Without special interests and dedicated reading of ancient West Asia，General readers' impression of the Somel is nothing more than three words: Mesopotamia (River Basin)、wedge -shaped text、Gilgamesh Epic。In many historical narratives, the simple combination of "Sumerians" and "two river basins" appear in the same way，The Somels are gradually transformed into representatives of the two river basins，Become a stereotype。For historical research，This stereotype and symbolization will undoubtedly simplify the connection between the Sumerians and the two river basins，Excessive simplification to a large extent means that I am lost。

　　Bet365 lotto review

British archeologist Lennard Wurley In the "Sumer" (March 2021, Shanghai Sanlian Bookstore)。The whole book is formed through the water and land environment of the two river basins、Reappearance of changes，showing the way of land formation of the two river basins，Pointing out its unique connection with the residents here- "The rich land has potentially attracting residents' movement，and this is inevitable，Just the residents will not come at the same time，Instead, gradually move in with the environmental change，And they come from the coasts of the ancient bay，Not from the same area "。As an attractive immigration area，Geographical characteristics determine to a certain extent that residents in this area have complex ethnic components，and the Sumerians are "the latest migration among all immigrants"。The author is from the Somel deities and legends、bet365 best casino games Similar places for Somel and Indian civilization、Color pottery and other cultural relics provided by cultural relics excavated by Ellidu，The view that "the two river basins seem to exist in humanity"。

Where does the Sumerus come from? Several possible explanations given in the book，each has its own reasonable，But if you want to make conclusions，Maybe more about the present life of more historical materials。More basic question is: who is the Sumerian? The difficulty of this question lies in how to define the Sumer people。The author describes it as a race，But there is no more ink。For this question，There are many differences in the academic community。Some scholars advocate "Strictly speaking，The accurate explanation of the name of ‘Somel’ ”should be:‘ ‘people who speak Sumerian’ ”。But this explanation has not completely solved the problem，It also needs to be further explored in combination with linguistic and archeological data (Sumerian itself is also a very complicated concept)。Some scholars think，The Sumerians may be a mixture of many nations。Combined with the creation of the epic and the Babylonians and the archeology of the original residential site，The author tries to make a reconstruction of the history of the Sumer Civilization Starting period。Although based on many uncertain evidence，There is a lot of room for discussion，But it is a useful attempt。

　　Call away the history of history

The history of the Sumerians has some difficulties that are not easy to solve and cannot be bypassed。On the one hand，Complex ethnic composition in the region、Many city -state，Inter -national communication、Conflict、Integration and intertwined，Sometimes melee between urban state，sometimes surrender to bet365 best casino games the hegemon。This has caused the complexity of the history of the two river basins，And the Sumerians are a part of this history。Because of complex、A lot of implications，It is more difficult to send one end，Need the historian who must be able to observe，You must have a detailed vision。On the other hand，Although there are some text records in the history of the two river basins，There are also many sites、Tomb and unearthed cultural relics，But war、plunder、Destruction、Destruction causes a large number of precious historical materials to bury the dust of history。Compared with the complexity of this history，Existing materials are relatively limited。

Record the text information of Somel's early history，Mainly derived from King Sumerier、Legendary Story、Bu resignation document、The inscription of the royal family and the name of the king。For the early macro historical space -time of Sumerian civilization，Sumel King Watch is undoubtedly very important。Pointing in the book，You need to pay attention to some key issues using the king watch: First of all，The record time of Wang Tiao seems to be continuous，But in fact many kings have the time to reign in the reign，There are also many kings who have not been included in the income annual table，Therefore, the annual table is by no means all、Accurate History，The choice of taking this house is dominated by some concept。Next，Wang Tiao's weird counting of rule time，It may be due to confusion between different symbolic systems，It may also be a system of an astronomical theory.。again，Because the king was deified, it was not uncommon at the time，Therefore, the name of many kings will appear in myths and legends，The boundary between fictional and true is Bet365 lotto review more vague。Because of this，The author of the archeologist is rich and bold for archeological materials，and the introduction of text materials is quite cautious。For example，To show that the civilization of the first dynasty of Ur was not closed、Regional，and have a vast trade network，The author treats the inferences obtained from the king watch with caution，Focus on the analysis of cultural relics unearthed from the Ur site，It is pointed out that its raw materials are almost all foreign，This proves the distance of Sumerian cultural expansion。When restoring the Sumerian military organization，The author analyzes the three important cultural relics with a detailed image analysis，Revealing the armed and organization of the Sumer army and its evolution。However, although the author is cautious about text materials，But it is not completely unnecessary，Instead, strive to justice when used。For example, Lamash is destroyed for a section，Quoting an election made by a priest or a scholar。From the perspective of historical description，This quote not only proves the authenticity of history，It also enhanced the sense of vision of disaster，presents the freshness and weight of history。other，The author has always been sensitive to the language factors in the historical data，For example, the names of officials with the characteristics of Flash Mitter appear more frequently，It may reflect the importance of Flash Michard or the strong participation of the Factor factor for cultural changes。

