Recently read the masterpiece of Australian Sinologist Richard Rafe Champion de Crespigny "Luoyang Fire -History of the Han Dynasty in 23-220 AD"，It feels a lot。As Western scholars，Zhang Leifu's characteristics of sketching Chinese history are more attention to the reconstruction of historical context，instead of Shen Yan's research on details。Due to the opening of the scientific and technological development of the Eastern Han Dynasty, it also involves，I also thought of a question related to the research on Chinese thought in the broad sense: Is it necessary for Chinese Confucian culture to be the ideological resistance of scientific and technological development?

Many friends who have a tendency to answer the above questions may confuse China before and after the "change of the Tang and Song dynasties"。After the Tang and Song dynasties，The imperial examination indeed becomes the thinking of the thought of the world's readers，so that the elites of the whole nation's intellectuals cannot get enough time and energy to explore the learning outside the test subjects，This is obviously not good for technological innovation。But the selection system in the Eastern Han Dynasty was an inspection system rather than an imperial examination。It is a bit "uncontrollable" because it is enlisted.，Lack of "Inner Volume Rules"，This makes the intellectuals at that time willing to spend more energy to perform free exploration。The more representative in this regard is Zhang Heng、Cai Lun and Wang Chong, the three people。Grandfather Zhang Heng, Zhang Kan, is the founding hero of the Eastern Han Dynasty，Family situation superior，This allows Zhang Heng to rest assured and boldly in poetry、Ci Fu、Prose、arithmetic、Geology、astronomy、Geography and other fields to work in field，Even in order to ensure your interests and research time, he abandoned the name of "filial piety" given by the court (this name was an important admission ticket for senior officials at the time)。Even if I became an official later，Zhang Heng's longest official position still has strong technology: observation with astronomy、Records as the main task of Tai Shi Ling。Look at Cai Lun。Cai Lun is an eunuch who won the Empress Dou's Chongxin，But eunuchs and Ming in the Eastern Han Dynasty、Qing's eunuch Bet365 lotto review different，Many people have high academic literacy and technological practice ability。In addition to the well -known achievements of the improvement of paper，Cai Lun also created some weapons，Explain that he also understands metallurgy。By the way，Cai Lun is not the alien in the eunuch team of the Eastern Han Dynasty。Eunuch Bi Lan in the Emperor Emperor made a device "thirsty" using the rainbow principle to diversify the water and sprinkle the road，can be said to be the continuation of Cai Lun's scientific and technological innovation road。As for Wang Chong，Because the family is not good，long -term officials in Huiji County，But he still has full time to create philosophical works "On Health"，Many of the chapters discuss the operation of the universe、Origin of infectious diseases、Scientific problems such as the origin of agricultural and insect pests，And the emphasis on British science and technology expert Lee Joseph。Very obvious，Zhang Heng、Cai Lun and Wang Chong belong to different social classes (Confucian scholar doctors、Eunuchs and intellectuals of small landlords who lack backgrounds)，But the social structure of the Eastern Han Dynasty provided a certain space for these three classes to appear excellent scientific and technological talents，This is rare among the unified dynasties after the Qin Dynasty。

From this perspective，Abstract saying that Confucian social suppression of science and technology development，At least not fully in line with the reality of the Eastern Han Dynasty。As for the special style of the Confucian ideology of the Eastern Han Dynasty，At least in the following places, it provides possible for the development of science and technology。

First，In terms of economic form，One of the core points of Confucianism "benevolence" is that the government maintains folk vitality through low tax rates，and try to minimize unnecessary foreign military operations，To avoid increasing the tax rate (according to Zhang Leifu's opinion，Ban Gu's "Two Du" contains the meaning of persuading the ruler of the Eastern Han Dynasty)。This economic philosophy has a profound impact on the operation of the Eastern Han Empire。At least for the heyday of the Eastern Han Dynasty，The input and output of its military expansion activities is better than the Western Han Dynasty (its iconic case is that Ban Chao is controlled by Gaoming in the Western Regions with diplomatic means)，And these low -cost victories made the heavy tax policy of the Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty bet365 Play online games in the Eastern Han Dynasty.。This economic policy environment allows the manor economy to develop rapidly，and make a large number of intellectuals sitting in private land obtained the spare time of scientific and technological exploration。So，Between Confucianism's theory of "benevolence" and the time required by the Institute of Science and Technology，It is a long positive cause and effect chain。What needs attention is，Even in the corrupt Emperor era，Low tax policy is still the "political correctness" of the Eastern Han Dynasty，This enables Confucian students like Liu Tao to repeatedly resist the "martial arts" tendency of Emperor Han Ling in the court。As a result, the crazy seller of the Ling Emperor, although the behavior of the mad officer, is not tootherapy，But at least logically launched: even the emperor，It is also impossible to directly increase government income from the perspective of improving national taxes。

