In the late Qing Dynasty, China entered a turning point of "great changes unseen in three thousand years"、Period of great change。On one side, surrounded by great powers、The national situation is critical，One side is new learning、Xinsi、Sudden influx of new products，Domestic and foreign troubles and the hope for innovation were contradictory and intertwined among the broad group of scholars at that time。The trend of enlightenment spawned by this special period，This can be seen in the reading of bet365 cricket odds books by scholars in the late Qing Dynasty。How scholars in the late Qing Dynasty explored "ideological resources" through reading bet365 cricket odds books，Update the existing "knowledge warehouse"？What does bet365 cricket odds learning mean to them in their pursuit of salvation and change？How did such a "quiet revolution" affect the ideological trends of the late Qing Dynasty、Fashions and political trends？What kind of historical limitations hindered the efforts of scholars to seek change？The bet365 cricket odds reading activities of scholars in the late Qing Dynasty as well as their reading mentality and understanding are often revealed in their diaries，Form a “web of meaning”。Professor Jiang Jianguo of the School of Journalism at Fudan University uses the diaries of scholars in the late Qing Dynasty as an important historical document and unique observation perspective for studying the reading of bet365 cricket odds books among scholars，Accepted an interview with this reporter on related issues。

　Reflecting the tension between "tradition and bet365 cricket odds"

"Chinese bet365 cricket odds Sciences Journal":Your reading of bet365 cricket odds books examining the scholar group in the late Qing Dynasty from the scholar’s ​​diary，Emphasis on the ideological impetus provided by reading bet365 cricket odds books in promoting the modernization of society in the late Qing Dynasty。In your opinion，What are the historical background and era factors of this ideological motivation？

　　bet365 cricket odds Jianguo:Although since the middle and late Ming Dynasty，bet365 cricket odds knowledge continues to be introduced into China，But not until the 19th century，bet365 cricket odds learning did not subvert the knowledge and belief system of Chinese scholars。After Daoguang，Internal and external troubles，The study of textual criticism has been questioned by many scholars。The introduction of “bet365 cricket odds learning” after the Opium War、Communication and Reading，Related to the reading culture of “applying wisdom to the world”。

But throughout the first half of the 19th century，The rejection of modernity by the gentry is very obvious，In the classical reading mode oriented to the imperial examination，Familiarity with classics and history is an inevitable choice for every reader。Reading classics is a process of "looking backward" for scholars，In the process of looking up to the sages and sages，Using recitation as basic skill training，In particular, Confucian classics are required reading for the imperial examination，Requires readers to keep reading and regard Confucianism as the source of knowledge。Obviously，The emphasis on classics in the imperial examination，Enable readers to immerse themselves in the world of classical reading and continue to "see the talents and think about others" through the domestication of classics，Thus organically combining documentary evidence and moral constraints。Before the imperial examination is over，Readers must take classics as a reading path and pursue them diligently。Therefore，From the perspective of reading history in the late Qing Dynasty，Classical reading always dominates，It is a very difficult and long process for bet365 cricket odds books to enter the reading world of scholars。

However，The reading of Western books by scholars in the late Qing Dynasty contains the complex process of scholars seeking the meaning bet365 cricket odds，Also reflects the inherent tension between "tradition and modernity"。The spread bet365 cricket odds from shallow to deep，From point to surface，Exhibits the transformation of modern knowledge genealogy from "Tao comes out of one" to "Tao comes out of two" and even "Tao comes out of many"，Scholars constantly adjust and seek new ideological resources to relieve inner "tension"，Confirmed the "cultural catalyst" role bet365 cricket odds。Xishu as the “other”，Gradually strengthened the self-identity and value orientation of scholars。The influence of Western books on scholars can be described as "the moon reflects thousands of rivers"，But the "modernity" bet365 cricket odds has impacted the monopoly of Chinese classical knowledge，Enable readers in different reading fields，Adopting multiple interpretation strategies，Has a complex reading experience、Discourse system and cultural imagination，Contains the rich connotation of scholars’ pursuit of modern civilization。From early Western geography、Interpretation of historical knowledge，To later technology、Humanities、Comprehensive understanding of social science knowledge，The scholars’ reading process of Western books “witnessed” the modernity of late Qing society。

