Guest of this issue: Liu Fenrong，Professor of Philosophy at the School of Humanities of Tsinghua University、A special professor of "Changjiang Scholars" of the Ministry of Education、Tsinghua University -Director of Logic Research Center of Amsterdam University。Mainly engaged in philosophical logic、History of logic in China、Artificial Intelligence Logic Research，is one of the founders of dynamic preference logic。

Martin Sokhof，Significance of Treating: Form Seminer and Wittgenstein (Tsinghua University Press, May 2022) Author，Professor of Logic Logic at Tsinghua University、Academician of the Royal Academy of Sciences of the Netherlands，Once the vice chairman of the European Research Fund Commission、Chairman of the "China Committee" of the Royal Academy of Sciences and the Dutch Science Foundation。The field of research includes philosophical semantics、Wittgenstein philosophy, etc.。

Why is the form of form semantics and the Wittgenstein School of thinking that is fascinating? Professor Sima Ting explained this: A dependent on the daily world，Another struggle for its shackles，and surpass it。Many people choose their own position。Forms Seminology、The success of the Montanago style proves that Wittgenstein is wrong? Once we admit that some observations of Wittgenstein observe，Is it necessary to promise to refuse form semantics? Sima Ting said，The real insight from here is related to the essence of semantics，It has nothing to do with its content or form。

Colorful May，Thought Bloom。Invitation to edit this edition，Professor Liu Fenrong and Professor Sima Ting on how to understand the meaning of "direction"、The philosophical assumptions of form semantics、The relationship between distributed semantics and large language model (LLMS)、Dialogue and other issues of artificial intelligence ethics with Vitgenstein ethics thought。

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Liu Fenrong: How to understand the "meaning" in "meaning"? What is the difference between it understands in our daily exchanges?

Sima Ting: "Significant" aims to indicate，The "meaning" here includes all different ways that play a role in our lives。Strict use from our science (such as logic and mathematics)、Define the clear meaning，The meaning in daily life。The meaning is at the core position in our communication，At the same time, what we do and how to do and do what we do，This makes it complicated and encompassed。It connects what we talk Bet365 lotto review about and situation，Reflected us to the world、To others、Attitude to yourself，And these attitudes are from history、Growth region and age、The social and cultural background of the place where it is located。For any theory，These are difficult to portray，"Treating" is exactly this meaning。Formal semantics is a complicated phenomenon of understanding meaning，Because it seizes what the meaning is and what to do; and the method of Wittgenstein is another way to understand the complexity of meaning。Form semantics focuses on the indication and information of natural language significance，Vitgustein's views more involved in natural language significance to become part of our daily behavior。other，In terms of understanding the culture and history of natural language，We still need other methods。

Liu Fenrong: Since Montegu，Formal semantics has been developed for a long time。You are one of the proposals of dynamic semantics，How to understand the meaning of language?

Sima Ting: The most basic idea of ​​dynamic semantics is: the meaning of a sentence is not stipulated by its true value conditions。On the contrary，Language is used to communicate information，The significance of a sentence can better represent the information change brought by it in the cooperation dialogue。Therefore，The meaning of a sentence is a dynamic entity: it is something that changes the state of the audience into different information status。This is not only a more intuitive concept、A concept that is closer to the actual use of language，It also expands the classics we found in Montanaga syntax and similar models、Method of the true value condition，greatly broaden the scope of experience in formal semantics。For example，In dialogue or text，Terms with uncertain crowns can further determine the interpretation of pronouns。Suppose I tell the story as follows: "I am sitting in a bar。Sudden，A man is here。He wears blue suede shoes。"We naturally understand" he "refers to the man who comes in，And this indication can be mentioned again in the future。Someone can ask: "Is he carrying a guitar?" This is because the first sentence has changed the information state of the speech participant: Everyone now knows the person who enters the bar。This is just a simple example，But it explains that the concept of dynamic semantics does make the concept of meaning more rich and natural，It indicates that the concept of dynamic significance expands the description range of the classic Monteg theory，The concept of using dynamic meaning is more in line with one of the main functions bet365 best casino games of natural language，information communication。

Liu Fenrong: In the past 20 years，You have been re -thinking about the philosophical foundation and philosophical hypothesis of formal semantics，How does this change happen?