2，The ideology of Confucianism is also conducive to the development of science and technology。​​This is not just the establishment of a national unified road system and a document system that facilitates the rule of the emperor，and the scientific and technological needs generated by this，It refers to the prosperity of the population of the capital Luoyang, which is caused by the unification of culture，and the technological requirements caused by this population gathering。Zhang Leifu pointed out，Luoyang, the capital of the Eastern Han Dynasty, is better than Changan, the capital of the Western Han Dynasty，The population is quite dense (he estimates between 400,000 and 500,000，Some scholars in China believe that there are 600,000)，The gathering of Tai students caused by the unity of culture has also greatly exacerbated the crowded state of the capital。Because Luoyang is not like the sea as Rome at the same time，So pollutant emissions caused by population agglomeration may cause infectious disease problems。But even so，The Luoyang plague that is seen in the record is still not many (and the national plague in the Ling Emperor's period is obviously not caused by the population of the capital)，This shows the basic scientific and technological measures adopted to solve the problem of pollutants to solve the problem of pollutants -continue to build new artificial river around the capital，and broaden the original river channel -it is basically effective。As for Luoyang outskirts are the royal family or the star of Star Luo used by the power Bet365 app download ministers such as Liang Ji，It also explains the high organicity of the Luoyang ecosystem。other，"Welling Black" produced by Bi Lan during the Emperor Lingdi，It is also a strange device that reduces the dust on the road on the road。Compared to the Ming Dynasty capital that is often suffering from Fengsha，Luo Jing in the Eastern Han Dynasty can be described as a real ecological paradise。

third，The basic philosophical form of Confucianism in the Eastern Han Dynasty is classified。The theory of admiring the Jingwei of the Han Dynasty Classics，The White Tiger View Conference during the Demon Di period established the same interpretation effect as the official document as the official document。The nonsense political interpretation of the theory of the phenomenon and geological phenomena is full of a lot of superstitious content，But it is also objectively providing ideological excuses for the system's astronomical and geological phenomenon observation。and Zhang Heng also uses this ideological gap，Astronomical observation with the help of official resources，and with the help without Galileo telescope，Amazingly named more than 10,000 stars。

Fourth，The East Hanjing Studies are by no means a piece of iron board，but full of contention。where，The main struggle，It is a comparable to the ancient literary scripture that is more inclined to the theory of the Pu Weizhi's theory.。According to Zhang Leifu's observation，The attitude of the royal family faced this struggle.。​​Emperor Guangwu Liu Xiu, although he relies on the soldiers，But when the Emperor Zhang held a white tiger viewing meeting，The royal family is actually sympathetic to the ancient literary scriptures -although it looks on the surface，The winner of the meeting is still the Book of Essays。From historical data,，The Eastern Han Royal Family Calls the Fresh and Ancient Classics textbooks "The Biography of Spring and Autumn Valley Liang" (rather than the more popular today's textbook "Spring and Autumn Relbers Biography").。This ambiguous ideological background obviously increases the ideological vitality of the academic world，and the relatively pragmatic learning style of the ancient texts is particularly significant for the development of science and technology development。It is worth mentioning is，Although Wang Chong mentioned earlier was recognized by the philosophical world as "Taoist periphery" instead of "Confucian peripheral"，But he recognized Confucius bet365 best casino games as "the great ancient educator as a mortal" (not God).。and Wang Chong said that he could be retained at the time，It may also be based on the protection of the ancient text camp (by the way，Cai Yan, who vigorously disseminates the "On Heng", belongs to the ancient text camp)。Compared with it，until the 19th century，German New Hegelist Straus is also described as mortal in "The Legend of Jesus" (instead of God)，Social pressure。Loose of the ideological atmosphere of the Eastern Han Dynasty，It can be seen from this。

but but，The Confucian ideology of Confucianism in the Han Dynasty cannot be overestimated by the tolerance of technology。

