Modernity is how modern internal definition and fundamental characteristics of modernity，Its specific development is the marriage of capital logic and modern metaphysics。Capital principles penetrate the economy of modern society、Politics、Culture、Society、Ecology and people's thinking structure，In essence, the basic system of continuous operation of modern society。Analysis of the critical analysis of the philosophy of Hegel French，Marx fundamentally learned "the relationship between industry and even the entire wealth field in the political field，is one of the main problems in modern times "，thus establishing the basic direction of his critical modernity。When Marx began to study political economics after being transferred to the civic society through criticism，He made economic philosophy of modernity in "The Manuscript of Economics in 1844" (hereinafter referred to as "Manuscript")、Mitsu criticism of social politics and subjective philosophy。

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In "Manuscript"，Marx's economic phenomenon based on modern society，Classical Economics, which was born in capital logic and defended capital logic, developed a dialectical "solution -structure"。Marx pointed out，Capital is "the private rights of other people's labor" in modern society (that is, capitalist society)。as the foundation and power of modern society，Capital runs through various modern phenomena。On the one bet365 live casino games hand，Classical economics that regards capital principles as Guiyi believes that capitalists "above workers"，and acknowledge that labor products that capitalists occupy employed workers have natural legitimacy。This means that the "capital justice" of "capital justice" with legitimacy with the purpose of recognizing the main body and the labor objects。On the other hand，Classical economics advocates that people have freedom to seek、The right to allocate wealth，and admire fair transactions。but，The hired workers who are shrouded in "capital justice" are in the presence of the quadruple alienation under the rule of "abstract labor"。Therefore，Classical economics has the problem of binary opposition at the theoretical level and reality: although the classical economics that regards capital as the principle of principle is theoretically acknowledged the subjectivity of labor，But at the practical level, "completely realize the negation of people"。

From Marx's view，Classical economics only talks about economic problems from existing economic phenomena，Just stop at embracing "Capital Justice"，It did not start in depth of the premise of "capital justice" from the perspective of social politics (that is, the private ownership of capitalist private ownership)。Essentially，As a "special way to produce" (such as the country、method、morality, etc.)，Domination of "General Law of Production"。Therefore，"Capital Justice" is just a narrow concept that reflects the interests of bourgeois interests in modern social production methods。At the same time，The essence of capital logic lies in proliferation and profit，Classical economics that regards capitalist private ownership as a natural existence can only be driven by "wars between greed and greedy and greedy"，Only what can be obtained can be metaphysics，What can only be done is to defend "capital justice"，Therefore, it will never reveal the abstract subject that dominates modern society -capital。

　Social and political criticism of modernity

If the economic philosophy of modernity is relatively primary、Criticism at the first level，So as a social and political criticism that has abandoned economic philosophy and criticized it within itself, it is a further more modernity、Criticism at the second level。In "Manuscript"，Marx's in -depth modern political field，Social and political criticism for false "communism" and "communism" with "bet365 best casino games political nature")，Therefore, in order to save modern workers in the alienated survival situation and realize the real labor justice that is different from "capital justice"。

On the one hand，"Rough Communism" admires possession，and regard it as the fundamental criterion of "life and existence"。Therefore，Although they also have a negative attitude towards private property，But only through the averageization of private property to achieve the purpose of eliminating the gap between the rich and the poor，Then the private ownership is still a common relationship of the community of society，Capital logic still runs through social historical reality。From Marx's view，This communist claim comes from "echisticism" from "greed" in material、The dual direction of the spirit lags behind "the level of private property"。As Marx said in the later "Critical Criticism": For every worker，"Rights should not be equal，should be unequal "。This means，The rough "equivalent" thought for each one、Economic status、Living conditions and other aspects are not the same for labor subjects，It is not entirely about the expression of justice of their vital interests。On the contrary，This "alternative" idea is more reflected in the influence legal relationship。Therefore，We can see that "rough communism" is far from solving the problem of workers from the root cause。On the other hand，"Communism" with "political attributes" is a progress for "communism" compared to "rude communism"，They advocate completely eliminate private property，But this is just a profile to the negative essence of capital logic。The great achievements of capital logic are just no。Words，They have not yet understood the survival and progress of the wealth of "production material life itself"，If you want to completely eradicate the problem of the destruction of people, the problem of human destruction must be difficult。

So，In the criticism of false "communism" thoughts，Marx explained his communist thought: "Communism is Bet365 lotto review a positive abandonment of private property, that is, human self -alienation"。This means，The real communism is: first，"Within the scope of all wealth in the past" consciously realize labor justice，Fully occupy the human nature of "freedom consciousness"; second，The free objectization of the subject of the activity of production practice and the fairness and reciprocity of people in people in communication activities; third，truly eliminating the subject itself、Between the subject、The main body and the social community、The gap and division between the subject and nature。The absolute rational integrated force of the absolute rational integration of the solution of Higgel for the solution of modernity issues in the political field (that is, the country's integration force) prescription is different，The answer to modernity questions of Marx resort to the real social community，That is "Liberty Unite"。This is a "human society" that transcends "civil society"，In this generating process，Atomic self -interest personal transformation into a socialized activity subject，and jointly occupy the social value created by the real social community。

