Modernization research is an important area of ​​sociology，Its results are for history、Political Science and other disciplines have had a wide range of influences。The research on modernization in Chinese sociological circles has accumulated rich results，But there are still problems with insufficient historical care in previous research。People often think that sociology should pay more attention to the latest changes in social development，The historical analysis of development to historians。In fact，rationalization and modernization itself is an extremely complicated historical process。China ’s unique and long civilization influence is far -reaching，Only the historical perspective of re -activating sociology，Have a better understanding of traditional China，Have a deeper understanding of the historical turning point between tradition and modernity，Only on the basis of general understanding and comparative historical analysis of modernization，Have a more real experience of Chinese -style modernization。"Historical perspective of sociology" is based on the full absorption of historical research results，Blend it better with sociology。

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The source of Chinese civilization is long、Bobe and profound，We only need to analyze several aspects that can be analyzed from the historical perspective of sociology。

Old State New Life。As one of the oldest civilizations in the world，One of the prominent features of Chinese civilization is Mi Jiu Niu Xin、Old State New Life。This characteristic shows strong traditionalism on the one hand，On the other hand, it also shows the strong tolerance and fusion of various foreign shocks and emerging waves，Therefore, complicated interweaving relationships are presented between the old and new，Traditions have continued to continue vitality through self -update for thousands of years。Qian Mu attributes this tradition to the characteristics of national culture often progressing in peace。This huge kind of Chinese civilization、The continuous and multiple force is rare in other civilizations in the world。From Weber's view，The spirit of Western rationalization is a special and long -lasting anti -traditional force formed by the power of Karisma，and China's home production system is dominated, although it contains some rational factors, it becomes a bureaucratic system，Confucian ethics also exists in some rationalization process，But whether it is its system or its ethics，Nothing has never got rid of traditionalist restraint。Failure to completely get rid of witchcraft，is the key to the ultimate combination of Confucianism with traditionalism with traditionalism。Weber's views on traditional China are both full of insights，There is also a system's prejudice。but but，Weber's analysis inspired us from the system、Ethics and those who are in charge reveal the root of the long history of Chinese civilization。

Dialectics of feudal and counties and counties。From the rough clues of the history of political system，Taking Qin and Han as a turning point，Qin and Han dynasties were based on the legal system、The division system of the founding of the country，After the Qin and Han dynasties, the central centralized county Bet365 app download system was implemented。The complex connections of feudal and counties and counties continue to continue after the Qin and Han dynasties，Become an important clue that runs through traditional China。Feudal and counties and counties have expanded from the original two political system discrimination to politics and education in the complex historical evolution.、Legalist and Confucian、Internal affairs and border politics, and multiple binary relationships such as the scriptures，Human nature based on the world's home is preset from dual opposition to the meaning of the integration of feudalism in the county and county。

Shangwen Qingwu。Weber thinks，China Although the war is still frequent，But after entering the historical era, it gradually become a peaceful world empire。As the scribes obtain a dominant position，Naturally, the ideology is getting more and more steering Peaceism。In the pre -Qin，War has an important impact on the national form。After the Qin and Han dynasties，Military and War, although the dynasty is changed、Registration has a decisive role in replacement，But it no longer has an important shape and plastic role in the social structure and national form。For the founding monarch，Although you get the world right away，But once it is settled，Then you need to convert to the world of poetry and book，to complete the transformation from "troubled times" to "governing the world"。From the bureaucratic class，The early Han Dynasty was mainly composed of the beneficiary class of military merit，But Emperor Jing began to transform into scribes。The status of scribes in the Sui and Tang dynasties has a more stable guarantee with the establishment of the imperial examination，The two Songs Shang Wen Qingwu You became a world style，Monarch and Scholars form a situation that govern the world。During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the central centralization of power was greatly strengthened，Scholarship status has decreased，But the status of the civil servant is still significantly higher than the general。Soldiers are relatively low，From selection to calling, it is single system，isolated from the political and local political system of civilian officials，Only reused at the end of the dynasty or the troubled times。The Taoism formed by Confucianism is relatively independent of the political uniform led by the monarch，There is almost no position of the spirit of martial arts in Taoism。

