bet365 bonus bets issue’s guest: Liu Fenrong，Professor, Department of Philosophy, School of Humanities, Tsinghua University、Ministry of Education’s “Changjiang Scholar” Distinguished Professor、Director of Tsinghua University-University of Amsterdam Logic Joint Research Center。Mainly engaged in philosophical logic、History of Chinese Logic、Artificial Intelligence Logic Research，is one of the founders of dynamic preference logic。

Martin Sokhof，Author of "Towards Meaning: Formal bet365 bonus bets and Wittgenstein" (Tsinghua University Press, May 2022 edition)，Professor Jin Yuelin Logic, Tsinghua University、Academician of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences，Former Vice Chairman of the European Research Foundation、Chairman of the “China Committee” of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences and the Netherlands Science Foundation。Research areas include philosophical bet365 bonus bets、Wittgenstein’s philosophy, etc.。

Why formal bet365 bonus bets and the Wittgensteinian way of thinking about language are fascinating？Professor Sima Ting explains this: one attached to the daily world，The other fights for its chains，And beyond it。Many people choose their own position。Formal bet365 bonus bets、Can the success of Montague style prove Wittgenstein wrong？Once we acknowledge the acuity of some of Wittgenstein’s observations，Do we have to commit to rejecting formal bet365 bonus bets？Sima Ting said，The real insight to be gained from this has to do with the nature of bet365 bonus bets，Regardless of its content or form。

Colorful May，Thoughts are blooming。At the invitation of the editor of this edition，Professor Liu Fenrong and Professor Sima Ting discuss how to understand "towards meaning"、Philosophical assumptions of formal bet365 bonus bets、The relationship between distributed bet365 bonus bets and large language models (LLMs)、Started a dialogue using Wittgenstein’s ethical ideas to explain artificial intelligence ethics and other issues。

　Semanticists pay more and more attention to quantitative bet365 bonus bets

Liu Fenrong: How to understand the “bet365 bonus bets” in “Towards bet365 bonus bets”？How is it different from the bet365 bonus bets we understand in daily communication？How to understand "direction"？

Sima Ting: "Toward Meaning" aims to show，“Meaning” here includes all the different ways meaning plays a role in our lives。From the rigor we use in science such as logic and mathematics、Well-defined meaning，To the meaning in daily life。Meaning is at the core of our communication，Also attached to what we do and why and how we do it，This makes the meaning complex and all-encompassing。It connects the things and situations we talk about，Reflects our view of the world、To others、Attitude towards oneself，And these attitudes are shaped by history、The region and era of growth、Decided by the social and cultural background in which you live。For any theory，These are difficult to describe，This is what "toward" means。Formal bet365 bonus bets is a way of understanding the complex phenomenon of meaning，Because it captures an important part of what it means and what it does；And Wittgenstein’s approach is another way of understanding the complexity of meaning。Formal bet365 bonus bets focuses on the reference and information of natural language meaning，Wittgenstein’s view is more concerned with the various ways in which the meaning of natural language becomes part of our daily behavior。In addition，Understanding the culture and history of natural language，We need other methods。

Liu Fenrong: Since Montague，Formal bet365 bonus bets has made great progress。You are one of the proposers of dynamic bet365 bonus bets，How does dynamic bet365 bonus bets understand the meaning of language？

Sima Ting: The most basic idea of ​​dynamic bet365 bonus bets is: the meaning of a sentence is not specified by its truth conditions。Opposite，Language is used to communicate information，The meaning of a sentence can be better characterized by the information change it brings in a collaborative conversation。Therefore，The meaning of a sentence is a dynamic entity: it is something that changes the listener's information state into a different information state。This is not only a more intuitive concept of meaning、A concept that is closer to how the language is actually used，It also extends the classic ones we find in Montague grammar and similar models、Methods of truth conditions，Greatly broadens the empirical scope of formal bet365 bonus bets。For example，In conversation or text，Terms with indefinite articles can further determine the interpretation of pronouns。Suppose I tell the story in the following way: "I am sitting in a bar。Suddenly，A man is coming。He is wearing blue suede shoes。"We naturally understand that "he" refers to the man who came in，And this reference can be mentioned again later。Someone can ask: "Is he carrying a guitar？”This is because the first sentence has changed the information state of the speech participants: now everyone knows the person who entered the bar。This is just a simple example，But it shows that dynamic bet365 bonus bets does make the concept of meaning richer and more natural，It shows that the dynamic concept of meaning extends the description scope of the classic Montagu theory，The use of dynamic meaning concepts is more in line with one of the main functions of natural language，i.e. information exchange。

Liu Fenrong: the past 20 years，You have been rethinking the philosophical foundations and philosophical assumptions of formal bet365 bonus bets，I’m curious how such a transformation occurs？