First，Based on the narrow "Yi Xia Zhi" and natural contempt for business logic，Some scientific and technological living products from the West have been hindered by some ideological obstacles when entering China，And what plays a positive role in this area is exactly some of the "faint monarchs" that Confucian historians are not tooth.，As Emperor Han Ling。From today's perspective，The "Hu bed" introduced by Emperor Han Ling (ie, chair) replaces the habit of kneeling in the Han Dynasty，Obviously it can greatly improve the efficiency of blood circulation in the human legs，Therefore, to improve the health level of the whole nation; and he created the "Hongdu Men School" (art specialist talent training school)，It is also very similar to the "inner volume" state of the traditional Confucian talent team; even he even in the palace with concubine、An eunuch player Jia to perform a game of simulation transactions，It is also quite similar to the business practice class commonly common in business school today。But，In the value system of "Hou Han Book"，These behaviors have become the iron certificate that demonstrates the faint of the Emperor Han Ling。

Next，Based on Confucian natural obsession with land and natural exclusion of the ocean，Technology -related technologies have also been depressed in the Eastern Han Dynasty。Although it was obviously walking on the sea when the Malaysia aid in the early Eastern Han Dynasty, it was obviously walking in the sea，But after Emperor Guangwu unified the world，The standby navy has also been abolished (according to Zhang Leifu's estimation，Eastern Han Dynasty Land Standing Army is only less than 20,000，Nothing more expensive navy)。A related evidence is: By the beginning of the 2nd century，Han Ting can no longer actively respond to the long -term disturbance of the pirate Zhang Bolu on the east coastline Bet365 app download of Hanjing，can only be passively waiting for the pirates to go ashore after the military forces of the land can go ashore。Even when it comes to the Three Kingdoms period with frequent water war，Wei and Wu as the heirs of the Eastern Han Dynasty，Shipbuilding and Ship control capabilities of the two cannot be overestimated (for example，Cao Yu Zhengwu's royal boat was almost drowned in Jiang Xin's out of control，And Dong Wujun general Dong Dagai was also too high in the battle of the building in the battle of the Susukou，Dist of the ship overwhelming)。At the ideological level，Individual monarchs try to expand the navy、The proposal to improve the navigation technology will also be denied by the Confucian minister (such as Zhang Zhao always denied that Sun Quan's strategy of transporting traffic with Gongsun Yuan on the East of Liaoning，And the historian is also accustomed to seeing Sun Quan's proposal as evidence of his old age)。Compared with the Roman Empire with the Mediterranean as a natural logistics system，The Eastern Han Empire is obviously inferior to navigation technology。

The neglect of the ocean (and international trade opportunities represented by the ocean) caused another by -product，The relatively underdeveloped commodity economy in the Eastern Han Dynasty。An important symbol of the developed commodity economy is the comprehensive replacement of abstract currencies for physical currency，But in the Han Dynasty，The payment method of official salary is still half -coin and grain ginseng，and when the economy deteriorates，Even cloth often replaces the role of currency。This economic lifestyle is obviously difficult to promote the improvement of the people's abstract thinking ability and logical and speculative ability，and make any financial innovation difficult (for example, Confucian Liu Tao has resolutely opposed any currency easing policy of Emperor Han Ling)。Compared with it，Ancient Greek philosophy and science are born in the birthplace，Mili Du, known for international maritime trade and financial innovation，And Milidu's first philosopher (scientist) Taylorus is also a futures trading wizard。In the world of the Eastern Han Dynasty，Even the most head -of -card scientist Zhang Heng's life is nothing to do with business。This ultimately makes the wing of technology and business appear to be difficult in the framework of Confucian culture。

From the analysis above，The Confucian ideology of the Eastern Han Dynasty has both the aspect of promoting the development Bet365 lotto review of scientific and technological，There are also aspects that prevent the development of science and technology。So，Abstract saying that Confucianism hinders the development of science and technology，Not in line with historical reality。Today, we must avoid some factors of Confucian thoughts when carrying forward the excellent heritage of traditional culture.，It is necessary to take the lesson of the Eastern Han Dynasty seriously，Going out of a new road of "The Analects of Confucius" and the chip。It is this complexity that feels the history of the thought of the Eastern Han Dynasty，The author has created a long historical novel "Jian -Sun Jian Kuang Han of the Three Kingdoms"，Sun Jian, the founder of Sun Wu's founder Sun Jian's ups and downs on the officialdom of the late Han Dynasty as the entry point，Show the politics of the Eastern Han Empire、Economy、Culture、All aspects of technology。Fiction Fifth Volume "Fenghou" defense of Emperor Han Lingdi's science and technology and cultural policy，It is the logical framework relying on this article。

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