China is the earliest country in the world to invent porcelain，Primitive porcelain from the beginning of the Shang and Zhou Dynasties，Go to the Eastern Han Dynasty to mature，The porcelain of the Tang and Song dynasties prevails，and affect the neighboring countries，Exit to Southeast Asia、West Asia，and far from Africa。But during this period, Chinese porcelain rarely flows into the European market。Despite this，Europeans in the Middle Ages are not completely unknown to Chinese porcelain，Because of the commercial porcelain products that appeared at the time at that time，Chinese porcelain is often mixed in gifts brought back by the official envoy。Europeans really know more completely in Chinese porcelain，After reading the "Marco Polo Tour" written in 1298。In this travel notes，Not only records the appearance of Chinese porcelain，also recorded the porcelain method of Guangdong Dehua Kiln at that time，This is the earliest book in Europe to record Chinese porcelain crafts。

Until Marco Polo's travel notes published more than 200 years later，Portuguese Navigator Da Gama found routes to the Indian Ocean。After the Europeans enter the Indian Ocean，Cross Malacca quickly into the Chinese territorial sea，Trade between China and Europe has since begun vigorously。Europeans finally saw countless exquisite Chinese porcelain，At that time, the Ming Jiajing Wanli period in China。Blue and white porcelain experienced the start of the Yuan Dynasty to mature，Favorite by Mingguan Kiln，Not only becoming court porcelain，It has also become an important bet365 Play online games gift porcelain brought out of Zheng He's go to the west。

Europeans are exposed to these exquisite blue and white porcelain，Pour it immediately，It became an important product with a wide range of profits in Europe at that time in Europe's long -distance trade。for this trade activity，The earliest Portuguese、Spanish businessman，But soon replaced by the Dutch，Later, the British also joined it。In the 17th century，Dutch and British completely monopolized the trade of Asia，East India Company。See them profit，France、Germany、Danish、Switzerland, etc. also joined this trading team。From this，Chinese porcelain sources continue to flow into Europe。

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When Chinese porcelain enters Europe，Just at the Renaissance，Revolutionary Movement of Great Culture and Thought，Enlightenment and cultural resources from all sides，Europe looked at the great empire of the East -China，Full of imagination and yearning。When the feudal system of hereditary feudal system in the medieval aristocracy in Europe is prevailing，The Chinese science -based system can allow a Chinese civilian to read through reading，Management of entering the country，This channel can provide a more advanced system for selecting talents in the country，Now it looks very common，But in that era, it was a very advanced social system。State prevalence，Pay attention to etiquette and people，Let China develop forward in Europe、A advanced benchmark that can be referred to。but at 16、17th century，Invasion of traffic and text language，Make the mutual understanding of the East and West full of mysterious guess。

In the 13th century in the Journey to the Marco Polo，China is described as a wealthy、State of the Etiquette of Prosperity，At the same time as the bet365 Play online games European people's hearts are going,，Accelerated the motivation to the change of cultural change。In the 16th century, a large number of beautiful blue and white porcelain in China began to output to Europe，Blue and white porcelain decorated with beautiful flowers and plants patterns and opera stories in woodcut prints，Makes Europeans a more intuitive image cognition for China's distant country。So Europeans say，Blue and white por。

When Chinese blue and white porcelain and missionaries to China present a beautiful Chinese picture in front of people，Immediately attracted the extremely shocked envious of the entire Europe。From the end of the 17th century to the end of the 18th century，Forms an unprecedented "China Hot" in Europe。During the "China Hot" period for more than 100 years，Whether in material、Culture or political system，Europe is extremely sought after by China，so that Europeans wrote in 1769: "China is more well -known than some areas of Europe itself。"During the period of" China Fresh "popular Europe，People generally love items from China，Passionate to imitate China's artistic style and living customs，To form a fashion。It is specifically reflected in: at the dance party of Versailles，The king appeared in front of the Manchu dynasty in Chinese clothing;，Men, women, and children concentrate on watching Chinese shadow; King's mistress custody，The wife of the minister takes the sedan;，The literati with the tea bowl of tea in Jingdezhen ... Especially Chinese porcelain becomes the most expensive fashion and luxury goods in Europe。French King Louis XIV ordered: all the silver tableware melt away，Working more important fields; tableware will be replaced with porcelain。

