The late Qing Dynasty in China has entered the "big change of three thousand years without changes"、During the Great Change。On the one hand, the powers are waiting for the powers、National situation，One side is new learning、New Si、Newly made urgent pouring in，Internal and external problems and innovation hopes to contradict the majority of the scholars at that time。Enlightenment thoughts raised in this special period，It can be seen in the Western Book Reading of the Late Qing Dynasty。How did the late Qing Dynasty read "ideological resources" through Western books，Update the existing "knowledge warehouse"? What does Western Xue mean for them to seek rescue and change?、trend and political tide? What kind of historical limitations have hindered the efforts of scholars' changes?，Form the "Internet of meaning"。Professor Jiang Jianguo, a professor at the School of Journalism of Fudan University as an important literature historical material and unique observation perspective for the reading of the Western Book of the West Book of the Western Book of Scholars，Interview with this reporter on related issues。

　Bet365 lotto review

"China Social Sciences":Read the Western Book Reading of the Late Qing scholars from the scholar diary，Emphasizing the ideological motivation of Western Book Reading to promote the modernization of social modernization in the late Qing Dynasty。In your opinion，What are the historical backgrounds and factors of this ideological motivation?

　　Jiang Jianguo:Although since the middle and late Ming Dynasty，Western learning knowledge is continuously introduced to China，But until the 19th century，Western Xue did not subvert the knowledge and belief system of Chinese scholars。After Daoguang，Internal and external problems，The study of research is questioned by many scholars。The introduction of "Western Xue" after the Opium War、Communication and reading，Reading at the "Book of Sutra"。

But in the first half of the 19th century，The gentry class has a very obvious rejection of modernity，In the classical reading mode guided by the imperial examinations，Cooked reading history is an inevitable choice for each scholar。Reading classic is the process of "looking back"，In the process of looking up at the saints，Recite as the basic skill training，Especially Confucian classics as a must -read book as an imperial examination，Requires the reader's hands to get involved and regard Confucianism as the origin of knowledge。Obviously，Emphasis on classic exams for the imperial examination，Makes readers into the classic reading world and continuously "seeing the wise and thinking" through the classic domestication，So as to organically combine the evidence of the literature with the constraints of morals。Before the imperial examination is not over，Students must use classics as the path of reading, and they are diligent。So，From the perspective of reading the history of the late Qing Dynasty，Classical reading always occupies a dominant position，The reading world of Western learning books is very difficult and long process。

But，The Western Book Reading of the Late Qingshi contains the complex process Bet365 lotto review of seeking scholars seeking Western learning meaning，It also reflects the internal tension of "traditional and modern"。The spread of Western Xue from shallow to deep，From point to face，Showing the modern knowledge spectrum from "Tao One" to "Tao two" and "Dao Duo Duo" transition，Scholars constantly adjust and seek new ideological resources to alleviate the inner "tension"，confirmed the role of Western Xue's "cultural catalyst"。Western Book as "Others"，Gradually strengthened the self -identification and value orientation of scholars。The impact of Western Book on scholars can be described as "Yue Ying Wanchuan"，Dan Xue's "modernity" has impacted the monopoly position of Chinese classic knowledge，Make readers in different reading fields，Using a variety of interpretation strategies，Have a complex reading experience、discourse system and cultural imagination，It contains the rich connotation of scholars' pursuit of modern civilization。From the early Western Geography、Interpretation of historical knowledge，To the later technology、Humanities、Comprehensive understanding of social science knowledge，Scholars' Western Book Reading process "witnessed" the modernity of the late Qing society。

　　"China Social Sciences":In the late Qing Dynasty, Chinese and Western communication became frequent。What kind of way of thinking and reading attitude in the late Qingshi people often，Come to face the in -West studies?

　Jiang Jianguo:Due to the social experience of scholars、Cultural literacy、Value concepts and interpretation capabilities are large，and receive cultural traditions、Impact of ideology and social situations，Its reading experience is also different，presents novelty、Suspicious and contradictory composite thinking。

Reading history emphasizes the research of "real readers"，Case analysis is conducive to our "re -visit" some readers，Readers' reading text can also "repeat" certain historical events。This means，Reading history centered on diary，Not only a historical narrative，It is still a "interesting form"。Reader reading itself is event，and may "create" opportunity。But the reader's description of the event is limited，But the reader's description of the event is limited，Their selective records of the event often have certain subjectivity。Reader's identity、experience and values，All will affect the interpretation and record of the news。So，Readers have their own experience in Western learning，Complex complex。

