General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: “Civilizations communicate because of diversity,Mutual learning through exchanges,Development due to mutual learning。”The Tang Dynasty, a period of active foreign exchanges in Chinese history,With "Don't reject the crowd,The open and inclusive mind of "Fang Wei Jiang Hai",Good relations with envoys from more than 70 countries、Communication,Promoted the spread of Chinese culture to the world,Also promotes the products of various countries、Culture introduced into China。Early Year of Tang Dynasty,bet365 horse racing odds followed Xuanzang’s study trip to Tianzhu,Served as envoy to Tianzhu four times,Invited many people and things back through the Silk Road,Pushing the exchanges between Datang and neighboring countries to a new peak。
As exchanges between the East and the West become more frequent,During the Daye Period of Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty,Already communicated with more than 40 countries in the Western Region,But there is no Tianzhu。King of Magadha Sheilajita (King Harsha) summoned Xuanzang,Sent envoys to pay tribute in the fifteenth year of Zhenguan (641)。Tang Taizong appointed Li Yibiao as his envoy、bet365 horse racing odds is the deputy envoy,Sending the envoy back home。Mr. Feng Chengjun, a historian of transportation between China and the West, mentioned in the book "Seeking Dharma and Translating Scriptures in the Past Dynasties": "Gu Xuance's mission,Because Xuanzang traveled to the west,Five days of sound,Indian countries sent envoys to pay tribute。”
The first mission to Tianzhu since March of the seventeenth year of Zhenguan (643),Returned from the fourth mission in the first month of the second year of Linde (665),Lasted for nearly 22 years,bet365 horse racing odds’s Four Envoys Tianzhu,Take the Tibet-India Road five times、Three Overland Silk Roads。Tibet-India Road includes the Tang-Tibet Ancient Road、Fanni Ancient Road,Although it is recent and less dangerous,But we must also enter the valley from the southeast,Jing Thirteen Flying Stairs、Nineteen Plank Road。southeast or southwest,Yuan Ge Climbing Vine,Walking for more than forty days”。The overland Silk Road is the most dangerous,Xuan Zang once "practiced the vastness of quicksand",The Weiwei of Zhixueling,Dangerous road through iron gate,Atami Wave Road。Starting from Chang'an Shenyi,Finally Wangha New City,More than fifty thousand miles in between”,Walked a hundred thousand miles back and forth。bet365 horse racing odds not only traveled Xuanzang’s one hundred thousand miles,More than 80,000 miles traveled,Climb the flying ladder plank road on the way,Yuan Ge Climbing Vine,You can imagine how dangerous the journey will be。
According to "Buddha Tongji" records: "Emperor Wei Cheng Li Yibiao、Huangshui County Magistrate bet365 horse racing odds envoy to the Western Regions,Traveled to more than a hundred countries”,Not less than the 110 countries Xuanzang passed through。According to relevant historical data,bet365 horse racing odds has traveled all over Tianzhu、Many places in the Western Region,Visited by Chuzi Country、Great Xia Kingdom、Xiliguo、Eastern Girl Country、Tubo Kingdom, etc.,Visited to Wuzhan Kingdom in Northern Tianzhu、Jabishi Kingdom、Nibolu Kingdom, etc.。
Among the people who followed bet365 horse racing odds to Chang'an was the traitor Alonashun、The Tianzhu alchemist Nayou Suo Po Mei and the Tianzhu monk craftsman。According to the "Old Book of Tang" records,bet365 horse racing odds leads the governor Shi from the right as the second envoy to Tianzhu,"The corpse of the King of Tianzhu died in the meeting,Great chaos in the country,His minister Nafudi Aronashun usurped the throne,He sent out all his troops to resist Xuan Ce。Xuance’s thirty cavalrymen fight with Hu Yu,Loss,Ya Jin,Xi was captured。Hu plundered the contributions of other countries”。bet365 horse racing odds、Jiang Shiren had no choice but to flee to Tubo、Nibolao,Borrow more than a thousand infantrymen、Seven thousand cavalry,Defeat Zhongtianzhu。