　　Show civilized texture

Civilization with only outline is not vivid。The author in Chapter 4 from Law、Property、Marriage and family relationship、Social Level、Religion and Life、Thinking concepts and other aspects of the bet365 Play online games micro structure and life of Sumer society，shows the texture of Sumer civilization，Make the historical narrative more three -dimensional vivid。For example，When discussing the legal institution of Sumerian society，I introduced an official named Mashkim，He is responsible for accepting the plaintiff's first lawsuit application in legal cases。However, he is not a judge in the strict sense，but an arbiter，Deliven before entering the legal procedure，Try to promote the resolution of disputes between the parties through mediation。In the Sumerian era，There is such an invention，It is really amazing。Another，The temple is a mysterious and solemn place in people's impression，To some extent, this is true。But the author shows us the other side of the temple: the priests are the prostitutes，Most of them have children，But I do n’t know his father，You can marry a worldly husband but cannot have a child for it。Despite this，They may still be respected by people (the low -level female priests may not necessarily)。A large number of children who do not know about their father have become a social problem，The behavior of adopting children is generally popular，and the law has to set up clauses for this to protect and regulate the right to adopt sons and its relationship with adopted parents。other，Temple is an important political tool to maintain the power of the king、Education and training professional officials，It is also a gathering place for social wealth，During the war, even relying on the terrain and its strong buildings to become the last enemy fortress。In Chapter 5，Excavation through the site of the temple tower，The author further restores life in the temple，Temple not only levy tax、Read Bet365 lotto review the judgment、Division of medicine，Its clergyman is also responsible for taking care of the daily affairs of the king's palace。

The brilliant civilization created by the Sumerians from the forgotten abyss is just the first step。At the end of the book，The author wrote: "The biggest problem now is not to cognitive truth，It is to evaluate the importance of the Somel people，This is our modern people who owe the Sumerians。"" Whether in architecture technology、Model Art、Thinking concept or legal field，The influence of the Sumers on the civilization of future generations can be followed。As Lenard Wa Lei said，"Sumerian civilization illuminated a world that stagnated in the original brutal，With the power of pioneering "。Knowing and restoring this great ancient civilization，Destined to be a job that has significant significance and value for human civilization。

For a long time，The historian's mission of seeking truth and truth，Always unwilling to pursue objectivity，In this process, it can not help but help the framework of framework。This approach even potentially affects the thinking of historians，Makes the handling of historical materials into mechanical processing，Materials that historically should be filled in its historical narrative framework，Finally set up an expressionless artistic machine，The grand meaning of historical progress with the crown。The historical narrative of "Sumerian" reminds us to reflect on it again，Why did the historian return to the old paper pile (mud) and wilderness，To discover the millennium traces sealed under the yellow sand? Maybe，This is precisely because human beings' persistence and deep feelings of their roots。In the final analysis，Everything is for "people"bet365 best casino games 。The absence of the "people" caused by the historical narrative of mechanization is undoubtedly a kind of sorrow。Although the historian has a mission to maintain objective，But absolutely objective does not exist，The accumulation of rationality and the accumulation of emotions is not naturally contradictory，Perhaps the text containing the emotion of historians can have stronger vitality，This is also the key to giving history with temperature and charm。

　(Author Unit: Department of History at East China Normal University)