Sima Ting: In the first 20 years of my career, I mainly studied formal bet365 bonus bets。Specifically，Study the bet365 bonus bets of “problem”、Dynamic bet365 bonus bets and other topics related to natural language bet365 bonus bets。At the same time，My teaching mainly focuses on the philosophy of language，Taught Wittgenstein’s Tractatus Logico-Philosophica and Philosophical Investigations，Also Davidson’s theory of radical explanation，Explanation methods that extend to other philosophical traditions，Such as the hermeneutic method proposed by Heidegger and Gadamer、Critical Theory and French Poststructuralism。I even taught a course on the philosophy of Chinese language with my colleague Liu Ganer。This contact with different traditions，Incited my thinking and interest in more philosophical aspects of formal bet365 bonus bets。By studying textbooks and other formal bet365 bonus bets，I found that the ideological origin of this philosophy does exist，Although not always explicitly mentioned。I also realized，These philosophical ideas can even be traced back to the ideas of early analytical philosophers，For example, Frege and Russell，Even early Wittgenstein。This also prompted me to think further: what kind of discipline is formal bet365 bonus bets？When using formal tools of logic to describe the meaning of natural language，What are we doing？

Liu Fenrong: Let us continue to explore the philosophical assumptions about formal bet365 bonus bets。As far as I know，Your main argument is that formal bet365 bonus bets is not an empirical discipline。

Sima Ting: Yes，Neither。Formal bet365 bonus bets deals with phenomena that are empirical—the meaning of concrete language expressions，Aims to describe and explain the meaning of bet365 bonus bets using the tools of logic and mathematics。My doubts about it are more methodological in nature。One of the questions relates to the impact of generative linguistics，That is, linguistics focuses on the description of language ability，Instead of performance。In other words，Not the actual usage of the language。In various stages of development of generative linguistics，The ability-performance distinction has always been a key part of generative linguistics。Until recently，Most linguists working on formal bet365 bonus bets were trained in this tradition。In my opinion，It is very questionable whether capabilities and some related concepts are valid。Of course，Every empirical science abstracts from certain features of the phenomena it studies。For example，Mechanics studies the motion and interaction between moving objects on a frictionless plane。There is no problem with this abstraction，Because what is abstracted away is still part of the theory。But "ability" is not an abstraction of the actual user's language ability，But an "idealization"。In this process，The essence of what is being studied has been changed，And is changed into something that has no clear empirical counterpart。

Another question is about the role of intuition。Formal bet365 bonus bets, like generative linguistics, relies almost entirely on intuition: it exploits the semanticist's intuition about various aspects of the meaning of expressions，If true or false conditions、Joint relationship、Contradictory relationship、Synonyms and ambiguities，To give their theory。The problem is，It confuses the difference between what we want to describe/explain and the evidence our description/explanation has。This shows，bet365 bonus bets should be put on a data-oriented basis。Over the past decade or so，We’ve seen this happen。Semanticists increasingly use quantitative data (data from corpora) on actual language use、Experimental data and questionnaire survey data)。Reliance on intuition is disappearing: actual language users and actual language use are what matters。

　　Large bet365 bonus bets model constructs a new research paradigm in linguistics

Liu Fenrong: Talking about empirical science，You must have paid attention to the recent development of artificial intelligence，Especially large language models。How do you evaluate the approach of relying on statistics and big data to understand the meaning of language？Of course，Distributed bet365 bonus bets has been proposed in the past，What is the specific connection between it and the large language model？

Sima Ting: This is not my area of ​​expertise，So I can only give some comments on these important issues。Distributed bet365 bonus bets mainly determines the meaning of lexical expressions based on the probability of an expression appearing in the context of other expressions。This is actually a concept of meaning，It has interesting connections with traditional structuralist views of meaning (such as those defended by de Saussure)。This is also a completely different concept from formal bet365 bonus bets，The latter focuses on the reference and truth conditions of meaning。To establish a new theoretical framework that effectively combines distributed bet365 bonus bets and formal bet365 bonus bets，There has been considerable research。Compositionality may be a central issue in these discussions，That is, the meaning of a complex expression is determined by the meaning of its parts。Compositionality is an intrinsic principle of formal bet365 bonus bets，At the conceptual level，It is difficult to combine with distribution bet365 bonus bets。I think this kind of theoretical research is appropriate for developing a framework for linguistics (including formal bet365 bonus bets)、Based on data、The empirical research paradigm is absolutely critical。