　Criticism of the subjective philosophy of modernity

In "Manuscript"，After Marx's criticism of modern economic philosophy and social and political criticism，Hegel's subjective philosophy of Hegel, which is the basis of the foundation of the phenomenon of modernity, started the underlying logical sense、A disruptive reconstruction of the third level。

As Habermas said，Hegel is "the first awareness of modernity"，and "philosopher as a philosophical problem" philosopher。Hegel fully affirmed the subjectivity，Pointing out that the subjectivity of people is trying to break the shackles of the old concept system，and regard it as the principles of modern rule。In order to solve the interests between subjects、Conflict between the individual and society of the atomic and the community of society, and ease the contradiction between the public's society bet365 best casino games and the political country，Hegel resort to the general interest、Absolutely comfortable、As the "reality of ethical concept"、Realizing the organic unified political community of the atom individual，"National"。"Country" shows the absolute spirit "as an integrated power" to conquer the "modern separation phenomenon"。

The main philosophy of Hegel，Marx's "alienation -abandonment" dialectics of the speculation through it。Hegel showed his negative dialectics in "Phenomenal Phenomenology"，is the self -expand of the entity。Marx believes that "Hegel's dialectics seems to be a form of form，but actually the essential problem "，Analysis of it。One，Marx in the process of criticizing Hegel's abstract subjectivity，The real person who saved the actual activity of perceptual objects。The "absolute subject" recognized by Hegel is the internal subject of consciousness.，The creative activities that can be carried out are only "abstract labor"，That is "the pure internal、Rotating non -stop "。On the one hand，Marx's procedures for the processing and objective activities explained by Hegel affirmation。On the other hand，He believes that Hegel's recognition of abstract subjects has caused perceptual objectization activities to be absent from social historical reality。Therefore，Only grasp the person as the reality subject，The real person who performs perceptual objectization activities，can the abstract subjectivity be displayed as actual power。Its two，Marx created materialist dialectics in the process of inheriting Hegel's negative dialectics.。From Marx's view，The negation dialectics of Hegel is the "abstract、Logic、expression of speculation "。All the exterior history identified by Hegel and its abandonment and elimination，It's just "the production history of logical speculative thinking"。Marx inherited the historical sense of Hegel's ideal dialectics and abandoned its abstract subjects，Pull dialectics bet365 best casino games from heaven back to earth。As Engels later said: Material Dialectics, founded by criticizing Hegel dialectics，"The formulation of this method is a result of its meaning than the basic point of view of materialism"。Three，clarified that negative dialectics is the essence of the philosophy of labor。In the process of criticizing the subjectivity of abstract abstract，Marx pointed，Treat objects as non -objectized，Discarding it as externalization and this externalization。"So Hegel grasped the essence of the philosophy of labor。But，Although Hegel realized that labor is "the essence of human self -confirmation"，But the labor he recognizes is just the logical presentation of real life activities，That is "abstract spiritual labor"，And unremittingly affirmed the pure activity and product of the "absolute subject"，So he still inspires in the non -critical research field of classical political economists，It does not grasp the actual alienation of labor and its conquest。Therefore，Hegel can only achieve intracranial revolution，Modernity phenomenon of social and historical reality at all，It cannot truly realize the labor justice in modern society through transformation。

In short，In "Manuscript"，Economic philosophy developed in modern social fields、Social politics and subjective philosophy critical constitutes a triple direction of modern critical。These triple directions are presented as a deeper logic progressive on the surface of the surface。They hook each other to go deep into the depths of social and historical reality，presents an overall dialectical picture，and pushed Marx’s ideological criticism and the establishment of historical materialism。As General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out，"We are still in the historical era pointed out by Marxism"，As a birth of a monopoly era from capitalism from free competition and realizing the Marx philosophy that surpasses it，"The essence of that era and the essence of the entire human spirit"bet365 best casino games 。Marx's thinking method and scientific method of thinking about modernity，For our current "Observation Time、Interpretation Times "，Grasp the context of the times，The generation and development of the new form of human civilization that promoted the modernity of capitalist modernity has a constructive practical significance。

　　(This article is the State Social Science Fund project "The Thought of the Marx of Fortune and Labor Viscers and the Study on Social Political Philosophy" (20BZX003) phased results)

(Author Unit: School of Philosophy and Social Development of Overseas Chinese University)