At all levels of modern social space，Although the degree and manner of subjectivity are different，But people have become the masters of their own lives，No longer unilaterally submit to the rule of external others or some transcendent principle。This is the basic spiritual condition of Western modernity。In our opinion，The spirit of modernity originated from the West mainly includes secularity、Individuality、Creativity、Five basic aspects of practicality and empirical evidence。Human becoming the subject in Bet365 lotto review means the awakening of these basic spirits to varying degrees，Thus distinguishing them from pre-modern people。From a critical perspective，The establishment of these five basic spirits of modernity，It means the great achievement of modern Western liberation，Also means its fundamental historical limits。

Secular Spirit。In the Western Middle Ages，Man is regarded as the people of God，God’s will is the basis of secular life，The value of life lies in being a servant of God and moving towards the salvation promised by God，Towards eternal life in the next life。In pre-modern society，Various theological worldviews always regard the other world as the essential world and the source of all values。In Bet365 lotto review，The transcendent divine world has completely collapsed，People realize that there is no transcendent other world outside the real world that is opposite to reality，The world is just this secular world。The ideological basis for understanding life has returned to the real land，It is not God but man himself who becomes the root of existence。The modern slogan "The foundation of man is man himself"，Meaning the complete liberation of man from the transcendent divine world。This is a key step for people to understand themselves as subjects in Bet365 lotto review。Pass this step，Human rationality、Benefits、Rights、Desire and other real attributes that are bound by religious theology have gained legitimacy，People truly have their own reality，Rather than denying one’s own existence attributes to conform to God’s will or some abstract principle，Such as "Cheng Tianli，Destroy human desires" and other moral dogma。Nietzsche once called the process of secularization the arrival of nihilism，Heidegger interpreted this process as the collapse of the transcendental world。What they are talking about is the establishment process of the secular spirit that God and the transcendent world have lost their fundamental dominion in Bet365 lotto review。There is no such establishment of secular principles，It is impossible to form subjectivity in the modern sense，There is no modernity。But，In the process of establishing this secular spirit in the West，But accompanied by faith、The passing of noble and great things，With the arrival of value nihilism。

Individual spirit。If the secular spirit establishes human subjectivity in the sense of being opposite to the transcendent world，Words that liberate people from the domination of the Other，Individual spirit enables people to liberate themselves from the worldly other，Modern subjectivity is further implemented to the individual level。In other words，After secularity establishes man, not God, as the ground of existence，Individual spirit further deconstructs various "capitalized people"，Removing people as individuals from families、Freedom from the dominance of concepts such as caste and class，Established as an entity with independent rights and interests。Not only do people not live for the afterlife，No longer living for the real other。Every individual conceptually regards himself as the basis of his own existence，The world is just his own self-expansion and self-realization。Individuals have independent rights，Undertake obligations simultaneously and independently。This is the modern individual spirit。Bet365 lotto review are the era of individualistic egoism and individualism，Free the subject from the traditional society based on human dependence，Establishing individual independence。Of course，The so-called individual spirit or individual principle，It does not mean that people actually exist in isolation from others，But talking about Bet365 lotto review，The individual becomes the starting point and core of his own life，Become a narrative basis in an existential sense。In Modern Economic Theory and Political Theory，Economic people and political citizens as core categories，It is the spirit of modern individual subjectivity manifested in the form of theoretical categories。Marx pointed out，On the one hand, this kind of individual is the product of the disintegration of feudal society，On the other hand, it is the product of emerging productive forces since the 16th century。Marx not only generally affirmed the establishment of modern individual subjectivity，It also points out the connection between this individual subjectivity spirit and social and historical changes，Specifies the social and historical basis of individualism and egoism，In order to dialectically understand the spirit of modern individual subjectivity, it opens the ontological direction of historical materialism。

Creative Spirit。Modern man understands himself as the promoter and creator of reality，Instead of a passive existence。Modern subjectivity contains a creative spirit，Reality is understood as the creative process unfolded by human practical activities，It is no longer a process in itself or a deterministic process governed by some mysterious force。Those with creative spirit are modern people。Under the leadership of creative consciousness，such as competition、Innovation、Development、Leading、Open、Looking ahead、Struggle and other concepts，From macro narrative to daily life, it has become a key word，And dominate people’s basic practical activities，Specifies the value and meaning of survival。People understand the existence of life and the real world itself according to creative concepts。The concepts of pure externality and pure in-itself are completely destroyed，People live in the freedom and restraint brought by self-creation。Based on creative spirit and creative practice，Bet365 lotto review are humans producing and reproducing nature and society based on science and technology，Even the era of producing and reproducing human beings。Human beings are already living in the process of getting further and further away from existence，Realistic nature、Society and life itself appear as conscious creations of human beings，Being mediated by creative practice and no longer a natural being。It is in this sense of the artificial world，The essence of modernity is sometimes interpreted as an escape from nature。Although still in the natural material world，But it is essentially a humanized world that transcends nature，Has become the essential form of the world。In this process，People produce things according to human concepts，Also produce people themselves according to the concept of things，Man realizes the humanized production of things at the same time in the materialized self-production，The world is becoming a materialized "humanoid world"。This is the possible consequence of the unfolding of the modern creative spirit，Reflection on this possible consequence is the ideological task we face today。