Large language models are currently developed and used in artificial intelligence such as ChatGPT。Large language models are a miracle of human technology and wisdom，But in my opinion，They are clearly not linguistic theories in any reasonable sense。These models enable us to build language-generating applications，its form includes text、Answers to questions, etc.，But the large language model itself is not a linguistic theory。The questions that linguists are interested in cannot be answered by large language models。For example，How the morphosyntactic structure of a particular language develops over time？How language exchange produces hybrid languages ​​such as "Pidgin" and "Creole"？Is there an upper limit for embedded structures？If any，What determines it？What are the tense logical characteristics of Slavic language？These are not questions that large language models can answer。In fact，Raising these questions in the context of large language models does not seem to make much sense。I think what is really needed is，Using theories developed over the past few decades in linguistics and formal bet365 bonus bets to understand large language models。

　　bet365 bonus bets is first of all practical

Liu Fenrong: Let’s go back to Wittgenstein。bet365 bonus bets is unique about your research on Wittgenstein？

Sima Ting: In my work on Wittgenstein，One clue is ethics in the broad sense。In the book World and Life as One，I conducted a detailed analysis of early Wittgenstein’s ethical views。I think，The Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus needs to be understood from the perspective that Wittgenstein aimed to protect ethics from traditional discourse philosophical analysis。Only from bet365 bonus bets perspective，The linguistic and ontological analysis provided by the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus can be correctly understood。Although there is now more interest in Wittgenstein's views on ethics，But what is the correct interpretation of the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus determined by these views，Still no consensus。

I also apply this point to the ongoing debate over the so-called “absolute” reading of Wittgenstein’s work。To understand what Wittgenstein is pursuing，Whether it is from mathematical foundations to meaning and bet365 bonus bets games，Or from the perspective of psychological concepts such as emotions and emotions，The most important thing is to recognize the human element of his perspective。Wittgenstein was not interested in abstract metaphysical ideas or concepts，For him，Talent is the core。This distinguishes Wittgenstein from most philosophers in the Western philosophical tradition。Generally speaking，Wittgenstein’s thought and style and his influence extend far beyond the analytic tradition。The analytic tradition has long claimed that Wittgenstein was “one of us”。French philosophers such as Watteau、Bouchedieu and Boufflers expressed their affinities with Wittgenstein's thought。In German philosophy，He had an important influence on thinkers such as Wilmer，In the world of Anglo-Saxon philosophy，His thoughts are also a profound source of inspiration for Rorty。

Wittgenstein was also influenced by influences from different directions，Frege、Russell、Schopenhauer、Haman、Weininger、Klaus、Maurtner et al，all left traces in their works。For them，The human dimension is most critical: philosophy is not a source of abstract knowledge，And practical first，bet365 bonus bets is something that can guide our daily life。

　　“Travel bet365 bonus bets” brings “new humanity” into the moral community

Liu Fenrong: Many emerging interdisciplinary disciplines face philosophical and ethical challenges。We often see new expressions such as “responsible artificial intelligence” and “explainable artificial intelligence”。Can Wittgenstein’s ethical thoughts help us think about some of these issues？If you can，In bet365 bonus bets way？

​​Sima Ting: Judging from the current rapid development in the field of artificial intelligence，Systems based on large bet365 bonus bets models have become so powerful: they not only show capabilities comparable to or even exceeding human intelligence，And in the eyes of some people，Also shows self-awareness and genuine emotions and emotions。In fact，These systems have become so “human-like”，Some people think，They are entitled to the same rights and protections as humans。

bet365 bonus bets is a fascinating development！Development and application of artificial intelligence systems，Especially autonomous systems，There are very important ethical issues。These issues are largely about “us”，Not related to "system"。We as developers and users，Need to be aware of the ethical implications of the system，Need to take responsibility。These issues require developers and users of systems to be ethically aware and adhere to appropriate legal frameworks。In bet365 bonus bets regard，AI systems are no different from other complex technologies。The more interesting question is，Whether we will regard artificial intelligence systems themselves as subjects subject to moral judgment，If yes，When can it be done and why?？Here，I think Wittgenstein’s views are fruitful，There are two reasons。First，It connects moral concerns to humans。Moral values ​​are human values，Moral judgment is a judgment made by human beings on human beings，bet365 bonus bets seems to rule out artificial intelligence systems from the start。But the interesting thing is，A second clue in Wittgenstein’s thought，Things are not that simple。It deals with the fact that many concepts often work in subtle ways in different contexts。For example，We may now understand calculus better than the scientists of the 17th century。bet365 bonus bets shows，bet365 bonus bets is dealing with what I call the "travel concept" - a concept that may vary from person to person、A historic development concept、A concept that works in different ways in different applications。The problem is，If we apply concepts such as "understanding" and "responsibility" to artificial intelligence systems，Can they be given the ability to make moral judgments in the same way that applies to humans。Can see，If the concept of people changes，bet365 bonus bets may indeed be the case。Whether bet365 bonus bets will happen is difficult to predict。But it’s conceivable，If a child grows up with an artificial intelligence system that behaves in a human way，They may have thought at some point that they were as human as us flesh-and-blood beings，It seems reasonable that these "new humans" are brought into the moral community。