Feminism is one of the most influential trends of thought in modern times，Profoundly changed gender concepts and mobile bet365 status，At the same time, it also promoted the in-depth development of mobile bet365 political participation。

　　Strive for and obtain

　The French Revolution of 1789 kicked off the mobile bet365 movement，Feminism loudly proposes that women have the same rights as men。The first wave of feminism centered on fighting for mobile bet365 suffrage。United States、Women in the United Kingdom and other European and American countries actively launched campaigns for suffrage，After decades of fierce struggle，In most European and American countries, women gained equal voting rights with men before the outbreak of World War II，Prying open the door to the political field that has always been dominated by men。

European and American mobile bet365 calls for suffrage have also been echoed in colonial and semi-colonial countries in Asia and Africa。While Asian and African women actively participated in the national liberation movement，Carry out the mobile bet365 liberation movement，Actively fight for the right to education、Economic rights、Marriage and family rights，Also fight for the right to vote，But with little effect。Before the outbreak of World War II，Only 8 Asian countries have given women the right to vote。After World War II，As Asian and African countries become independent，Only now do women have equal voting rights with men。China’s elite women started campaigning for the right to vote as early as the Revolution of 1911，But the right to vote was not obtained until 1947，After the founding of New China in 1949，Implementing the national policy of gender equality，The first election law promulgated in 1953 clearly stipulates，Women have the right to vote and be elected。

Actually，Although mobile bet365 gained the right to vote，Female voters account for half of the electorate，But the political field is still dominated by men。Before 1970s，Except certain countries，The proportion of female MPs in European and American parliaments does not exceed 20%，No more than 5% in Asian, African and Latin American countries；There are very few female ministers，Most of them are with mobile bet365、Health、Positions in welfare related departments；Female Prime Minister、Female presidents are even rarer。mobile bet365 cannot fully participate in politics，Causing their rights demands to be ignored。

　　mobile bet365 and deepening

　1960s and 1970s，The rise of second wave feminism，With an in-depth critique of patriarchal culture as its core。Feminism points out that patriarchy is based on class、Race、Based on gender hierarchy，Full of class oppression、Racial oppression and gender oppression；Feminism criticizes the binary division between public and private spheres，That is, politics belongs to the public domain，Family is a private domain，The former belongs to men，The latter is female，Thereby systematically excluding mobile bet365 from the political sphere；Feminist criticism of the binary division between culture and nature，In this division，Men and rationality、Culture、Spiritual connection，mobile bet365 and sensibility、Fertility、Natural connection，Thereby excluding mobile bet365 from the political field。

On the basis of in-depth criticism of patriarchal culture，Feminist Reconstruction of mobile bet365，Proposed that “what is personal is also political”，Intended to eliminate the public and private spheres、The binary division of culture and nature。“What’s personal is also political” is an important slogan of the feminist movement，It points out that the public and private spheres are never distinct，"Power" is everywhere。

To promote mobile bet365 participation in politics，Feminism advocates reforming the electoral system，Establish reserved seats or quotas for women，To ensure a higher proportion of women in parliament。The specific method is，When a political party nominates a candidate，Not less than 30% of female candidates；The proportion of female members of parliament is not less than 30%；The ratio of male to female representation is not less than 40%，Not higher than 60%。

Driven by feminism，With the improvement of mobile bet365 education level and economic ability，More and more women are actively participating in politics。To the turn of the century，The number of female voters generally exceeds that of male voters，And higher willingness to vote；The proportion of female MPs has greatly increased，The proportion of female parliamentarians in most developed countries is more than 20%，More than 30% of Nordic countries’ female parliamentarians，In many developing countries, more than 10% of parliamentarians are female，Even 20%；The number of female ministers in the cabinet has increased，Not only with women、Health、Positions related to welfare department，Can also serve in national defense、Diplomacy、Positions in finance and other departments；Female Prime Minister、The number of female presidents has greatly increased，The path to power is different。For example，Western Europe、Most of the female prime ministers of Oceania are “party climbers”，They all started from the grassroots level of political parties，Running for Member of Parliament，Served as a political party leader，Last became Prime Minister。And South Asia、Most of the female prime ministers (presidents) in Southeast Asia are “political alternatives”，They all come from political families，Or immediate family members of famous male politicians，Become the leader of the opposition first，He will be elected as Prime Minister or President。