Sima Ting: The first 20 years of my career of more than 20 years of main research formal semantics。Specifically，Study semantics about "Questions"、Dynamic semantics and other topics related to natural language synonyms。At the same time，My teaching is mainly concentrated in the direction of language philosophy，I have taught Wittgenstein's "Logic Philosophy" and "Philosophy Research"，And Davidson's theory of radical interpretation，and then expand to other philosophical traditions interpretation methods，Asponed by Heidegger and Gadamer's explanation method、Critical theory and French post -structuralism。I even taught courses on Chinese language philosophy with colleagues Liu Guer。This kind of contact with different traditions，Stimulated my thinking and interest in more philosophical levels of formal semantics。Through studying textbooks and other forms of semantics，I found that the origin of this philosophy really exists，Although it is not always clearly mentioned。I still realize，These philosophical ideas can even be traced back to the thoughts of early analysis philosophers，For example, Fraig and Russell，Even the early Wittgenstein。This also prompted me to think further: What kind of discipline is form semantics? When describing the meaning of natural language in the form of logical form，What are we doing?

Liu Fenrong: Let us continue to explore philosophical hypotheses on form semantics。As far as I know，Your main argument is: formal semantics is not an experienced discipline。

Sima Ting: Yes，Not。The phenomenon of formal semantics is experienced -the meaning of specific language expression，It aims to use logic and mathematical tool description and interpretation of the meaning of semantics。My doubts about it are more of the methodology。One of the problems is related to the impact of generating linguistics，That is the description of the language ability of linguistics，Not performance。In other words，Not the actual use of the language。During the development stages of linguistics，Ability -the distinction of performance has always been the key part of the generation of linguistics。until the last，Most linguists engaged in formal semantics research are trained in this tradition。In my opinion，Ability and whether some related concepts are established.。Of course，Each experience science will abstract bet365 best casino games from some characteristics of the phenomenon the phenomenon it research。For example，Mechanical research without frictional planes on the movement and interaction between the sports objects on the plane。This abstraction is no problem，What is abandoned from being abandoned is still part of the theory。But "ability" is not an abstraction of the language ability of actual users，but an "idealization"。In this process，The essence of the research is changed，and it is changed to something that does not have clear experiences。

Another problem is the role of intuition。Form semantics is almost exactly the same as generating language.，Ru authenticity conditions、connection relationship、Contradiction、Synonyms and ambiguity，to give them the theory。The question is，It confuses the difference between what we want to describe/explain and our description/explanation。This indicates，Semantics should be placed on a data -oriented basis。In the past ten years,，We have seen this that is happening。Semanticists are increasingly using quantitative data about the actual use of the language (data from the corpus library、Experimental data and questionnaire survey data)。The dependence on intuition is gradually disappearing: actual language users and actual language use are the most important。

　　New Study Study Formula for Construction of Language Models

Liu Fenrong: Talking about empirical science，You must pay attention to the new recent development of artificial intelligence，Especially the big language model。How do you evaluate the meaning of the meaning of language by relying on statistics and big data? certainly，distributed semantics has been proposed in the past，What is the specific connection between it and the big language model?

Sima Ting: This is not my professional field，So I can only give some comments on these important issues。Distributed semantics mainly determines the meaning of vocabulary expression based on the probability of an expression in other expressions.。This is actually a concept of meaning，It has an interesting contact with the concept of the meaning of traditional structuralism (such as defended by De Sachel)。This is also a concept that is completely different from formal semantics，The latter focuses on the indication and true value of meaning。In order to establish a new theoretical framework for effective combination of distributed semantics and formal semantics，There are already quite a lot of research。Performance may be the core issues in these discussions，The meaning of complex expression bet365 best casino games is determined by the meaning of each part。The combined nature is the inner principle of formal semantics，At the conceptual level，It is difficult to combine with distributed language。I think this theoretical research is appropriate for the development of linguistics (including formal semantics)、Data -based、Experienced research paradigm absolute key。

Big language model is currently developed and applied to artificial intelligence such as ChatGPT。Big language model is the miracle of human technology and wisdom，But in my opinion，They are obviously not the theory of linguistics in the reasonable sense。These models enable us to build applications that produce language，Its form includes text、Answers to questions, etc.，But the big language model is not the theory of linguistics。The question of interested linguists is not what the big language model can answer。For example，How to develop the form of syntax in a specific language over time? How does language exchanges produce a so -called "Pidgin" and "Creole" mixture?，What is determined? What are the characteristics of Slavian tense?。In fact，In the context of big language models, these problems seem to have no significance。What I think really needs is，Using linguistics and form semantics, the theory developed in the past decades to understand the big language model。

　　Philosophy is first practical

Liu Furong: Let's return to Wittgenstein。What is your unique thing about Wittgenstein?