Practical spirit。In pre-modern society where people have not yet been understood as subjects，Individual worldly desires、Interests and needs have not yet been justified，But it is obscured and hidden under various names，Not conquered by faith and charity，It evaporates in the spiritual detachment of sensibility。In this kind of social life，Although there is also a practical relationship，But practicality has not become the basic ontological consciousness，People have not yet regarded pragmatism as the fundamental principle of life。In Bet365 lotto review，People understand themselves as the subject of reality，With the establishment of secular principles and individual principles，The pursuit and satisfaction of one's own material desires gain legitimacy and become the basis for the value of life。Secular relationships have become utilitarian relationships with individuals as the axis，Practical rationality becomes the basic principle of Bet365 lotto review，It has also become the basic embodiment of secularity and individuality。Bet365 lotto review are an era when practicality becomes doctrine，“Usefulness is truth” has become the basic value orientation of Bet365 lotto review in a vulgar sense。In Bet365 lotto review，Instrumental rationality and calculative rationality replaced ultra-utilitarian beliefs、Morality and Aesthetics，Inherent requirements to become practical rationality。People guide their survival practices with the spirit of pragmatism，As a subject, people regard all existences as tools to achieve their own purposes、Means to meet one’s own needs。Therefore，It has become a naked “cash transaction” between people，“Human dignity becomes exchange value”，People live with cold egoistic intentions。Modernity is a secular one、The era of individual-oriented pragmatism。Everything is calculated in secular utilitarian relationships。Survival succumbs to various calculations，Practicality has become the inner soul of the spirit of the times，Of course the rational spirit has one-sidedly turned into instrumental rationality。

Empirical spirit。What is compatible with the practical spirit is the empirical spirit。Such as what is usually called modern scientific rationality or technical rationality, etc.，Essentially, positivism has become the basic principle of Bet365 lotto review，Modern subjectivity contains an empirical spirit。In religious belief and moral charity，Or in the process of aesthetic comprehension，The object consciousness that people grasp the object is not essentially empirical knowledge，It is not the reflection and description of the object by the cognitive subject。These objective consciousnesses and corresponding objectification activities are basically directed to the reality beyond experience，They believe、Imagine、Metaphor、symbol、Analogy、Lenovo、Fiction and other methods create a transcendent meaning space and value space in the real physical world，Promote the world from the physical world to the transcendent human world。Faith in Transcendent Reality、Love and understanding，Positivity does not and cannot become the fundamental principle。Opposite，Thinking、Inspiration and feeling have an important place，So full of mystery、Virtue and poetry。In Bet365 lotto review，Man is liberated from the transcendent world，Look at the world and yourself from a physical perspective，The empirical spirit therefore becomes the basic principle of modern subjectivity。Empiricality requires not only the experimental way of knowing，And it requires verifiable cognitive results。Empirical science has become an absolute ideology。Not only superstition and ignorance are dismantled in the empirical requirements，Sacredness、Mystery、Interesting and poetic have also lost their value to varying degrees，The world is increasingly understood as a physical world organized according to the principle of necessity。The essence of consciousness is defined as empirical knowledge，The spirit is also one-sided and reduced to the empirical ability to reflect and represent objects。Does behavior and understanding conform to objective laws、Scientific and unscientific become the basic criterion，People are regarded as cognitive subjects who can understand the world scientifically and effectively utilize scientific results。Bet365 lotto review are an era of scientism dominated by empirical science，Science and technology have become the core elements of modern ideology。Therefore，Criticism of instrumental rationality has become the basic theme of criticism of Western modernity。

Secularity、Individuality、Creativity、Pragmatism and positivity have become the dominant principles of the spirit of Western modernity。The achievements and dilemmas of Western modernity mainly revolve around these five aspects at the spiritual level，Criticism of modernity mainly examines and reflects on these basic spirits of modernity and their consequences。Of course，Either interpretation or criticism of Bet365 lotto review，We cannot stay at the level of this kind of spiritual concept，But we must go deep into the foundation of social history。In our opinion，Marx’s critique of capital modernity laid the ontological foundation of historical materialism for the critique of modernity。Through the anatomy and criticism of the socio-economic foundation，Historical materialism profoundly reveals the historical conditions for the emergence of the spirit of Western modernity、Historical achievements and its own historical limits。Through this dialectical criticism，Historical materialism has laid the ideological foundation for us to embark on the path of Chinese modernization and construct a new form of human civilization，And pointed out the basic direction of abandoning Western modernity。

　　(The author is a professor Bet365 lotto review School of Philosophy, Renmin University of China)