But from early missionaries' shallow introduction to Western studies，Discipline of Western Studies during the Restoration、Type and institutionalization，Publishing and knowledge evolution of Western studies，Through taxi reading、Explanation can be confirmed，This reflects its consumption value and social significance。From the perspective of overall，Scholars' attitude towards Western Book is directly related to their value orientation，Look at the reading attitude of the scholars to Western Book，It can be roughly divided into three categories。First, use Western studies as ideological resources to promote social change，Actively absorb in an open attitude。This kind of reader reads himself by reading the Western Book，​​Reflection society，and then blend and become common，Put forward your own academic views and political claims，The use and transformation of Western culture，Disposal Bet365 lotto review in the practice of social change。Second, although I have a certain interest in Western learning resources，But compare from a traditional perspective，This kind of reader hovers between tradition and modernity，often presents new and old miscellaneous、Mind conflict with each other。Third is the resistance to the West Book，From the eyes of some conservatives，Western book is a symbol of "evil"，It does not match the old method，All useless。This kind of reader has the tendency of "new book and old reading"，Reflect that the disgust of the conservative party West studies。

　Form the "Internet of meaning"

"China Social Sciences":You can see from the Western Book Reading of some representative characters，Under the specific historical space and space of the late Qing Dynasty，The knowledge of the two forms treats the two forms，What cultural emotions and cultural imagination do you hold? What are the "webs of meaning" for the formation of Western Book's reading?

　Jiang Jianguo:Western Book as "Mirror"，Is the symbol of "new"，Provide ideological resources and conceptual tools for scholars。Western book is a "communication" medium，It provides readers with alternative world knowledge，Promoting the meaning output and value reconstruction of the text of Western learning，and make many authors and readers who do not know each other performed the "space -separated dialogue"。For the new people，Read Western Book，Learning New Study，Seeking change，It is the concrete manifestation of the release of traditional tensions and pursuit of modern civilization。From the perspective of "I think I am"，Many scholars pay attention to picking Western knowledge，It is intended to reflect and transform tradition，Express the purpose of "seeking new"，Rebuilding new value and beliefs。In the process of "removing the old cloth"，Many scholars pass on the in -depth study of Western Books，Realize the identity of the knowledge person。Of course，Many scholars pass on the in -depth study of Western Books，Based on traditional resources to question the content of Western Books and reject the content of Western Book。In short，Scholars' Western Book Reading process presents a slightly complicated mentality。

The Internet emphasized here，First, from the perspective of interpersonal network，Highlight the role of Western Book in "Media" interpersonal relationship，Formation of Western Book Reading Network，closely related to the relationship between scholars，Borrowing through scholars、Post and transmission network，Western book reading can produce "circle effects"。Second, from the perspective of the space network，West Book from Shanghai to Jiangsu and Zhejiang、Jingjin、The two lakes are constantly sowing，Gradually enter urban and rural society from urban society，Reflecting the interactive relationship between Western learning communication and the reading of scholars，"Ripple Effect" of Western Book Reading。Third, from the perspective of the related network，With the increasing number of readings of scholars Western books，In different social situations，West Book can "repeat" history，Comparison through Western learning、Association and imagination，Forms a "association effect" with diversified significance。

　　"China Social Sciences":We noticed，In the West School Publishing Activities in the Late Qing Dynasty，Many scholars also participate in it。If Wei Yuan, who is known as "the first person in the world", wrote "The State of the State"，Wang Tao、Li Shanlan and others have assisted missionaries to translate Western studies。The "depth" participation of these pioneers in Chinese communication activities in Western learning，How does it have an impact on their personal experience and the change of society in the late Qing Dynasty?

　　Jiang Jianguo:Social flow has a profound impact on people's reading experience and ideological transformation。Western Book as a "exchangeable" medium，"Move" through space，Open the window of "World Knowledge" for the scholars。Early thought pioneers' absorption of "world knowledge"，Early thought pioneers' absorption of "world knowledge"。Wang Tao、Li Shanlan、Wei Yuan and other pioneers，I used to live in the port city，​​Communicate with Westerners，I have a certain understanding of Western civilization，Especially in Mohai Library provides rich western learning practice and opportunities for Chinese and Western cultural exchanges for Wang Tao and other ports。In the process of assisting missionaries to compile Western studies，Deepen the cognition of Western Xue。

