With the progress of modernization and technology，Calendar、Clocks、Watch、Stone watch、Mobile、Atomic clock、Internet、Instant communication、Satellite, etc.，Gradually popularized a new tool for managing social time，Their development and change are the huge changes in social time and human development。Morning Bells and Twilight Drum One、Slow life of their respective independent villages，It has been roar by machine、Interconnection and interoperability anytime, anywhere、Alternatively replaced by the city's fast -paced life，Modernity is an unprecedented acceleration, it is increasingly unpredictable、Future that is difficult to control。This brings two problems，One is the problem of social development，The other is the problem of the direction of social development。

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In the classical era of sociology，We have already begun to pay attention to the time system of society and the time order it shaped。There are also scholars distinguishing physical time (with astronomical physical phenomena as a reference system)、Biological time (based on biological rhythm as the reference system)、Psychological time (with psychological feeling as the reference system) and social time (based on social activity rhythm as the reference system)，It seems that they are different natures、Time of different ontology。but actually，This distinction that confuses the ontology definition、Different experience (sense of time) and different measurement of time，It is a manifestation of concept drift。Here，We only distinguish individual time and social time，The former is the extension Bet365 app download trajectory of the individual's biological life in physical time，The latter is an individual time stored and used by a society，Its total is not a simple accumulation of all individual time contained in society，but the total population、Age and gender composition、Labor cycle、Labor cycle、Labor participation rate、Organizational efficiency、History accumulation、Technology、Scientific knowledge、Self -monitoring、Factors such as self -reverse body。From a region or country,，Social time can also obtain differences in international trade，Or through the credit generation mechanism, I will borrow some social time in the future。This is what Marx said "living labor"，Instant social time。In addition，A society also has "dead labor"，It is the historical precipitation of social time，Tool、Infrastructure、Material Reserve、Land、Space layout and other objects as a carrier，knowledge、Technology、Social products such as the system and other social products are the social time reserved by the media。The total of living and deadly，is the total amount of social time owned by society。

At the individual level，Modern society divides individual time into different natures、Different types of time period。Behind them is the function and role differentiation of modern society，Different functions require unequal individual time，At the same time，Also added a sequence of time to use。Different social characters，In terms of continuous expansion,，Form a competitive relationship for individual time。This is the constant contradictory of modern people、Social reasons for "squeezing time" and "hurry" in the character cluster of each other。In this sense，The proportion of work and leisure time、The ratio of utilitarian time and expressive time，The proportion of the talent time and the use bet365 Play online games of time，Social time and private time The total segmentation of individual time，Lifts of these four ratios，It is an indicator for social development in individual time。

But these differentiation in individual time is not unchanged。In a society without functional and character differentiation，Work and non -work、The distinction between the role of support and dependent is not clear; within the scope of the family and communes，Each member is engaged in the labor that can be done，Individual time and social time does not have a distinctive distinction。With the society towards the class、Class Differential，Social time with public field、Try tolerance、徭、Donation tax、official duties and other forms，Until today, the various organizations in the position and character appear in front of us，Form the contradiction between the distribution of individual time between various characters，Strict boundaries of work and leisure。In the future society，We may not have to distinguish between time periods of different natures，All individual time is social time，Just like the situation we see in the open source software movement，Unified social time and individual time、Time time and expressive time are unified、Unified work and leisure，One "Each can、Each of the social production and consumer organization methods of each way。

　　Improve social time conversion and distribution mechanism

The overall development of a person in a society requires improving the transformation and distribution mechanism of social practice。There are monthly orders in ancient my country，Astronomical、Meteorological、Combination of waiting and agricultural activities，Forms the rhythm of agricultural production that moves on the same time，The governance concept of "making the people" appears，Its core is under the established technical conditions，Keep bet365 Play online games natural rhythm、Collaborative relationship between individual time and social time。

The main contradictions in our current society are the contradictions between the people's growing good life needs and unbalanced and inadequate development，So，Full development of productivity is still the short -term goal of this stage of social development。From the perspective of the comprehensive development of people，We must start to establish and improve the transformation and distribution mechanism of social time from now on。