The path for Chinese women to participate in politics is different from that in Europe and the United States，But great progress has also been made。Under the guidance of the mobile bet365 liberation theory of the Communist Party of China，Chinese women actively participate in politics，Accounts for more than 20% of the National People’s Congress deputies。They serve as deputy prime ministers、Minister and other important positions，At the provincial level、Municipal level、Also accounts for a certain proportion in county-level leading organizations。

　Influence and change

Improvement of mobile bet365 ability to participate in politics，To promote gender equality、Promote political democratization、Played a positive role in changing political gender stereotypes。

First，Female participation in politics has a positive impact on safeguarding mobile bet365 rights。“Personal is also political” has a very positive significance in promoting the “gender mainstreaming” of politics。First, it has changed that men belong to politics、Women belong to the binary division of the family，Making women aware，mobile bet365 experience、mobile bet365 affairs are also part of politics，Should be the subject of public attention。The second is for national legislators，Politics should also extend beyond the public sphere，The government should pay attention to family and other issues，These were considered private matters in the past，In fact, it is also a political issue。

With mobile bet365 actively participating in politics，Political issues expand into the so-called "private sphere"，What mobile bet365 are concerned about、Issues related to vital interests attract attention。Gender mainstreaming has also been introduced into policies and legislation，In the formulation of policies and legislation、Implementation、Incorporate a gender perspective throughout the testing and assessment process，Evaluate the impact of relevant legislation and policies on the status and life of men and mobile bet365 in society，Also taking action to address gender inequality，To promote gender equality。

Secondly，Female participation in politics promotes political democratization。mobile bet365 actively participate in politics，They are at various stages of the democratization wave - the democratic movement、Democratic transformation and democratic consolidation - both actively participate，Push the country onto the track of democratic politics。

mobile bet365 political participation and democratization are an interactive relationship。Democratization has expanded mobile bet365 space for demands，mobile bet365 organizations put forward multiple rights demands，Committed to promoting mobile bet365 participation in elections、Reform the electoral system，To bring more women into institutions of power。Female congressmen and government officials focus on issues related to mobile bet365 rights，Ordinary women use their votes，make government、Political parties and politicians pay attention to mobile bet365 demands，All this promotes legislation on mobile bet365 rights，Also promoted gender mainstreaming。

Finally，Female participation in politics has changed political gender stereotypes to a certain extent。Politics has always been considered the most "masculine" field，Politicians should be strong、Decisive、rational，This imagination of politicians’ “masculinity”，Long-term exclusion of women from power politics。As more and more women participate in politics，People’s views on women in politics have also changed，Some gender traits that once disadvantaged women in politics can also help women under certain conditions。So，Feminism, on the one hand, shows mobile bet365 ability to engage in politics，On the other hand, it emphasizes the purity of women、Integrity、Non-violence and other traits，Let them have higher moral capital。

　Be equal、Democracy、Development、Peace has become the main theme of today’s world，Competitive、arbitrary、Dominating、Strong “masculine traits” are sometimes not conducive to solving problems，More likely to lead to conflict and tyranny。On the contrary, they are cooperative、Gentle、The "feminine quality" of caring is more likely to lead to unity and cooperation，Sometimes it is better to solve the problem。What’s more important，People increasingly agree with this view: regardless of mobile bet365，Successful politicians should have bisexual traits，That’s strong、Decisive、rational、Emotional、Negotiation、Compromise、Integrity、Care、Non-violence and other traits。

　The history of mobile bet365 participation in politics over more than 200 years shows，Feminist trends have impacted traditional patriarchal culture，Deconstructing power politics with patriarchy as its core，Thus promoting gender equality，Promote mobile bet365 participation in politics，Promote political democratization。

　(The author is a professor mobile bet365 School of International Relations, Sun Yat-sen University)