The introduction of the knowledge of Western learning，Break through the tradition of "Dao Due to One"，Promoting ideological enlightenment。Wei Yuan、Xu Jizheng、Liang Tingyi and other ideological pioneers re -explained the world and China through "geography"，Book of words，Reflected the good intentions of their use of the world。Zhou Tenghu、Zhao Liewen and other Jiangnan scholars have the opportunity to read Western Books，Make them preliminary awareness of "world knowledge"。Wang Tao、Chen Yan、Reflected the good intentions of their use of the world、Questions and criticism，It shows that they can break through Chen Jian，Elaborate new theory，This writes a new book for them，Promoting the spread of Western learning and development laid the foundation。These early Western Book Reading Groups，Although the scale is not large，But the "Knowledge Tree" of Western Xue has taken root in their ideological world，They quote around Western learning texts、Comparison and explanation，Show the ideological penetration of Western Book Reading，promoted the enlightenment movement of early Western studies，provides mental motivation for later social changes。

　　Generate "Ripple Effect"

"China Social Sciences":Li Hongzhang、Zhang Zhidong and others launched a foreign affairs movement，How does it affect the reading of Western Books?

　　Jiang Jianguo:In the Westernization Movement，Western skills as a wealthy country、The technique of a strong country has attached great importance to the Westernization School。Under the social situation of "use the world"，The "Tao" of Western Xue has a closer relationship with the "use" of reality。Under the promotion of the Westernization School，The official institutionalization promotion has a direct impact on the spread of Western studies，Published by many Western learning books、The distribution has been guaranteed institutionalized，Officially invested in Western Xue Publishing and Communication Institutions continuously increased。Another，Many church schools、Bookstore、Published by the hospital and Western learning books、Issuing Activity Related，The significant growth of the type and quantity of Western books directly promoted the spread and reading of Western learning。

Under the influence of foreign affairs trends，bet365 best casino games Studies of Gezhi are very valued，Reading "Western Book" and Zhiyang affairs have an internal connection，Published a large number of Western Books provided opportunities for the new knowledge of Western Xue，The space extension of Western Book means more reading freedom，Reading the expansion of the circle can produce a clear "ripple effect"。The "Knowledge Tree" of Western Xue continues to grow，It breaks the monopoly position of traditional classic reading，Change the original reading situation，Provided more ideological resources for scholars。Although most scholars still live in the traditional ideological world，Danxue as a new knowledge spectrum has triggered extensive cultural exchanges and social interaction，and through the reading and interpretation of scholars to form a broader meaning network。

　"China Social Sciences":Western Book Reading and Geographic Geographical space changes、Differential of the knowledge circle layer，What is the relationship?

　　Jiang Jianguo:Reading history should pay special attention to people、The space flow of books。We emphasize the "ripple effect" of Western book reading，It is on the basis of paying attention to individual reading，Highlight the collective meaning of Western Book Reading。We think，Reading to generate knowledge，Knowledge to give birth to faith。This process is extremely complicated，But only through the continuous expansion of the group，Collective reading can promote social change。After the Opium War，Shanghai becomes the center of Western Book Publishing and Communication，Through the intercourse network of scholars、Release Network of Western Book，West Book Reading Group from Shanghai、Drial to the Mainland in Jiangsu and Zhejiang，The scale continues to grow，The flow of Western Book created more reading opportunities，It also promoted the spread of Western school from urban society to rural society，Therefore, to a certain extent, the process of "Western Xue Culture Movement" is reflected。

Although the Western Xue spread in the late Qing Dynasty was generally placed under the framework of "Middle West"，But with the changes in the current situation，There is also a big difference in attitude towards Western studies within the gentry society。From the perspective of social change，foreign officials represented by Zhang Zhangdong emphasized the study of the artifact civilization in "Western Studies"，Promote the "Western Instrument"，but not "removing the old"，Emphasize that the ancestor's method cannot be changed，Especially the political system in the West cannot be imitated。The Restoration School represented by Kangliang，Emphasize "removing the old cloth new"，Promote social change by reference by reference，Improve the existing system with "reform"，This is reflected in the political theory of the current newspapers such as the Times News。and "New Study Pseudo -Scriptures", "Theory of the National Wealth", "Theory of Heaven" and other works，It also responded to the trend of renovation。In the debate of "Tao" and "Instrument"，Reading the value and function of Western Xue changed，Reading circles will inevitably differentiate。

　　Reading revolution has not changed to social revolution

"China Social Sciences":How did Western Book Reading affect a series of political change in the late Qing Dynasty? The late Qing scholar hoped to change the National Games through Western School，But it is undeniable that，In the end, the changes promoted by Western studies were attributed to failure。What is the limitations of the Western Reading Movement of the Late Qing Dynasty?