　　"Chinese bet365 cricket odds Sciences Journal":Interactions between China and the West became more frequent in the late Qing Dynasty。What kind of thinking and reading attitude did scholars tend to have in the late Qing Dynasty，To face the incoming bet365 cricket odds works？

　bet365 cricket odds Jianguo:Due to the social experience of scholars、Cultural literacy、Big differences in values ​​and interpretive abilities，And influenced by cultural traditions、The influence of ideology and social situation，The bet365 cricket odds experience also varies greatly，Present novelty、Complex thinking of doubts and contradictions。

The history of reading emphasizes the study of “real readers”，Case analysis helps us "revisit" some readers，Readers’ reading texts can also “replay” certain historical events。This means，Research on the history of reading centered on diaries，Not just a historical narrative，It is still an "interesting form"。Reading is an event in itself，And may "create" opportunities。But readers are limited in their description of events，In particular, many scholars occasionally read Western books，Their selective recording of events is often somewhat subjective。Reader’s identity、Experiences and values，It will all affect the interpretation and recording of news。Therefore，Readers have their own understanding bet365 cricket odds，Complicated。

But from the early missionaries’ superficial introduction to Western learning，The disciplinaryization bet365 cricket odds during the Reform period、Typed and institutionalized，The publication of Western works and the evolution of knowledge，Read by scholars、Explanation confirmed，Thus reflecting its consumption value and social significance。From an overall perspective，The attitude of scholars towards Western books is directly related to their value orientation，From the perspective of scholars’ attitude towards reading Western books，Can be roughly divided into three categories。First, use Western learning as an ideological resource to promote social change，Actively absorb with an open attitude。This kind of readers examine themselves by reading Western books，Rethinking society，And then integrate and adapt，Put forward your own academic views and political opinions，The application and transformation of Western culture，Pursue yourself into the practice of social change。Second, although I have some interest in Western learning resources，But compare from a traditional perspective，This kind of readers are wandering between tradition and modernity，Often showing a mixture of old and new、Conflicting mentality。The third is the resistant reading of Western books，In the opinion of some conservative scholars，Xishu is a symbol of "evil"，Not in compliance with the old law，Totally useless。This kind of readers have the tendency to "read new books and old books"，Reflects conservatives’ dislike bet365 cricket odds。

　Forming a “bet365 cricket odds”

"Chinese bet365 cricket odds Sciences Journal":It can be seen from the reading of bet365 cricket odds books by some representative figures，Under the specific historical time and space of the late Qing Dynasty，The scholar group treats two forms of knowledge，What kind of cultural emotions and cultural imagination do you hold？In what ways is the "web of meaning" formed by their reading of bet365 cricket odds books？

　bet365 cricket odds Jianguo:Xishu as a "mirror"，It is a symbol of "new"，Provide ideological resources and conceptual tools for scholars。Xishu is a "communicable" medium，It provides readers with alternative world knowledge，Promote the meaning output and value reconstruction of bet365 cricket odds texts，Enables many authors and readers who don’t know each other to have “distance conversations”。For those who are innovating，Reading bet365 cricket odds Books，Learn new things，Seeking change，It is a concrete manifestation of releasing the inner tension towards tradition and pursuing modern civilization。From the perspective of "I think, therefore I am"，Many scholars pay attention to picking up bet365 cricket odds knowledge，Intended to reflect on and transform tradition，Expressing the purpose of “seeking newness”，Rebuild new values ​​and beliefs。In the process of “removing the old and replacing the old with the new”，Many scholars have passed the in-depth study of bet365 cricket odds books，Realize the transformation into a knowledge person。Of course，There are also some scholars who engage in "new books and old books"，Question and reject the content of bet365 cricket odds Books based on traditional resources。Anyway，The scholars’ reading process of bet365 cricket odds books shows a subtle and complicated mentality。