First is to establish and improve the statistics that reflect the total amount of social time and its distribution and change。GDP and other economic indicators reflect the social exchange -based、The total amount of social time of monetization，Social time that has not participated in exchanges，Ru housework labor、Obligation Labor。

Followed by changing the uneven distribution of social time in individual career。At both ends of life，We all have a lot of individual time，but not transformed into the corresponding social time。Today's aging population，Speed ​​mechanism of individual time to social time，It looks particularly important。The preparation period before adulthood has a longer and longer trend，This has increased the time shortage of the adult stage，Individual time is occupied by a lot of social time，There is less and less private time left for adults。In different ages of life，Leisure death，Busy and busy。

Finally, the way to change social time。Under the mixed ownership，A few individuals pass the legal person、Capital、Credit、Various social media such as power，The right to dominate the social time that is not commens to the proportion of its population。Its direct effect is the formation of the idle class，Its members have a lot of private time，It needs to be grinded in boring、Sending and showing off; indirect effects are bet365 Play online games that social development is increasingly based on the private interests of a few people，The overall goal of the comprehensive development of people is increasingly deviated from people。

　Exploring the perspective of human historyPeople’s comprehensive development

What direction to develop a society that accumulates and uses a large number of individual time? This is a big problem related to the general goal of social development。Economists often take economic development (with GDP as an indicator) as a target，But Marxism takes people's comprehensive development as the goal and direction of social development。The basis for this choice is not ethics，and in a kind of understanding，That is, the economy is just a subsystem of society。Not to mention，As a whole，Society is just a form of tissue selected by humans in the process of evolution，It is not a collection of human individuals。In other words，Humans outside society，Society is a tool and carrier for human evolution，It is an expression of the general symbol form of human species for biological species，It is the sum of various communication。

When discussing the comprehensive development of the person，We often limit our cognitive framework to the substantial content of the individual level。For example，Personal breakthrough in social division of labor and occupation，According to your own talent、Special Long、Hobbies and mood，Free engage in various labor or occupations，It is regarded as a "comprehensive development of people"。This understanding has two limits of one -sidedness and historicity。Cognitive framework at the individual level implies the assumption of overall homogeneity，When the comprehensive development of a person is formed，It is the day without differences。A general human general without heterogeneity and diversity，in complex、Danger、Evolution in the changeable cosmic environment，bet365 best casino games The probability of surviving the disaster will only decrease，It is impossible to rise。Only maintain diversity、Keep resistance、Elasticity and flexibility，Human beings can stand on the road of evolution，This requires the difference between individuals。At the same time，The substantial understanding of the comprehensive development of people must be one -sided、History，Regardless of this understanding is based on demand (such as Maslow's demand level theory) or ability (such as moral, intellectual, physical beauty) or value (such as freedom of love)，None of them can exhaust and reflect the development potential of human beings in these areas in the future，It can not reflect the social dependence of individual attributes。For example，In a society where the algorithm is king，Does the comprehensive development of a person contain the needs of occupying virtual space? Should I improve my computing power?，Otherwise, you cannot exhaust the possibility of reality; at the same time，It must also contain a "vacancy" item，Otherwise, you cannot exhaust the possibilities of the future。

For this，We also need to stand on the position of all human beings，Seeing all human beings as a community of destiny。As a smart species with reflection and practical ability，The most fundamental goal of human beings is to reproduce in the universe、Survival and Development，Not abstract value (such as profit) and its cognitive tools (such as GDP) and symbolic expression (such as currency)。Through the second -order organization of society，The comprehensive development of a person means that humans are reorganized interactive、Group、Organization、Community、National、Method of first -order organizations such as the country，On the basis of gene evolution，Improve the adaptation of all mankind、The ability to push the universe，Promoting the human community from the earth's civilization Bet365 lotto review to interstellar civilization。In other words，Human beings obtain comprehensive development at the species level through reorganization of society rather than reorganization genes，Comprehensive is the potential to improve the real ability while maintaining future development，Comprehensive to maintain potential with diversity，Professional improvement ability，Copy risk with flexibility and foreseeableness。

(Author Unit: University of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences、Institute of Sociology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)