　　Jiang Jianguo:From a certain extent,，The Western Book Reading of the Late Qing Dynasty has a mutual confirmation relationship with social changes。Wang Dewei regards the late Qing Dynasty as "the depressed modern period"，but，Reading Western Book is an important means to break through "depression" and "discover yourself"，It is also an important way to touch "modernity"。Wang Dewei also emphasized，"May 4th" is actually the pursuit of modernity in China since the late Qing Dynasty -extremely rushing and narrowing evil，instead of beginning。No late Qing Dynasty，Why come May 4th? From the perspective of the reading history of Western Book，No reader，How to read? No reading，How to modern times? therefore，West book reading phenomenon in the late Qing Dynasty can be regarded as a "modernity" character，It is an important face for observing social changes。

but，We must clearly recognize，The Western Book Reading of the Late Qingshi is still the process of absorption and acceptance of Western learning knowledge，Of course, Western Xue has largely changed the knowledge structure of scholars，Provides the motivation to social change。But the reform campaign under the premise of maintaining the legitimacy and stability of the Qing court，There are obvious institutional conflicts，Whether it is the Westernization School or the Restoration School，Their reform practice is intended to achieve effects through the way of "old bottle new wine"。In the era of imperial system，Western resources used by the reform school，Can't fundamentally touch the "deep water zone" of reform，Can't break the interest pattern of the ruling group，You cannot evolve into the social reform movement of ordinary people through reading practice。That is to say，No political system changes，Do not change the original political order，Social crisis is impossible to be lifted。From this level,，The "Ripple Effect" formed by the Western Books for the Western Book，It is difficult to transform into a overall social revolution movement，Reading Western Books, of course, read the revolution quietly，But the social revolution in action has not arrived。

　　Break the "Western School East" one -way thinking

"China Social Sciences":Do you think，Research on Western Xue East，What problems should I pay attention to in methodology?

　　Jiang Jianguo:Should be seen，"Western learning East" is a main line of the study of the history of the late Qing Dynasty。But the research on the influence of "Western learning East" on social impact is still quite weak。Discussion on "Western Xue East" in the academic community，Affected by the theory of "One -way Cultural Communication" is greater，and，Many scholars are in the process of using the theory of "impact -reaction"，One -sided emphasis on the role of Western Xue as an external force，and the internal changes of traditional Chinese society，Lack of in -depth and meticulous investigation。What needs to be pointed out is，Historical research should be a diversified duplication，instead of being a "main tone"。Mr. Wang Fansen emphasized that historical research should pay attention to "stubborn bass"，Re -visit many academic discussions that have been suppressed by new ideas in the past 100 years，Re -visit a lot of neglected faces，Visit some basic questions。That is to say，Our awareness of Western Xue，To break through the bias centered on Western Book text，To turn to specific readers and their ideological world。The reason why I emphasize the historical data of diary，I firmly believe，Diary is the history of individual thought，It is also an important breakthrough in the research from "one -way cultural communication" to an important breakthrough in "diversified interaction" research。In the study of Western Xue East，It is necessary to have a "re -visit"。

In terms of methodology，First of all, we must break the one -way thinking of "Western School East"。Existing research focuses on the publishing of Western learning books、Issuing、Communication research，Focus on the discussion of the text itself。Lack of acceptance of readers -analysis of the reaction process，This obviously ignores the core link of Western learning reading。It can be said，The shallow introduction of Western Xue from the early missionary，Discipline of Western Studies during the Restoration、Type and institutionalization，Publishing and knowledge evolution of Western studies，Only through the scholar reading、Explanation can be confirmed，can it reflect its consumption value and social significance。But the lack of readers' ability to consciousness，8040_8063。Another，I emphasize the use of diary historical materials，It is to highlight the analysis and correlation study of cases，Form a complex "Internet of meaning"。So，The case of a taxi reading Western Book has important historical value and vast imagination space。Readers are the source of meaning production。The process of reading Western Books，I am observing myself，Imagine others，Reading society。How to "East"，It must be reflected through the reader's reading and interpretation，This is a core point of view that must be strengthened to excavate historical materials，It is also the meaning of the history of the reading history of the late Qing Dynasty in the late Qing Dynasty。