Just like Lang's "Truth Straight Book" Declaration，Colin Wude often uses the motto of "all history is the history of thought"，and well known to historian practitioners and the public。Generally speaking，Most of the speakers believe that the thinking of Collin Wud about history has a steering from realistic theory to conceptual theory，It is in this steering，Collin Wude really uses the term "historical philosophy" to explore a series of theoretical problems faced by history。But，With the book of "History Principles" (1995)，Among them, it contains the manuscript of the historical philosophy of the middle and late stages of Ke，This makes us observe，Collin Wude did not stay at the stage of conceptual theory。Explore Ke's historical philosophy thoughts in its overall writings and manuscripts，It can be roughly divided into three stages: (1) History as a realistic stage as a realistic theory as determined;。

　　Bet365 app download

Before using the term "historical philosophy"，Collin Wude talked about the thinking of history in the early works "Religion and Philosophy" (1916) and "Mirror of the Soul" (1924)。The "Religion and History" in the book "Religion and Philosophy"，When he is discussing historical theological problems，So said: "As the actual facts we realize，History exists; the facts are independent of our understanding of it。"Similar views also appeared in the book" Mirror of the Soul "，The main discussion of Collin Wude mainly discusses five forms of cognitive experience: art is imagination，Religion Bet365 lotto review is the symbol，Science is abstract，History is specific，Philosophy is the self -consciousness。History is specific，It is reflected in the conclusion of historiography。"A historian must be truthfully book，If he adapted the facts into drama，So this may make him a great dramaist，But it cannot make him a great historian。... History is the determination of facts，The task of history is the statement that happened and what happened，and only state the facts as it is。"This is the way to look at，Collin Wude regards history as the factual world of the absolute object，It is believed that the task of historians is to be truthfully written。We may think，Collin Wud is just a historic objectist like Lanke!

Actually，In the overall context of "Mirror of the Soul"，On the relay stick that keeps moving forward in the map of knowledge，When you are in the wrong heart, you find that you are in the wrong，Error will be overcome，Truth will be realized in an implied way。History overcomes the abstraction of science，reached the specificity of determining the facts。"Specific or historical thinking is an individual discovery，and individuality is freedom。Abstract thinking is always the theory of decisive theory，Because it is generally not included in special within，Instead of being abandoned outside special: determining that special things are not special，Instead of something else，is general。"From this can be seen，Collin Wud's discussion on individuality is very similar to the discussion of Xin Kang morality Lee Celtics，and his overall idea of ​​writing "Mirror of the Soul" is still Hegel's。

In short，Collin Wude has not focused on the theoretical problems of bet365 Play online games history during this period，It just involves historical thinking in the sense of discussion of religious philosophy and spiritual philosophy。On the one hand，He limited historical science at the level of asserting the facts。Collin Wude at this time to retain strong experience on color，Especially deeply influenced by Oxford Real theory，It is believed that historical facts are independent of historians' cognition of it。On the other hand，He is more inclined to the perspective of Green School in philosophy，Handiculous Hegelism。

　　History that repeats past thoughts

Only the writing of "The nature and purpose of historical philosophy" (1925)，Collin Wude really thinks about your historical philosophy problems。He did not continue the pure speculation in "Mirror of the Soul"，Instead, what analyzes what the specific historian is doing。Collin Wude believes，Actual historians are at work，Both opposition to the naturalist history philosophy of the general law of historical process，I also opposed the view of history as a slow -performing drama or a certain plan of God in a scene of a scene.，Because they all rely on bad history，Misunderstanding the nature and status of historical facts。Therefore，He has settled the nature and purpose of historical philosophy: "Historical philosophy is the study of historical thinking ... historical philosophy should be this attitude、Its prerequisite presets and its meaning conducted critical inquiry: trying to discover its location in an overall human experience、It is associated with other experience forms、its origin and its effectiveness。"" here，Collin Wud's contemplation of history，The focus of attention has shifted Bet365 lotto review from historical theory to historical epistemology，That is the "Cordini -style Revolution" in the sense of Kant's epistemology: "History rational criticism"。

