Feminism is one of the most influential trends of thoughts since modern times，Deeply changing gender concepts and women's status，At the same time, it has also promoted the in -depth development of female political participation。

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In 1789, the French Revolution opened the prelude to the women's movement，Feminist loudly proposed that women have the same rights as men。The first wave of feminism is based on the political power of women's participation。United States、Britain and other European and American women actively launch the right to fight for the election，After decades of fierce struggle，Most European and American women have obtained the right to equal election with men before the outbreak of World War II，Pry open the door that has always been dominated by men。

The call for women in Europe and the United States for the right to vote also echoed in the Asian -African colonies and semi -colonial countries。Asian and African women actively participate in the national liberation movement，Carry out the Women's Liberation Movement，Actively strive for education right、Economic Right、Marriage and family rights，Also strive for the right of election，But the effect is very small。Before the outbreak of World War II，Women in only 8 Asian countries have obtained the right to vote。After World War II，With the independence of Asian and African countries，Women only get the right to election with men。Chinese elite women carried out the movement of the right to vote during the 1911 Revolution as early as Bet365 lotto review the 1911 Revolution，But it did not obtain the right to election until 1947，After the founding of New China in 1949，Implementation of equal national policy for men and women，The first election method promulgated in 1953 clearly stipulates，Women enjoy the right to vote and be elected。

Actually，Although women have obtained the right to election，Female voters account for half of the number of voters，But the political field is still dominated by men。Before the 1970s，Except for individual countries，The proportion of female members in the European and American national parliaments does not exceed 20%，There are no more than 5%in Asia, Africa and Latinos, and the number of female ministers is very small，And more as a woman、Sanitary Health、Positions in the relevant departments of welfare; Female Prime Minister、Female President is even more rare。Women cannot fully participate in politics，As a result of their rights and demands were ignored。

　　Development and deepening

The 1960s and 1970s，The rise of the second wave of feminism，With in -depth criticism of the patriarchal system, the core。Feminist pointed out that the patriarchal system is based on class、race、Based on gender level，Full of class oppression、racial oppression and gender compression; feminism criticize the dual division of the public and private domains，that is, politics belongs to the public domain，Family belongs to the private field，The former belongs to men，The latter belongs to women，Therefore, women eliminate women in the political field; feminist critical culture and natural dual division，In this division，Men and Reason、Culture、Related spirit，Women and emotional、Fertility、bet365 best casino games Naturally related，So that women are eliminated out of the political field。

On the basis of deeply criticizing the patriarchal culture，Feminist Reconstruction Political Science，Proposal "Personal is also political"，It is intended to eliminate the public and private domains、Binary division of culture and nature。"Personal is also political" is an important slogan of the feminist movement，It pointed out that the public and private areas have never been separated，"Power" is everywhere。

To promote women to participate in politics，Feminist advocates reform election system，Establish a seat or quota for women，to ensure that women reach a higher proportion in parliament。The specific method is，When nominated for candidates for political parties，Female candidates are not less than 30%; the proportion of female members in parliament is not less than 30%; the proportion of men and women is not less than 40%，No higher than 60%。

Under the promotion of feminism，With the improvement of women's education level and economic ability，More and more women actively participate in politics。At the turn of the century，The number of female voters generally exceeds male voters，and a higher willingness to vote; the proportion of female members is greatly increased，Most of the proportion of female members of most developed countries is above 20%，There are more than 30%of female members of the Nordic countries，Many female members of many developing countries exceed 10%，or even 20%; the number of female ministers in the cabinet increases，Not only does it to be with women、Sanitary Health、Positions related to the welfare department，Can also be defensive、Diplomacy、Financial and other departments; Female Prime Minister、Bet365 lotto review The number of female presidents has increased greatly，There are differences in the path on stage。For example，Western Europe、Most of the female Prime Minister of the Oceania belongs to "climbers within the party"，They all start from the grassroots of the party，Campaign Member，As a political party leader，Finally served as Prime Minister。and South Asia、Southeast Asian Female Prime Minister (President) mostly belongs to the "political substitution"，They all come from the political family，or a direct relative of a famous male politician，Become the opposition leader first，Corresponding to the prime minister or president through the victory。

The road to politics in Chinese women is different from Europe and the United States，but also made great progress。Under the guidance of the theory of women's liberation of the Communist Party of China，Chinese women actively participate in politics，The number of people accounts for more than 20%of the representatives of the National People's Congress。They are deputy prime ministers、Minister and other important positions，At the provincial level、City level、County -level leaders also occupy a certain proportion。

　Impact and change

Women's participation in political ability improvement，Promoting gender equality、Promote political democratization、Change the stereotype of political gender, played a positive role。

First，Women's participation in politics has a positive impact on protecting women's rights。"Personal is also political" has a very positive significance for promoting the "gender mainstream" to promote politics。First, it has changed men to politics、Women belong to the dual division of the family，Let women recognize，Women'bet365 Play online games s experience、Women's affairs are also part of politics，It should be the object of public attention。Second, for national legislators，Politics should also extend to the scope outside the public domain，The government should pay attention to problems and other issues，These problems that were considered in the private field in the past，In fact, it is also a political issue。

As women actively participate in politics，Political issues expand to the so -called "private domain"，Women's attention、issues related to vital interests have attracted attention。Gender mainstification has also been introduced into policies and legislation，That is to formulate in policy and legislation、Implement、Gender perspective，Evaluation of relevant legislation and policies on the status and life of men and women in the sex and life of men and women，Take action to deal with the problem of gender inequality at the same time，To promote gender equality。

Second，Women's participation in politics to promote political democracy。Women actively participate in politics，The Democratic Movement、Democratic transformation and democratic consolidation -actively participate，Promote the country on democratic politics。

Women's participation in politics and democratization is an interactive relationship。Democratization expands women's demand space，Women's organization proposes multiple claims，Dedicated to promote women's participation in elections、Reform election system，to make more women enter the power agency。Female members and government officials pay attention to issues related to women's rights，Ordinary women use the votes in their hands，Make the government、Political parties and politicians attach importance to women's demands，All Bet365 lotto review this promotes legislation on women's rights，also promoted the mainstream of gender。

Last，Women's participation in politics to a certain extent changes political gender stereotypes。Politics has always been considered the field with the most "male characteristics"，Politicians should be strong、decisive、Reasonable，This kind of imagination of the politician "male characteristics"，Long -term exclusion of women on power and politics。As more and more women participate in politics，People have changed their views on women's politics，Some gender traits that were not conducive to women in politics will also help women under specific conditions。So，Female doctrine shows women's politics on the one hand，On the other hand, emphasizing the purity of women、Integrity、non -violence and other traits，Let them have higher moral capital。

When equal、Democratic、Development、Peace has become the main theme of the world today，Competitive、arbitrary、Demolition、The strong "male characteristics" sometimes is not conducive to solving problems，More likely to guide conflicts and autocracy。instead of cooperation、Gentle、"Women's Traits" of Caring for Dimination and Cooperation，Sometimes it is more conducive to solving problems。More importantly，People are increasingly recognizing this point of view: Regardless of men and women，Successful politicians should have bisexual qualities，is strong、decisive、Reason、Sensory、Consultation、Comprises、Integrity、Care、non -violence and other traits。

The history of women participating in politics over 200 years，Female -based thought tide impacted the traditional patriarchal culture，Discussing power Bet365 app download politics with patriarchal system，to promote gender equality，Promote women to participate in politics，Promote political democratization。

　(The author is a professor at the School of International Relations of Sun Yat -sen University)