Sima Ting: In my work in my studies of Vitgustein，A clue is a broad ethics。In the book "World and Life as one"，I analyzed in detail the ethical views of Early Wittgenstein in the early days。I think，It is necessary to understand the "theory of logic philosophy" from the perspective of protecting ethics from the perspective of the analysis of ethics without traditional discourse philosophy.。Only from this perspective，The language and ontology analysis provided by "Logic Philosophy" can be correctly understood。Although people now have more interest in Vitgustein's views on ethics，But what is the correct interpretation of "Logic Philosophy" determined by these views，I still have no consensus。

I also applied this view to the so -called "absolute" reading of Wittgenstein's works in the preparation。What to understand what Wittgenstein is pursuing，Whether from mathematical foundation, meaning and language game，Or psychological concepts such as emotion and emotions，The most important thing is to recognize the human factor in its views。Wittgenstein is not interested in abstract metaphysical thoughts Bet365 lotto review or concepts，For him，Talent is the core。This will distinguish Vitgenstein and most of the philosophers in Western philosophy.。Generally speaking，The thoughts and styles of Wittgenstein and its impact far beyond the analysis tradition。Analysis of Tradition has long claimed that Wittgenstein is "one of us"。French philosopher Ruwa、Bratuda and Buffes have expressed their kinship with Wittgenstein Thought。In the philosophy of Germany，He has an important impact on thinkers such as Wilmo，and in Anglo -Saxon philosophy，Its thought is also a deep inspiration source。

Wittgenstein is also affected by different directions，Fraig、Russell、Schopenhauer、Harman、Wei Ningge、Claus、Maotner and others，All left traces in their works。For them，The level of people is the most critical: philosophy is not the source of abstract knowledge，and first is practical，It is something that can guide us in daily life。

　　"Travel Concept" brings "new humans" into the moral community

Liu Fenrong: Many emerging cross -disciplines face philosophy and ethical challenges。We often see new expressions such as "responsible artificial intelligence" and "explanable artificial intelligence"。Wittgenstein's ethical thoughts help us think about some of these questions? if it is possible，What is the way?

Sima Ting: Judging from the rapid development of the current field of artificial intelligence，The system based on a large language model has become so powerful: they not only show the ability to be quite or even surpassing human intelligence，In the eyes of some people，It also shows self -awareness and true emotions and emotions。In fact，These systems have become so "like people"，Some people think，They have the right to obtain the same rights and protection as humans。

This is a charming development! Development and application of artificial intelligence system，Especially autonomous system，There are very important ethical issues in existence。These problems are largely related to "we"，instead of "system" related。As developers and users，Need to be aware of the moral impact of the system，You need to bear responsibility。These problems require system developers and users to have moral consciousness and abide by the appropriate legal framework。In this regard，The artificial intelligence system is not different from other complex technologies。The more interesting question is，Will we regard the artificial intelligence system itself as the subject of moral judgment，If it is，When can it be done and why do it? it's here，I think Wittgenstein's bet365 Play online games point of view is effective，The reason is two。First，It connects moral attention to humans。Moral value is the value of human beings，Moral judgment is a judgment made by humans，This seems to have excluded the artificial intelligence system from the beginning。But the interesting thing is，The second clue in the thought of Wittgenstein indicates，It is not so simple。It involves such a fact: Many concepts often play in a subtle way in different contexts。For example，Our understanding of calculus may be deeper than scientists in the 17th century。This indicates，Here I deal with the "travel concept" I referred to -a concept that may be different from person to person、A historic development concept、A concept that operates in different ways in different applications。The question is，If we apply the concepts such as "understanding" and "responsibility" to the artificial intelligence system，Can they make them moral judgment。You can see，If the concept of a person changes，The situation may be like this。Will this be difficult to predict。But you can imagine，If a child grows up with an artificial intelligence system that acts in a human way from an early age，They may think that they are human beings like the existence of flesh and blood，These "new humans" are brought into the moral community to be reasonable。