Hou Renzhi (1911-2013)，People from Zaoqiang County, Hebei，Academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences，Famous historical geography scientists，One of the founders of modern historical and geographic disciplines，Pioneering contribution to the application of the application of our country，Known as "the first person in China"。Hou Renzhizhi is particularly concerned about Beijing's historical geography，The development and utilization of the Beijing Water Series、Origin of Beijing City、The compilation of the historical map of Beijing and the old city planning have all made important contributions。

mid -axis，Is Beijing History and Culture、The "arterial line" of urban landscape and planning。From the perspective of space，The central axis is the mid spine of Beijing urban planning，From time to perspective，It is another one since the Yuan Dynasty.，and still the extended space -time axis today。Hou Renzhi from history、Geography、Religious and urban planning and other aspects in -depth in -depth exploring the diversified value of the central axis to Beijing cities，Construct a complete and three -dimensional cultural heritage protection system，The application of the inheritance of the Beijing central axis and its long -term protection have certain guidance value。

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Beijing mid -axis is not a complete artificial line，Instead, the results adapt to local conditions based on natural geography。Yuan Dadu Design，It mainly uses the lake on the water system of the Gaolianghe River as the design center，Therefore, the center (center station) of the metropolitan axis of Yuan Dadu is to choose a point on the east bank of Jishui Tan，and extend south along this center point，Forming a line that happened to pass through the bell and drum tower and the center of the imperial city，This forms a left -handed and symmetrical Bet365 app download pattern，This is the original Beijing central axis。"Shicha Haiji" written by Hou Renzhi on the east side of Shichahai on the east side of Shichahai，When it comes to the relationship between Shichahai and the central axis, it is said, "close to the east bank to determine the central axis of the city's planning and design"，One language explains clearly the relationship between the central axis and the waters。

Actually，China's tradition has built the city since ancient times。"Tube · Ride Horse" has a saying; "Fanli Capital，Not below the mountains，must be above Guangchuan。High -free drought and water use feet，Under the water without near the water。"" This shows that as early as the pre -Qin era，Urban construction has fully considered the factors of natural geography。Yuan Ren Xiong Mengxiang wrote in "Analysis of Jinzhi": "Since ancient times, the country is established，Geographical situation first，Xianwang pulse，To become a big cause。"The guidance of the river and lake system in the Yuan Dynasty and the planning of the palace urban area were closely combined，Yuan's most of the city design has a deep cultural and historical tradition with the middle axis，However, renovation of the traditional city central axis with water and waterway can be said to be the first of the Beijing central axis，Hou Renzhi will be placed in the relationship between human -land interaction for inspection，It undoubtedly point out the vitality where the central axis is stretched to this day。

The initial central axis continues to extend south，Hou Renzhi believes that this reflects the concept of the Chinese "south and king"，and reveal the profound cause of this concept from the perspective of environmental climate。Northwest wind prevailing in the North China Plain area，Therefore, the house building does not open the North Gate，Only opening North Window，Some even north windows are not available，This door is south、The pattern of the window to the south is conducive to the lower sunlight in winter to enter the house，So the bet365 best casino games palaces of the Forbidden City are all facing Zhengnan，The extension of the initial secondary axis also extended to the south。This contains rich national cultural genes，It can be regarded as a vivid case that ethnic culture uses the central axis as a carrier and reflected in the shape of the building。

Ming Dynasty，Royal Palace South shrinks east，The middle axis and the new bell and drum tower also move eastward。The new mid -axis is located on the east bank of the lake，No natural geographical obstacles，It is easier to extend south。East -movement of the central axis，The result of the optimization of urban space pattern，It also reflects the interaction between the urban pattern and the natural geography.。At the same time，The center of the central axis moves south to Wanshhan Mountain (also known as Coal Mountain、Zhenshan，Clear to Jingshan)，The center of Beijing after the signs will be converted。

In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the central axis of Beijing was north of the Drum Tower and Bell Tower，Passing south of the Forbidden City and Jingshan，Finally ended at Yongdingmen，7.8 kilometers in length。Hou Renzhi believes "This is the most prominent point in the design of Beijing City in the plane design of the Ming and Qing Dynasties"，and fully affirm the architectural art on the central axis of the Ming and Qing Dynasties，He Tiananmen、Wumen and Taihe Temple as three orgasms on the artistic treatment of the middle axis group group。

　　Fully look at the historical value of Beijing's central axis

Correctly handle the relationship between the Forbidden City and the central axis。As a cultural heritage，For the Forbidden City and Beijing central axis, although it is a different protective individual，But the relationship between the two is inseparable。Hou Renzhi's first time in the Chinese Forbidden City Society、Putting the protection of the two at the Second Academic Symposium on the discussion together。Actually，Forbidden City is an important part of Beijing's central axis protection，Converse，The protection of the central bet365 live casino games axis can be regarded as an extension and supplement to the protection of the Forbidden City Heritage。Symmetry contained in the central axis、Zhongzheng、The aesthetic concept and design principles of the whole thing are the core essentials of the Forbidden City Building Group，The two are part of the relationship with the whole。From the long run，Performing the overall protection of the mid -axis and the Forbidden City is not the repetition and waste of public resources，Instead of strengthening and promotion of the protection of urban cultural heritage。