I saw the famous "Guardian Volume"，That is the 127 blue and white bottle bet365 Play online games exchanged from King Prussia with 600 all -armed guard cavalry，At that time, Chinese porcelain was expensive in Europe.。To get more Chinese porcelain，Louis XIV ordered his Prime Minister to establish a Chinese company，Specialized to make Chinese porcelain in Guangdong，Versailles Palace has special rooms to store these things。The Emperor Peter and Prussian King Frederick of Russia are no exception，The latter also uses storage porcelain as the maximum wealth。It is not difficult to imagine，How Chinese porcelain stimulates European foreign trade activities，Especially the Netherlands and Britain。According to statistics，1602-1682 This 80 years，That is the late Ming and early Qing dynasties，Dutch East India Company reached 16 million pieces of Chinese porcelain from various countries。From the end of the 17th century to the beginning of the 19th century，It reaches an unprecedented peak，The porcelain at that time had entered ordinary families from the upper society。At the end of the 17th century，The tea imported from the UK is 20,000 pounds，reached 20 million pounds at the beginning of the 19th century，Add 1000 times。So how much does tea set only need to increase? From the European name "China" and porcelain from Europe at that time, the same word，Later, the world's porcelain soil was named "Kaolin" (Kaolin was named a mountain produced in Jingdezhen in Qing Dynasty)，It can be seen how much the impact of Chinese porcelain on Europe，It can be said that Europe knows almost through porcelain。

　Europe successfully developed high -temperature porcelain

White、Bright、Porcelain with exquisite patterns in translucent and decorative decoration，Makes Europeans fascinated，They have always wanted to get this technology。bet365 Play online games As early as the 16th century，Europeans started to make high -temperature hard porcelain，The earliest trial was Italian，The reason why this is so，Perhaps because Italy is the earliest country to see Chinese porcelain in Europe with recent trade contact with Europe，And this state -owned traditional production of high -quality pottery and glassware，Although I have worked hard for nearly 200 years，It is still the senior imitation of porcelain。to the 17th century，France and Britain began to join the industry that made porcelain，After more than 100 years of hard work，Europeans began to realize that they made、Soft porcelain, etc. and mysterious Chinese porcelain are different，So，Until the early 18th century，Porcelain production is still a difficult secret in Europe。At that time, the motivation to make porcelain in Europeans was not only for career and curiosity，The most important thing is from economic distress，Enter a large amount of Chinese porcelain，Quickly exhausted European gold and silver inventory，Because Europeans must use gold and silver coins to purchase Chinese porcelain，At that time, there was a situation of precious metal outflows in Europe at that time。Therefore，Porcelain manufactured in Europe is an important way to solve this problem。This effort，It did not start to break through the 18th century。

The earliest high -temperature porcelain should be the Mc Sen porcelain factory in Germany，That was only successfully developed by the alchemy warlock Betig and others with the support of King Augustus。People learned from Betger's notes on January 5, 1708，After a long period of countless tests，Three kiln white and transparent European hard porcelain from Qi kiln，This marks the first time that Europeans Bet365 lotto review make hard high -temperature porcelain close to Chinese porcelain。

French missionary Angterecai (Yin Hongxu) who preached in the Diocese of Jingdezhen Diocese，I have lived in Jingdezhen for 7 years，During this period, he fully collected Jingdezhen porcelain technical intelligence。In 1712, he sent a letter back to Paris from Jingdezhen，The letter in detail depicts the process of Jingdezhen porcelain craftsmanship and the composition of porcelain raw materials，Including the selection of raw materials、mold、Painted、Burning kiln and so on made detailed records。In 1722, he sent the second letter from Jingdezhen to Paris，Make a more detailed supplement to the Ceramic Ceramic production process of Jingdezhen，It also introduced the important raw material for making porcelain -kaolin，This is the first time that Europeans have learned about Kaolin。These materials are very precious，Especially Europeans found that this kind of kaolin is not only in China，Europe also available，This has accelerated the speed of the Europeans to further study the production of porcelain。

After 1720，Macsen Porcelain Factory not only makes high -quality hard high -temperature porcelain，Come to the famous Vienna painter Herodett for ceramic painting。In his painting porcelain，There are still many pictures that imitate Chinese style，This kind of porcelain is close to Chinese porcelain。Under the influence of the Mason Porcelain Factory，Many European countries in the 18th century have also established their own ceramic factories，Rujinfenburg Porcelain Factory in Vienna、French Cevor Porcelain Factory、The Chelsea porcelain factory in the UK。

The emergence of these porcelain factories，Not only solves the localization problem made in porcelain manufacturing，It also bet365 best casino games promoted the birth and development of Lococo art in the 18th century。It can be said，Not only in Europe's porcelain manufacturing is related to China，The popularity of Lococo art at the time was also related to the impact of Oriental Art, especially Chinese art。

(Author Unit: Institute of Art Anthropology, Chinese Academy of Arts)