The web of meaning emphasized here，First, from the perspective of interpersonal network，Highlight the role of Western books in “media” interpersonal relationships，The formation of the Western Book Reading Network，Closely related to interactions with scholars，Through borrowing between scholars、Postal and Circulation Network，Reading Western books can produce a “circle effect”。The second is from the perspective of space network，Xishu from Shanghai to Jiangsu and Zhejiang、Beijing and Tianjin、The two lakes continue to spread，Gradually entering from urban society to urban and rural society，Reflects the interactive and mutually progressive relationship between the spread bet365 cricket odds and scholar reading，Presenting the “ripple effect” of Western reading。The third is from the perspective of related networks，With the increasing number of scholars reading Western books，In different social situations，Xishu can "repeat" history，Comparison of Western knowledge、Relation and imagination，Form a "correlation effect" with multiple meanings。

　　"Chinese bet365 cricket odds Sciences Journal":We noticed，In the bet365 cricket odds publishing activities that emerged in the late Qing Dynasty，Many scholars also participated。For example, Wei Yuan, who is known as "the first person to see the world with his eyes open" compiled "Hai Guo Tu Zhi"，Wang Tao、Li Shanlan and others once assisted missionaries in translating bet365 cricket odds works。The “deep” participation of these pioneers in the dissemination of bet365 cricket odds knowledge in China，What impact did it have on their personal experiences and social changes in the late Qing Dynasty？

　　bet365 cricket odds Jianguo:Social mobility has a profound impact on people’s reading experience and ideological changes。Western books as an “exchangeable” medium，"Movement" through space，Opened a window of "world knowledge" for scholars。The absorption of “world knowledge” by early intellectual pioneers，It is directly related to their understanding of "modernity"。Wang Tao、Li Shanlan、Wei Yuan and other pioneers，all lived in port cities，Associating with Westerners，Have a certain understanding of Western civilization，In particular, the Mohai Library provided Wang Tao and other port literati with rich opportunities for Western learning practice and Chinese and Western cultural exchanges。They are assisting missionaries in the process of compiling Western works，Deepen the understanding bet365 cricket odds。

The introduction of Western knowledge by pioneers，Breaking through the tradition of "Tao comes from one"，Promotes ideological enlightenment。Wei Yuan、Xu Jishe、Thought pioneers such as Liang Tingyi reinterpreted the world and China through "geography"，Expressing ambitions in writing，Reflecting their good intentions in dealing with the world。Zhou Tenghu、Zhao Liewen and other Jiangnan scholars had the opportunity to read Western books，Give them a preliminary understanding of "world knowledge"。Wang Tao、Chen Li、Feng Guifen and others’ research on Western works、Question and criticism，Show that they have been able to break through stereotypes，Elaborating on new theories，This will be a new book for them later，Laid the foundation for promoting the spread and development bet365 cricket odds。These early Western book reading groups，Although the scale is small，But the "knowledge tree" bet365 cricket odds has taken root in their ideological world，They quote around Western texts、Comparison and explanation，Shows the ideological penetration of Western reading，The Enlightenment Movement that promoted early Western learning，Provided spiritual power for subsequent social changes。

　　Create a “bet365 cricket odds”

"Chinese bet365 cricket odds Sciences Journal":Li Hongzhang、The Westernization Movement initiated by Zhang Zhidong and others，How does it affect the reading of bet365 cricket odds books？

　　bet365 cricket odds Jianguo:In the Westernization Movement，Western skills as a rich country、The art of strengthening a country is highly valued by the Westernizationists。In the social context of "managing the world for practical purposes"，The "Tao" bet365 cricket odds is more closely related to the "use" of reality。Driving by the Westernizationists，Official institutional promotion has had a direct impact on the spread bet365 cricket odds，The publication of many Western books、Issuance has been institutionally guaranteed，The number of officially funded Western publishing and dissemination institutions continues to increase。Also，Many church schools、Bookstore、Hospital City and the Publishing of Western Books、Related to distribution activities，The substantial increase in the types and quantity of Western books directly promoted the spread and reading bet365 cricket odds。

