What is cultural bet365 offers？Is it just a research perspective？The purpose of cultural bet365 offers research、What are the characteristics and significance？How to understand and position cultural bet365 offers？When scholars are engaged in teaching and researching cultural bet365 offers，It is inevitable to encounter such problems。"The bet365 offers and Theory of Chinese Cultural Historiography" (written by Zhang Zhaojun，People's Publishing House January 2022 Edition) Try to answer these basic questions。

　　The character of cultural bet365 offers

Civilization bet365 offers as the "matrix" and "motif" of cultural bet365 offers，Is the key to understanding the origin of cultural bet365 offers in China。The author thinks，Civilization bet365 offers was born in Western Europe in the 18th century，Introduced to Japan in the 19th century，It takes the people as the narrative subject，With a strong color of enlightenment and rationalism，With progressive characteristics，Opened a new historical tradition，Therefore, it is called "New Historiography"。Emphasis in the book，Liang Qichao and others did not copy the European and Japanese models when they introduced the bet365 offers of civilization，But make corresponding adjustments according to China’s actual needs and cultural traditions，This defines the character of Chinese cultural bet365 offers to a certain extent。

Liang Qichao not only spread the theories and concepts of civilization bet365 offers，And take the lead in practicing it。From "Chinese Historical Narrative" and "New Historiography" to "Chinese Historical Research Methods" and its "Supplement"，He planned a cultural bet365 offers from the bet365 offers of civilization to a broad sense，Then to the academic operation route of cultural bet365 offers。Among them，The bet365 offers of civilization is the foundation，Cultural bet365 offers was born from this。Taking cultural bet365 offers as the core，New historians clearly displayed the banner of "new bet365 offers"，Formed a new interpretation of Chinese bet365 offers，This is a subversion of traditional bet365 offers。Hu Shi made important contributions to the development of Chinese cultural bet365 offers，He promotes a goal of "organizing the national heritage"，It is to write a comprehensive bet365 offers of Chinese culture on the basis of special cultural bet365 offers。In the author’s opinion，Hu Shi and Liang Qichao have similar plans for the construction of cultural bet365 offers。First，Their original intention of promoting cultural bet365 offers，All based on the shortcomings of traditional bet365 offers with political bet365 offers as its main body；Second，They all emphasize the introduction of Western scientific methods，Categories，Committed to building a cultural bet365 offers of an overall historical nature，That is, broad cultural bet365 offers as opposed to political bet365 offers。

In Liang Qichao、With the initiative of Hu Shi and others，1930s and 1940s，Liu Yizheng、Qian Mu published the first systematic cultural bet365 offers and general cultural bet365 offers of China respectively，The climax of research on Chinese cultural bet365 offers。The author noted，Liu’s comments on Zhang Taiyan, an active figure at that time、Hu Shi、Gu Jiegang and others have made severe criticism，Among them，Most criticized、Liang Qichao is the one who exerts the greatest force。Liu Yizheng’s academic pursuit continues the logical thinking and academic approach of traditional classics and bet365 offers，On the basis of modern new culture，Taking etiquette as the core，Establish a historical system with Chinese culture as the main body。Qian Mu’s historical orientation is similar to Liu Yizheng，The "Outline of National bet365 offers" he completed under the special environment during the Anti-Japanese War，It is a new general bet365 offers based on culture。The author thinks，Liu、Cultural bet365 offers research by Qian and others，Emphasis on inheriting the Chinese humanistic spirit、Maintaining the dominant status of the nation is our mission，Focus on humanities、Humanism，Strive to explore traditional resources，Promote the advantages of Chinese culture、Characteristics and spirit；Focus on comprehensive approach，Adopt “warmth and respect” in attitude；The starting point and purpose concern Liang Qichao、There are obvious differences compared to Hu Shi，Constitutes another research orientation of Chinese cultural bet365 offers during the Republic of China。