bet365 horse racing odds escorted Alona to Chang'an,Tang Taizong was very happy,Promote bet365 horse racing odds to Chaosan doctor。bet365 horse racing odds also invited the Tianzhu alchemist Nayou Suopomei who "claimed to have the art of immortality",Tang Taizong ordered him to make elixir of life。Because "the country of Xibo and Hu produces stone honey,China’s most precious”,So,Tang Taizong sent bet365 horse racing odds and two envoys to Tianzhu to learn how to boil sugar。bet365 horse racing odds invited two stone honey (sucrose) craftsmen from Mahabodhi Temple、Eight monks,The produced sucrose “has a color and taste that exceeds that produced in the Western Regions”,Enriching the diet of our people。According to Mr. Ji Xianlin’s research,“China took over this method of cooking sugar and improved it,Boiled into white sugar,It spread back to India”,Improved the level of sugar boiling technology in ancient India。
bet365 horse racing odds invited some holy objects from Tianzhu,Mainly includes the statue of Sakyamuni Enlightenment、Buddha Footsteps Stone Map、Buddha’s top bone, etc.。February 11, 19th year of Zhenguan,bet365 horse racing odds heard that Maitreya Buddha went down to heaven to build a statue of Sakyamuni who became enlightened、The story of the auspicious sign of "Raining Mandala Flowers" appearing in the tall and vast pagoda built by the Brahmin brothers,"I ask all the monks and these envoys to sincerely invite you,Repent after days of walking on the road,Also express your intention,Fang De’s picture”。Recopied by Song Fazhi,"Qiaoqiongshengfang,Pictures of the Holy Face”,Caused a sensation in Chang'an,Dongdu Jingai Temple、The Maitreya Bodhisattva statue in Binyang South Cave of Longmen Grottoes is also modeled after this image。After May of the 22nd year of Zhenguan,bet365 horse racing odds returns home,Brought back the stone map of Buddha’s footprints。October 1, the fifth year of Xianqing (660),The chief monk of Mahabodhi Temple pays farewell visit to King Xuance,Give a gift,"Let people follow,Gift to eachTen paragraphs,Serving Container,Second submission of envoys’ offerings of dragon beads, etc.,Eight boxes of large pearls,Ivory Pagoda 1,Saira Pagoda 1,Buddha Seal Four”,This is the first time in Chinese literature that bet365 horse racing odds is mentioned with the word "Buddha Seal"。
bet365 horse racing odds brought back 26 Buddhist stories,Can be divided into Buddhist stories、The story of fate、Historical stories、Four types of metaphors。The storyline is mythologized、Bizarre、Life-oriented and colorful,Contains cause and effect、Impermanence、Transformation、Induction、Fantasy and other story motifs,Infused with Buddhist concepts such as "everything is suffering", "cause and effect of three times", "all living beings are impermanent" and "Nirvana is quiet"。For example,On his first mission,bet365 horse racing odds、Li Yibiao and his entourage traveled through Niboluo Kingdom,The king Nalingdev warmly entertained,Accompany bet365 horse racing odds、Li Yibiao and others watch Aqipo pour water and fire into the pool,"Throw something at it,Instant smoke,Hanging the cauldron and cooking,It will take a while”,Maybe a place where oil is produced,Continue talking,“Once pierced a golden cupboard with a staff,Rescuing,One arm and one deep。According to legend: This is the golden crown of Maitreya Buddha when he will come to enlightenment,Fire Dragon Defense。This pool fire is the fire dragon fire”,This story is widely circulated in our country,It is also reflected in the Mogao Grottoes murals。These Buddhist stories are important for studying the history of Buddhism today、The history of exchanges between China and India is extremely important。