Villagers。Qian Mu divides Chinese society into cities、Township、Mountain Forest、Four parts of rivers and lakes。In these four parts，Although the city is the country、Busty Land，The township is where the family is、Book of Life。Most traditional Chinese people live in towns and villages，Jugu live，Family unit，Combining farming as the main business and combined with the family handicraft，Self -sufficiency，Age of generations。The so -called "body repair and then home，Home Qi and then rule，National Governance and the Great Earth and the Pingxiandong "revealed that the genetic relationship and basic structure of traditional countries and local society。Weber refers to the traditional Chinese national form as "home -based bureaucratic country"。In his opinion，The clan has disappeared in the Western Middle Ages，In China, it is completely stored in the smallest unit of local administration;，It caused the sparseness of ancient administration，This hinders the growth bet365 best casino games of modern capitalism。But，It is precisely this decentralization，Doctor doctors as a bridge，In the country and home、Chao and Field、There is enough elastic development space between politics and education。The historical durability of traditional Chinese society，The continuity of the daily life world and the vitality of the family order in a considerable extent。Political upper -level buildings discrete score、Yin Qing uncertain，Lost of the wild，Confucian ethics that takes the fertility system and funeral system as the bond in daily life。

　turning point from traditional to modern

Chinese traditional society itself is not a static or single -line development。So，Without the invasion of foreign capitalism，Internal capitalist elements will push China to a capitalist society sooner or later。But the real situation is，Mutations in the late Qing Dynasty interrupted the natural process of Chinese history。From then on，The perspective of observing history should be transferred to the combination and interaction between China and foreign countries。From the perspective of the interaction between the two factors of China and foreign countries，The historical transformation attributes of the Opium War in 1840 cannot be denied，China has since entered the semi -colonial semi -feudal society。"China Center View" advocated by some scholars in the United States，Put the focus on this period from the late Ming to Shengqing，Although it helps people understand the important role of Chinese internal factors，Prejudice to overcome the western center view，But deliberately excluded foreign factors，I can't help but get dead。Similarly，Kong Feili defined the method of defining the turning point in the 1990s as a turning point，Although it takes into account the dual factors internal and external，But there are still many discussions。

Not to say，In the 1990s, major historical changes have occurred，The first is the great population change。As early as the Northern Song Dynasty，Because of the planting of early rice from the Plains Valley to the hills, the first large -scale growth of the population is driven。Since the 16th century，Peanut、sweet potato、Potato and Grandma introduced China from the Americas，Promoting to dry and cold areas，A sharp increase in agricultural output。The policy of lighting and thin funds and stalls in the Qing Dynasty。There is a long period of peace during the period of "Kanggan Shengshi"。Marketization、The degree of commodity continues to deepen。These factors are integrated together，Promote the increase in population increase，and usher in a major turning point in the population at the end of the 18th century。The impact of the increase in population is multi -faceted: the relationship between population and resources, especially land is becoming more and more tense，The phenomenon of involved in the economy is becoming increasingly serious; the scale of population migration is large、frequency high，Han and ethnic minorities、Multiple social contradictions such as indigenous people and Hakka are increasingly prominent; the population increased the population that breaks the small farmers of the local society、Tradition of the relocation of An Tujin，Social contradictions intensify and traditional rebellion have pushed the rivers and lakes to the front desk of history; the population growth also causes the imperial bet365 live casino games examinations to congestion，Officials are full of officials，Social ascension channel blockage。

Followed by a huge change in space。He Bingzheng listed space as the first article of the historical importance of the Qing Dynasty: "The reason why China can have an impact on the external world today，To a large extent, it is due to its huge scale and the position of its boundaries; and the most important significance of Manqing lies in its unity of modern China -territory and ethnic groups - History contribution。Expansion of the territory，On the one hand, it establishes the status of the great country of modern China and promotes the integration of multi -ethnic groups，On the other hand, it also brings the complexity of cultural integration and border politics。

Once again in the dual effect of economic development。On the one hand，The 1890s was the era of economic and trade in the 18th century.，Town Economic Prosperity，Active transaction，Industrialization of the country, especially the Jiangnan region、Commodity、The process of urbanization is significantly accelerated。On the other hand，At this time, "Daoguang Depression", which was pregnant at this time, was pregnant again，Disadvantages of the tax system，Yin Gui Qian，Silver outflow，Commercial people are sleepy。