Under the influence of Westernization Thought，Gezhi’s studies are highly valued，There is an inherent connection between reading "foreign books" and knowing about foreign affairs，The large number of published Western books provided opportunities for scholars to accept new knowledge bet365 cricket odds，The spatial extension of Xishu means more freedom of reading，The expansion of the reading circle can produce an obvious "ripple effect"。The “knowledge tree” bet365 cricket odds continues to grow，It breaks the monopoly of traditional classic reading，Changed the original reading situation，Provides more diverse ideological resources for scholars。Although most scholars still live in the traditional ideological world，But Western learning as a new knowledge genealogy has triggered extensive cultural exchanges and social interactions，And form a broader network of meaning through scholars’ reading and interpretation。

　"Chinese bet365 cricket odds Sciences Journal":Reading bet365 cricket odds Books and Changing Geographical Space in the Late Qing Dynasty、Differentiation of knowledge circles，What kind of relationship is there？

　　bet365 cricket odds Jianguo:The history of reading should pay special attention to people、The spatial flow of books。We emphasize the “ripple effect” of Western reading，On the basis of focusing on individual reading，Highlight the collective significance of reading Western books。We think，Reading generates knowledge，Knowledge breeds faith。This process is extremely complicated，But only through the continuous expansion of the reading community，Only through collective reading can we promote social change。After the Opium War，Shanghai became the center of publishing and dissemination of Western books，Through the communication network of scholars、Xishu distribution network，Xishu reading group from Shanghai、Jiangsu and Zhejiang spread to the mainland，Growing in scale，The flow of Western books creates more reading opportunities，It also promoted the spread bet365 cricket odds from urban society to rural society，Thus, to a certain extent, it embodies the process of "the downward movement of Western culture"。

Although the spread bet365 cricket odds in the late Qing Dynasty was generally placed under the framework of "Chinese body and Western use"，But as the situation changes，There are also great differences in attitudes towards Western learning within the gentry society。From the perspective of social change，The Westernization officials represented by Zhang Zhidong emphasized the study of artifact civilization in "Western learning"，Promote "Western tools"，But you cannot "remove the old"，Emphasize that the laws of the ancestors cannot be changed，Especially the Western political system cannot be imitated。The reformists represented by Kang and Liang，Emphasis on “removing the old and establishing the new”，Promote social change by learning from Western learning，Use "reform" to improve the existing system，This is reflected in the political commentary of reform newspapers such as "Shiwu Bao"。And "New Learning Apocrypha", "Wealth of Nations", "Heavenly Evolution" and other works，Also in response to the reform trend。In the debate about "Tao" and "Utensil"，The value and function of reading Western learning have changed，The reading circle is bound to divide。

　　The bet365 cricket odds revolution failed to transform into a social revolution

"Chinese bet365 cricket odds Sciences Journal":How did bet365 cricket odds reading influence a series of political reform movements in the late Qing Dynasty？Scholars in the late Qing Dynasty hoped to change the destiny of the country through bet365 cricket odds learning，But it is undeniable，In the end, the changes they promoted with bet365 cricket odds learning failed。What are the limitations of the bet365 cricket odds Shu reading movement among scholars in the late Qing Dynasty？

　　bet365 cricket odds Jianguo:To some extent，There is a mutually corroborating relationship between the reading of bet365 cricket odds books by scholars in the late Qing Dynasty and social changes。Wang Dewei regards the late Qing Dynasty as a "repressed modern period"，But，Reading bet365 cricket odds books is an important means to break through "repression" and "discover yourself"，It is also an important way to touch “modernity”。Wang Dewei also emphasized，The "May Fourth Movement" is actually the end of China's pursuit of modernity since the late Qing Dynasty - an extremely hasty and narrow end of the pursuit，Not the beginning。There is no late Qing Dynasty，Where is the May 4th Movement?？From the perspective of the history of reading bet365 cricket odds books，No readers，Where to read？No reading，Where is modern times？Therefore，The phenomenon of reading bet365 cricket odds books in the late Qing Dynasty can be regarded as a symbol of "modernity"，It is an important aspect to observe social changes。