　　The inheritance and consistency of old and new cultural bet365 offers

The cultural bet365 offers discussed in this book includes both traditional cultural bet365 offers，Also includes the new cultural bet365 offers that has gained momentum in recent years。The purpose of new cultural bet365 offers is，Emphasize that the orientation of bet365 offers has shifted from the previous social bet365 offers (social science bet365 offers) to the interpretation of culture。In theoretical methods，Drawing from Anthropology、Linguistics、“Cultural Studies” Theory，And some postmodernist doctrines，Advocate passing the pair symbol、Discourse、Appearance、Cultural explanation of rituals, etc.，To interpret the connotation and significance of bet365 offers。In terms of historical concepts，New cultural bet365 offers puts cultural factors and cultural explanations at the forefront of historical research。The discussion of new cultural bet365 offers in domestic academic circles mainly emphasizes the differences and even "oppositions" between old and new cultural bet365 offers。The author thinks，Theoretical methods of new cultural bet365 offers，Actively promote、Improved the original domestic cultural bet365 offers、Social bet365 offers、Research in political bet365 offers and other fields。He pointed out in the book，There are certain differences in the academic foundation and context of new cultural bet365 offers between China and the West，The new cultural bet365 offers of the West is the result of the "cultural turn" after social bet365 offers has developed to a certain stage，And China’s new cultural bet365 offers，It is more based on China’s existing cultural and historical traditions。For researchers of Chinese cultural bet365 offers，Not so much "turning"，It’s better to say “transfer”。

The second part of the book uses more space to discuss the "internal consistency of old and new cultural bet365 offers"，Believing that we should see both the “new” and the “different” in the new cultural bet365 offers，We must not forget its basic attribute as cultural bet365 offers。New cultural bet365 offers is a new branch of cultural bet365 offers，The two are in the same thread，Has inheritance and consistency。The cultural symbols and meanings emphasized and highlighted by new culture historians、Cultural subjectivity and initiative、Culturalism and humanism, etc.，It has been expressed to varying degrees in previous cultural bet365 offers research。Cultural bet365 offers, no matter how new、Old，Everything is people-oriented，Always take writing people’s bet365 offers as the basic starting point and focus。The little guy replaces the big guy，From the edge of bet365 offers to the center，In this sense，New cultural historians focus on the lower classes and vulnerable groups，It’s just implementing the original intention of cultural bet365 offers。

　　Attributes and research paths of cultural bet365 offers

The whole book gives tentative answers to the basic characteristics and attributes of cultural bet365 offers from four dimensions。One，It writes the bet365 offers of the people，Instead of politics、Military、Diplomacy and its elite figures are the protagonists of bet365 offers。Part 2，In terms of historical concepts，It is themed to commend the progress of human society and the truth, goodness and beauty of human nature，Without war、Disasters and the dark side of human society are the focus of research。Part 3，In academic interests，It pays special attention to people’s conceptual world and spiritual traits，Aiming to explore the rational spirit behind bet365 offers、Axiomatic examples、Cultural Symbols and Meanings。Fourth，In terms of social function，It is not satisfied with seeking truth in the scientific sense，It also has a relatively strong practical color，Committed to promoting people’s ideological enlightenment and cultural identity。

In response to the “generalization” and “fragmentation” phenomena of cultural bet365 offers research in recent years，The author thinks，Cultural bet365 offers has its research objects，Some scholars advocate treating cultural bet365 offers as merely a method or perspective，Debatable。For this，He carefully sorted out the three main research orientations of cultural bet365 offers: the social bet365 offers of culture - treating cultural bet365 offers as and political bet365 offers、A research object parallel to economic bet365 offers，Do not emphasize the uniqueness of research perspective and methodology，Cultural bet365 offers from a historical perspective。Cultural bet365 offers of Society—Cultural bet365 offers as a Research Method，I don’t think that cultural bet365 offers has a relatively independent research field。Cultural bet365 offers of culture - considering cultural bet365 offers as a research perspective and method，Take it as a research object。Should say，These three research orientations basically cover the overall outlook of current cultural bet365 offers research。The differences between the three orientations gradually narrowed、The boundaries are gradually fading。Whether it is traditional cultural bet365 offers or new cultural bet365 offers，A higher realm should be the fusion of two dimensions，That’s what the author calls “being able to communicate”。

In recent decades，relative to political bet365 offers、Economic bet365 offers、Military bet365 offers, etc.，Cultural bet365 offers seems to be the most difficult to clarify its academic identity and disciplinary positioning，In a rather embarrassing state。This problem is not solved yet，It is impossible to establish the academic norms and systems of this discipline，will face the possibility of being eliminated。The author thinks，Cultural bet365 offers can form a basic consensus on some issues，It has its own exclusive research domain，It is absurd to identify all social bet365 offers as cultural phenomena、Inoperable。Meanwhile，All social and historical phenomena，Cultural factors exist，Only in varying degrees，We need an effective explanation，This is the important basis for the existence of cultural bet365 offers research。

　(Author’s unit: Institute of bet365 offers, Beijing Academy of Social Sciences)