Finally, political decline。Especially the population increase、Special factors such as economic globalization，The decline in the middle of the Qing Dynasty shows the crisis that the traditional dynasty system itself cannot be repaired。

From the above you can know，The changes in Chinese society after the 1990s are indeed huge，But the overall society of Chinese society has not changed after all。This overall change was officially opened by the Opium War。

　The expansion of modern huge changes

The identifier of the Opium War on Chinese history，In the modern Chinese overall view of the so -called "thousands of years" in Li Hongzhang,。On the premise of insisting on this major historical period from 1840 to 1949，It should be specially out of "Between the Century"。The first "between the century" was suppressed from the Taiping Army from the 1990s to 1865，The major changes within the Chinese society have accumulated internal motivation from traditional to modern turns。and more than 80 years from 1865 to 1949, more than 80 years of New China constituted the second "between century"。This is after the social form has changed，The state of the semi -colonial semi -feudal society is going to the bottom of the valley，Reserve conditions for the revolutionary century in the second half of the 20th century。

Revolution as a historical driving force。Confucianism has the "Revolution" theory。Late Qing Dynasty，The Confucian Revolutionary Old Theory became a cultural resource for the new scene of performance，Therefore, it becomes the argument。to "Between Century"，Revolutionary discourse is given new righteousness。Rough is two，One is the Republican Revolution theory from the West，Second is the Communist Revolutionary theory from Russia。There are hierarchical structures internally。The former first、The latter follows up。Due to the invalidation of the former，and the latter's big bank。Examination from the perspective of sociology，The first half of the "between the century" is 1921，The so -called "secondary society" that promotes the revolution to keep moving forward。Among them, it includes the so -called "self -proclaimed scholar"，also includes "in and out of the business bet365 Play online games and the scholars" and "the person in and out of the scholarship and the scholars"。They destroy the superior society，Tip subordinate society，and soldiers、Farmers、The secret society and the diaspora are combined，Continuously destructive and orderly revolution。The second half of the "Century" is after 1921，The main force engaged in the revolution is converted into a modern party。In multi -party competition，The new democratic revolution led by the Communist Party of China finally won。

From the beginning of the Republic to the Republican reconstruction。From the Millennium Emperor to the Early Republic of the Republic of the Republic of the Republic of the Republic，It is a political break，It also has some kind of continuity of history。Of course, the republic system is completely different compared to the monarch system，But because this revolution is mixed with many compromises，Therefore, a number of tensions are born with pregnancy。The first tension is the tension between the old dynasty national form and the trend of the new nation country。The Revolutionary School of the Late Qing Dynasty was originally established as the "Demonstration of the Ceremony" centered on the Han nationality to the establishment of the Republic of China to the "Five Republic"，Among them, the multi -ethnic governance policy of the Qing Dynasty was absorbed，It also reflects the modern construction of the "Chinese nation"。From this，"Chinese nation" as a new nation -state concept becomes a new national identity core logo。But the country's identity issues were not effectively resolved until 1949。The second type of tension is the tension between the national administrative power and the bourgeois parliamentary power represented by the president。These two political integrations are two ideas for each other when the Republic of China built。1921 to 1927，Especially the Revolution period from 1924 to 1927，The revolutionary movement jointly carried out by the two parties and the Communist Party is a composite revolution，Both sides have both cooperation，Internal contradictions from the beginning。After the failure of the Great Revolution in 1927，The new democratic revolution led by the Communist Party of China has eliminated the tension within the revolutionary party，An important condition for becoming the final victory。

From "local militaryization" to the "People's War" military route。The "local militaryization" pattern formed by the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom period，Deeply changed the cultural and military relations of traditional China and the central government -local relations。and then，The military armed forces that "soldiers will have" have been separated from the association with the central government，Disclosure from the relationship with gentleman and Confucian ethics，Disclosure from contact with local society，Become a kind of loyalty to the army of the army、The split force floating in local society，So as to provide soil for warlord melee。and the Communist Party of China gradually established a brand -new military route for the People's War，Organic integration of revolutionary forces and local society，Therefore, the support of local society and people，The People's Army also gets rich and expanded from the main force to the guerrilla team to the multi -level extension of the militia，And local society has obtained new resources in the politicalization Bet365 app download of politicia and the main body reconstruction。