But，We must clearly understand，The reading of bet365 cricket odds books by scholars in the late Qing Dynasty is generally still a process of absorbing and accepting bet365 cricket odds knowledge，bet365 cricket odds learning has certainly changed the intellectual structure of scholars to a great extent，Provides motivation for social change。But the reform movement was based on the premise of maintaining the legitimacy and stability of Qing rule，There is an obvious institutional conflict，Whether it is Westernization or Reformation，Their reform practices are intended to achieve results through the method of "new wine in an old bottle"。In the Imperial Era，bet365 cricket odds resources used by reformists，The "deep water zone" of reform cannot be fundamentally touched，Cannot break the interest structure of the ruling group，It cannot evolve into a social reform movement involving ordinary people through reading practice。In other words，No change in the political system，Do not change the original political order，Social crisis is impossible to resolve。From this perspective，The "ripple effect" formed by scholars reading bet365 cricket odds books in the late Qing Dynasty，It is difficult to transform into a social revolutionary movement in the overall sense，Reading bet365 cricket odds books is certainly a quiet reading revolution，But the social revolution in action did not come。

　　Break the one-way thinking of "bet365 cricket odds learning spreading eastward"

"Chinese bet365 cricket odds Sciences Journal":What do you think，Research on the spread bet365 cricket odds to the East，What issues should be paid attention to in methodology？

　　bet365 cricket odds Jianguo:should see，“The spread bet365 cricket odds to the East” is a main line of research on the history of the late Qing Dynasty。However, the research on the social impact of "the spread bet365 cricket odds to the East" is still quite weak。Academic discussions on the “Spread bet365 cricket odds to the East”，Greatly influenced by the "one-way cultural communication theory"，And，Many scholars are in the process of applying the "impact-reaction" theory，One-sided emphasis on the role bet365 cricket odds as an external force，And the internal changes in traditional Chinese society，Lack of in-depth and detailed investigation。It needs to be pointed out，Historical research should be a polyphony of diverse meanings，Rather than the "main tone" of a pattern。Mr. Wang Fansen emphasized that historical research should pay attention to the "stubborn bass"，Revisiting many academic discussions that have been suppressed by new ideas in the past hundred years，Revisiting many overlooked aspects，Revisiting some basic questions。In other words，Our understanding bet365 cricket odds，We must break through the tendency to focus on the text of Western Books，Turn to specific readers and their world of thought。The reason why I emphasize diary historical materials，Just firm belief，Diary is an individual’s ideological history，It is also an important breakthrough from the research of "one-way cultural communication" to the research of "multiple interactions"。In the study of the spread bet365 cricket odds to the East，There is a need to "revisit"。

In terms of methodology，First of all, we must get rid of the one-way thinking of "the spread bet365 cricket odds to the East"。Existing research focuses on the publication of Western books、Issue、Communication Research，Focus on the discussion of the text itself。Lack of analysis of reader acceptance-response process，This obviously ignores the core link of Western reading。It can be said，A brief introduction to Western learning from early missionaries，The disciplinaryization bet365 cricket odds during the Reform period、Typed and institutionalized，The publication of Western works and the evolution of knowledge，Only read by scholars、Explanation confirmed，In order to reflect its consumption value and social significance。But the lack of reader-oriented awareness，The research on "the spread bet365 cricket odds to the East" has long had a tendency to emphasize the object and neglect the subject。Also，I emphasize the use of diary historical materials，It is to highlight case analysis and correlation research，Form a complex “web of meaning”。Therefore，The case of scholars reading Western books has important historical value and broad imagination。Readers are the source of meaning production。The process of readers reading Western books，I am observing myself，Imagine the Other，Reading Society。How “Western Learning” Spread Eastward，Must be reflected through readers’ reading and interpretation，This is a core point that must be strengthened when mining historical materials，This is also the significance of "revisiting" the history of Western reading in the late Qing Dynasty。