Take the middle axis as a band -shaped cultural system。Hou Renzhi's biggest contribution to the study of Beijing's central axis is，Place it in a huge time and space relationship to investigate。Since this is the case，The value of the central axis should not be limited to an isolated "line"，should be a rich、There are many layers of cultural meaning、presents a cultural system that is distributed in shape。In this cultural system，Bell Tower, which has the dominant position of ancient royal culture、Drum Tower、Jingshan、Forbidden City、Heaven、Xiannong Tan and Yongdingmen，There are also Bixia Yuanjun Temple representing religious culture、Huo De Zhenjun Temple and Guangfu Guan，There are also the first three sea、The water conservancy culture including the latter three sea and the Grand Canal, as well as the marketing culture formed by the people for a long time、Hutong culture、Non -Heritage Culture ...

Cultural inheritance under the direction of "two civilizations"。Hou Renzhi once talked about the two civilization construction of the capital，The construction of Tiananmen Square on the mid -axis after the founding of the New China as an example，It believes that this reflects the transformation from "emperor first" to "people first"，and only reveal it only from the theme thoughts of the past and today attempts to show，can really see the essence of the problem change。Hou Renzhi's revelation of our protection of the central axis must not only pay attention bet365 live casino games to the transformation of material civilization，Pay more attention to the inheritance and innovation of spiritual civilization。

　　The "Three Milestones" in the central axis of Beijing

Hou Renzhi's observation and thinking about the central axis is very deep，One aspect，He from history、Geography、Religious、Thought and other angles to build the theoretical framework of central axis research，On the other hand，The ending point of the inquiry is finally on the planning of Beijing cities，It highlights the principle of serving academic research for reality。The core of the Beijing central axis application work today is not just a memorial for historical heritage，Instead of using the method of "ancient is now"，Add the mind of "Object"，Yesterday of the city、Link in series today。If the Beijing central axis in reality is a geometric "linear" cultural heritage，So in addition to this，Hou Renzhi built a "mid -axis" with time as a shaft，This is the "three milestones" construction of the Beijing central axis proposed by Hou Renzhi。

The formation of the "Three Milestones" theory of the central axis of Beijing has gone through three stages。

The first stage，is the theoretical Zhaoyuan period。Opportunity is the smooth convening of the Beijing Asian Games in 1990，and the construction of the National Olympic Sports Center determined by this。Hou Renzhi officially proposed the theory of "three milestones" at a academic report at the School of Architecture, Tsinghua University on May 14, 1991。

The second stage，Is the molding period of theory。Its logo is Hou Renzhi's article published in the 6th issue of "Urban Planning" in the 6th issue of 1994，The "Three Milestones" in the text — the first milestone，The construction of the Forbidden City; the second milestone，is the expansion of the People's Square in front of Tiananmen; the third milestone，It was after the 1990s，Construction of the National Olympic Sports Center。

The third stage，Is the deepening period of theory。Opportunity is the promulgation of "Beijing Master Planning Bet365 app download (2004-2020)"，Hou Renzhi specially wrote "Three Milestones in Beijing Urban Planning"，The expression of the third milestone in the article is more specific than before，Among them, the public building complex of the public building complex on the east and west sides of this area (the east and west sides of the north extension line of the middle axis)，It can really be regarded as the third milestone in Beijing's urban planning construction "。

"Three Milestones" to mention it，Reflects Hou Renzhi's observation of reality。In terms of learning theory，It is also what he advocated，A successful practice and application of interdisciplinary theory on the central axis of Beijing。The essence of "Three Milestones" is the inheritance and development of the central axis，Just as he was looking forward to the further transformation of Beijing's central axis in 1973，Said in the future: "The central axis along this tradition will also be more majestic、More spectacular vision appears。”

"Three Milestones" reflects the historical process of continuous extension of Beijing's central axis。For the south of the central axis，Hou Renzhi proposed three crucial nodes，is the central station、Long live mountain、Tiananmen Square，They are the center of the central axis in different periods，It is the center of the whole city。Southern move in three centers，Not only reflects the dynamic process of the development of the central axis，And has its profound political ideology，Central Tainan to Wan Sunshan，Reflected the replacement of the feudal old regime，After moving from Wanshou Mountain to the south of Tiananmen Square，Reflected the value concept of the people first。In this sense,，The central axis is not 啻 is a timeline for a national destiny development，true and vividly reflects the epic process of independence and self -improving the Chinese nation。

Now，The central axis in Beijing is still extending to two directions north and south，This is both the result of scientific planning，It is also inseparable from Hou Renzhi's in -depth Bet365 lotto review research and theoretical construction of Beijing's central axis。He wrote the love of the construction of urban construction in Beijing. "I hope to wait and see，Early Obight "，Today's mid -axis north -south extension online large -scale cultural and sports architecture Lin Li，A traditional and modern、The tolerance and endurance Beijing City has been formed，The application work of the central axis in Beijing has also entered the fast lane。All of this，It should be enough, but he has a wish during his lifetime。

　　(This article is the "Great Wall Cultural Belt Research" (18ZDA05) phased achievement of the major project of Beijing Social Science Fund)

(Author Unit: School of History of Capital Normal University)