What is the contemplation and questioning of historical events to further promote the thinking of Collin Wud about historical time。In this way，"Confusion on Time: A Answers to Try" (1926) can be regarded as his true opportunity to discuss the conceptual theory to explore the historian's cognitive mind。Collin Wude criticized the time view of objective physics，Introduce the problem of time to memory and mind to explore，and get an attempt answer。"As the past past and the future of the future, it is not realistic，Instead of pure concepts; as the future of living in the present and current buds in the present, it is completely true，and it is indeed it itself。"" is the reflection based on historical time，Collin Wude's lecture in "Historical Philosophy Lecture" (1926) and "Outline of History Philosophy" (1928)，The theory of conceptual sexuality of history，For the first time, his famous and puzzling proposition: "All history is the history of thought。"Unfortunately, the previous Colin Wudan researchers have not paid attention to these manuscripts，Only by 1993，Only "Concept of History" to add the form of this form of this supplement。

　　As a reality of history

Judging from the existing Collin Wud manuscript，About to complete the "Philosophy Methodology" (1933)，He started to turn to the study of metaphysics and cosmic theory。"As the Reality of History" (1935) is the manifestation of the problem of history and real problems at the level of school，Collin Wude pointed out，The important metaphysical thoughts bet365 best casino games of his time at that time are trying to put forward the point of view that is really equivalent to the process，Such as Bergson's creation evolution theory、The process of philosophy in the process of White, etc.。

We know，The relationship between nature and history is the core issue of the conceptual theory of mainland concept。For example，Hegel believes that nature has no history，New Kant School distinguishes natural science and psychiatry。From the perspective of Collin Wud，These two solutions are defective。Natural Science after Hegel，Especially Darwin's theory of evolution has denied his view of nature，Alexander puts forward natural things in the article "Historical nature of things" (1935);，As a result, historius loses its own scientificity。

In other words，The "nature" of Collin Wud is the natural science and universe view of the 20th century，He recognizes the metaphysics of White and Alexander to a certain extent。but，The "history" of Collin Wud is different from the history they understand。Therefore，Collin Wude tried to use the historical concept of "historical rational criticism" to correct "as a real"，and experimentally proposed "as the reality of history"，Think of "All is really historical，Therefore，All knowledge is historical knowledge "。

Collin Wude pointed out，The process of philosophy in the process of White Sea is just organic philosophy，In the field of inorganic objects，Hegel is still right，Inorganic objects do not have historicity in a historical sense。Next，He tried to incorporate nature into the concept of history。"Naturally is a system of concept or concept，And these concepts are the history，In this sense, they actually exist bet365 live casino games in the history of human thought。According to this point of view，Nature refers to the thinking of natural scientists for them。"in this sense，Collin Wude clearly publishes lectures on nature and cosmic theory in the name of "Nature Concept"，Publish a speech on the development of historical concepts in the name of "The Concept of History"。He tries to unify nature and history in the "historical" of the concept or concept system，To complete the "reality of history" in the metaphysical sense of school。We should notice，From the article "The Nature of Humanity and Humanity" (1936)，Collin Wud does not express the above views，Still distinguishing between the differences between natural science and historical sciences in epistemology。Only the publishing of "metaphysics theory" in 1940，Collin Wude really declared that metaphysics is a historic science。

Overall，Colin Wud has consciously transferred to the thought of school in the last 10 years of life，and became the oldest Winflett in Oxford University in 1935, a lecture professor at school。Research on metaphysics with the help of contemporary thinkers，Collin Wudi tried to put forward the metaphysical "as a reality of history" after the conceptual discussion of "historical thinking"。Title with a broad "historical contemplation"，It aims to not based on the historical philosophy of a certain family，Instead, in the mechanism of deepening its overall fortune，to present the individuality of Kolinwood -style historical contemplation、Development and creativity。

　　(This article is the "evidence 'under the history of the conceptual history of the National Social Science Foundation" and the Study on Contemporary Western History Theoretical Paradigm (21BSS056)

(Author is an associate professor at the Department of History at Sun Yat -sen University)