From the decline of the country to the local mobilization。The decline of the country is the eye -catching social phenomenon of "century"。First，The internal volume of the rural population pushes traditional agriculture to a high level，But I have eaten the surplus of agriculture，Makes small farmers from accumulating capital，The rural areas are trap into a "high level of equilibrium"; the entry of the Western capitalist economic system and the expansion of the market have caused a huge impact on China's local economy。Next，The state has begun to strengthen the control and squeeze of local society，But the development of this state power is based on the social and cultural basis that destroys the existing society and culture of the country，With the growth of the population, it has reached the limit of the economy of small farmers，As a result, the state's ability to control rural society is far lower than its ability to squeeze rural society，This is the phenomenon of "internal currency of the state power"。Last，Due to the disintegration and inferiority of the gentry class，The foundation of traditional ethics and social solidarity is severely damaged，Two local talents are absorbed by the city uniged，This is the "Disposal Random Rust of Randoming"。Facing the situation of local decay，The Kuomintang authorities have no intention to take care of，The various "local reconstruction" movements that the improved factions have called for and promoted have not been successful。Facing the decline and integration crisis of the local society，The Communist Party of China shows unique organizational advantages and mobilization specialties。After the Communist Party of China embarks on the revolutionary road of "surrounding the city with rural areas"，On the one hand，Pay attention to the construction of the party's own grass -roots organization，On the other hand，Under the guidance of the mass line, guide the masses to establish a grass -roots regime and various mass organizations in the village through democratic elections，Create a multi -level local armed forces that cooperate with the main forces。The Communist Party of China to rural manpower、Exclusive to material and financial resources，The rooting of rural society、Mobilization、Reconstruction is closely linked，Social erosion scenes that used to be dull and declined in the past were replaced by vibrant mobilization scenes。

　　The key entrance to understanding Chinese -style modernization

When examining Chinese -style modernization，Historical perspective has basic significance。Modernization is a historical process from traditional to modern，Chinese -style modernization shows the complex and close association between tradition and modernity。These associations mainly include: Confucian traditions, especially ethical concepts and relations, have an important impact on modern society; traditional China has a certain inspiration of the balance of military and martial arts on the construction of military and political relationships; China is both a big country，It is also a large country with a very vast area and a very uneven distribution between regions，It is still a multi -ethnic country that has basically maintained the territorial continuity and diversity of governance.，Population、Space、The historical conditions of multi -ethnic groups have always been a decisive factor for the modernization road; the combination of the centralization of centralization and bet365 live casino games the flexibility of local governance，The combination of formal governance and informal governance，These basic problems that need to be faced from ancient to the present, especially the governance of national governance, and the governance of great powers;、The local tradition and modern industrialization, including grass -roots autonomy、Urbanization、Commodity and the establishment of the regime of national countries are not a complete oppositional relationship，If you adopt opposing development ideas, it will not only lead to the decline of the country，It will also cause modernization itself to become difficult;。The modernization road opened and expanded by China during the revolutionary movement，Of course not a simple inheritance of historical traditions，But the traditional integration of China's modernization process，It is also an indisputable fact。18th century from 1990s to 1949 two giant changes across the century，Show the long -sex transition and transformation of Chinese traditions、Difficulty and complexity。The revolutionary tradition created by the Communist Party of China、Base of the population and regional country、"Looking at humanities，The spirit of turning into the world "and the background color of the local socio -economic，The four most important influencing factor constituted in Chinese -style modernization。

The historical perspective of sociology on these associations and integration of history and reality, as well as the transition and transformation from traditional to modern，Have a unique understanding。In the voice of "historical history of sociology" recently strengthened，You can feel that the basic knowledge configuration of Chinese sociology is undergoing important changes: the three -wheel drive constructed from the "theory -method -experience" in the past became more constructed from the "theory -history -method -experience" more Stable and wide four -wheel drive。Historical perspective has an independent position in the sociology of Chinese characteristics，It is also a key entrance to understand Chinese -style modernization。

　(The author is a professor at the Department of Sociology of Tsinghua University)