiled by the first series，Deeply feels the keenness of the problem of the problem of cutting -edge capture，The inquiry and breadth of the host and participants are also quite good，From words to logic to argument and analysis, it is impressive。For example，Confusion of the lawsuit around Bet365 app download Qiuju，The theoretical analysis of ritual and law disputes in Chinese rural social governance today is based on the theory of multi -dimensional and multi -dimensional;，Ethical discussion that trigger today's virtual (network) society and group loneliness; about surrogacy、Nursing robot、Ethics diagnosis of the latest life and health ethics issues such as euthanasia; special discussion on the happy life of the elderly in the aging trend of the population; animal ethical discussion on the case of "living bears and gallbladder"; Analysis of the problems of virtue and privacy and the analysis of moral ethical risk that unmanned driving may bring;。Workshop special discussion on these issues，Almost all show the new features of today's application ethics: or focus on the cutting -edge "problem domain" of a special life field and application ethics、Discussion on a detailed and professional professional，or the frontier knowledge resources of contemporary technology，In "Ethics +" interdisciplinary、Cross -domain open -domain openness fusion vision，Discuss those technological ethics issues with higher technological connotations，Make the special fields and highly complicated technical characteristics of the frontier of the current ethics of application ethics be fully displayed。

As for the host、The perspective of the speaker and participants、How about position，Whether it is correct，I think these are not the most important。In fact，Because of the cutting -edge of the problem，The answers to these questions are open and uncertain，It is difficult to reach the fixed opinion through one or some people or even multiple discussions。Just the opposite，No ultimate conclusion，Only moral ethical consensus based on relatively rationality，It is likely to be such cutting -edge application ethical issues and the normal situation of its inquiry。Different duty，What we need to pay attention to is not the conclusions given or implied by every workshop，Not even the value preference or judgment basis they declare in the debate，Instead, the rationality and academic information they can use。More importantly，They are based on analysis and judgment、Expressing respective views、Methods used in the opinion，The academic way of forming bet365 Play online games their own opinions on these issues and merging these views。

　　Researchers should have two major qualifications for professional differentiation and technology equipment 

Take this opportunity，I want to particularly emphasize the problem of academic work methods of modern application ethics，Because this problem is not only directly related to the cutting -edge research on contemporary application ethics，To what extent is possible? It is also related to the learning update of contemporary ethics scholars or even the problem of preparation of academic qualifications，In a larger range，This problem is also a cross -disciplinary or disciplinary cross -knowledge integration problem。

As soon as before,，Special Division of Contemporary Application Ethics，First of all, many complex equipment and support for the diversification and professional scientific and technological knowledge of their professional fields。This is multi -layered by modern social life itself、The rapid differentiation of multi -field and the increasingly scientific and technological field of various differentiated lives。Morality Based on Life，originated from life。Moral ethics challenges brought by modern evolution of human life practice，Is a structural、With fundamental significance。where，The two major trends of professional fields and technology modernization are becoming increasingly strong，Specific research on application ethics, proposed two basic requirements for professional differentiation and technology equipment，and more obvious and strict。It's hard to imagine，A person who does not have the most basic modern creature (fate) scientific knowledge and modern medicine and modern public health management knowledge，Research or management of life ethics and public health。Similarly，A person who lacks basic understanding of modern computer science or information network technology，It is impossible to really engage in ethical problems such as smart robots; even rural folk ethics、Economic Management Ethics、Ecological Environment Ethics、Animal ethics ... This seemingly less "technical" application ethics field，If you lack the necessary professional fields of technical knowledge, equipment or professional work method，Such as field anthropology survey，Merit Bet365 app download Economics、System Economics、Statistical method，Geophysical Knowledge，Activity or botanical knowledge，etc.，Related specialized application ethics research is also impossible。This seems to be a kind of no demonstration、There is no doubt contemporary academic qualification condition。

Light here，It is not difficult to understand and acknowledge，For all people engaged in or engaged in applied ethics research，Learn and master one or more related professional knowledge except the principle of general ethics knowledge，Learn to use interdisciplinary or multi -disciplinary methods，Research and answer (decide) Various special specific application ethical issues that will appear in the future，Even if it is not a complete academic condition (qualification)，It is also the most basic necessary academic condition (qualification)，It is not so not enough to enter the professional and specialized fields of modern application ethics，Not to mention the establishment of cross -disciplinary or multi -disciplinary integration vision and cross method。It should be said，The editor of the book and all participants in the cutting -edge research method of modern application ethics have long been conscious，Also made great efforts，Get convincing academic results。The first batch of research results of the workshop brings together，The results displayed in the book are in multiple fields、Multi -dimensional、Multi -way or multi -method、Features of new opinions。"The first step of successful more than half of the way。"" as the earliest nationwide application ethical frontier problem workshop，Extraordinary at the beginning，Preliminary integrity，Successful preliminary war，This is undoubtedly worth celebrating。"FIRST) is both initial、Start、Initial or earlier、First wait，Read it as "First"。I want to explain the meaning of this "one language and two levels" as a message，All ethical colleagues presented to the frontiers of ethics workshops，To express my respect and congratulations!

It is true，Like any exploration research，There are still some unexpected and regrets in the book。For example，In my personal understanding，Nanjing Normal University School of Public Management, especially the Department of Philosophy, ethics bet365 Play online games colleagues，In terms of domestic economic ethics research, there has been a whip，Academic team and academic achievements are very generous，The main feature of its ethical research，But what surprised me was，Economic ethics cutting -edge issues but did not enter the first batch of application of the first batch of frontier problem workshops for application ethics。other，Among the ten workshops that have been completed in the industry，Experts or professional and technical persons other than ethics，In particular, some of them have special specialized scientific and technological care，Cross -disciplinary or "amphibious / multi -habitual" experts and scholars with strong humanistic ethics care more，If you pay attention to make up in subsequent workshop activities，Definitely perfect。

　(Author Unit: School of Humanities, Tsinghua University)