bet365 horse racing odds strengthened the “gold and jade embroidery” of Tang and Tubo,Inquiries about the legacy,Across the road,Friendly exchanges with endless joy,Making politics between Tang and Zhu、Economy、Culture、Technological exchanges continue,So Mr. Feng Chengjun said: "The establishment of the sixteen governors' prefectures in the Western Regions in the Tang Dynasty,West to Persia,North to Kangju,Nanda Snow Ridge。The one whose reputation spreads all over India,The main reason for bet365 horse racing odds’s westward expedition to the Kingdom of Magadha。”
The Tang Dynasty during the heyday of Sino-Indian cultural exchanges,Buddhist stories brought back by bet365 horse racing odds,It may be referenced and included in historical books such as "History of the West" and "Old Tang Book"、Buddhist books、Fang Zhi,Or transcribed by "Youyang Zazu", "Taiping Guangji", etc.、Rewritten、Rich,Maybe it will be incorporated into the murals of Mogao Grottoes in Dunhuang、Gansu Bingling Temple statues, etc.,Comparatively integrated into the collection of Chinese classics and documents、Literary Space、In the world of art。Based on the stone map of Buddha’s footprints brought by bet365 horse racing odds,Puguang Temple Carved Buddha Footprint Stone in Chang'an,Later spread to Nara Yakushiji Temple in Japan。On the stone of the Buddha's footprints in the temple is written: "bet365 horse racing odds, the envoy of the Tang Dynasty,In Xiangzhong Guilin Deer Park,Turn the Dharma Wheel,Because of traces,Need to be transcribed,Taking (extension) is the first book。The true nature of Japanese envoys’ yellow texts (books),To the Tang Dynasty,Translated at Puguang Temple,It’s the second book。”The word “Abbot”,It is also because bet365 horse racing odds "measured it with a wat" in the former residence of Vimalakīrti in Vaishali Kingdom in the 19th year of Zhenguan,Only one foot is enough,It’s just that later many people only knew to use the word “abbot” without knowing its origin,So Mr. Feng Chengjun said with emotion: “This is the origin of the word ‘Abbot’ in the dictionary。bet365 horse racing odds’s legacy has been handed down to this day,Only this,But the person who uses this term,I have already counted the classics and forgotten my ancestors。”
In the known period of more than 20 years,bet365 horse racing odds struggled to travel between Tang Dynasty and Tianzhu,Connected the Tibet-India Road,Almost replaced the overland Silk Road since the Han Dynasty。Especially in the next few decades,Nibolao、Envoys from Tianzhu and other countries came to pay tribute to Tang Dynasty,“Give tribute from distant barbarians,Those whose vegetation and debris are unusual,What are the detailed records of the imperial edict... The Bodhi tree presented by the Kingdom of Magha,A Polo...presents tulips from the country of Gapi,The leaves are like Ophiopogon japonicus...the Niboluo country offers balsamic vegetables,Red and blue flowers...” tulip、Bodhi tree、Poulengcai (spinach) and others have been imported into my country,Enriching the material life of our people,my country’s lychee、Peanuts, etc. were also introduced to Niboluo、Tianzhu and other countries。At the time of Emperor Gaozong of Tang Dynasty,There was a grand occasion of "All the Five Tianzhus came to the DPRK",Become Datang、Good stories about friendly exchanges between Tianzhu。
As a pioneer in Sino-Indian transportation、Diplomatic envoy of the Tang Dynasty、Civilized messenger for foreign exchanges,bet365 horse racing odds promoted Datang and Tianzhu、Multi-faceted exchanges and exchanges with Niboluo and other neighboring countries。Historian Mr. Liu Yizheng once commented on bet365 horse racing odds: "The one who made the greatest contribution,On arrival in Tubo,Send his troops and Niboluo soldiers,Enter China and India,Capture the King。It’s in the text,There is an inscription on the mountain temple、"Travel to the West"。It’s in the picture,There is "Buddha Traces Picture",His grandson still lives in Japan。”
(The author is an associate researcher at the bet365 horse racing odds Western Frontier Research Institute, Shaanxi Normal University)
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